Cell by Dr. BBT for Paramedics
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Transcript of Cell by Dr. BBT for Paramedics
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2. CELL
By:-
Dr. B. Bhusan Tamrakar (MD)
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Cell
Cell is the structural & functional unit of
human being. It was 1st discovered by Robert
Hook in 1665 AD.
Structure of Human cell:-
1. Cell membrane (Plasmalemma),
2. Cytoplasm (Protoplasm) &
3. Nucleus (brain of the cell).
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1. Cell membrane (Plasmalemma)
It surrounds cytoplasm & other organs.
It provides shape for cell
It transports the nutrients & useful materials
inside the cell & removes waste materials.
It helps to move molecules from lower
concentration to higher.
It provides immunological identity, which actsas Phagocytosis.
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2.i. Cytoplasm (Protoplasm):-
This is a fluid located between the cellmembrane and the nucleus.
The fluid is slightly opaque, colorless &soft jelly
like substance.It consists of water, amino acids carbohydrates,
salts & etc.
It contains matrix, organelles (Mitochondria,ER, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Golgi apparatus)
& inclusions.
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2. Cytoplasm (Protoplasm):-contd
2.i.a. Mitochondria (power house of cell):-
- produces energy for cell,
- helps in completion of cellular respiration,
- produces energy from glucose in the presence of
oxygen.
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2.i.b. Endoplasmic reticulum
i. Rough:- is a single, bilayer. It is organised into
stacks of large flattened sacs called cisternaethat are studied with ribosomes on the
cytoplasmic side. RER synthesizes protein for
golgi apparatus, plasma membrane &lysosomes.
ii. Smooth:-It is a network of sacs, vesicles &
tubules which continues with RER, but lacksribosome. It synthesizes proteins, fatty acids
& hormones.
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ER
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2.i.c. Ribosomes:-
It composed of rRNA & protein.
It is called factories of protein, because itsynthesizes protein.
2.i.d. Lysosomes:-It is spherical membrane enclosed withorganelles.
It contains 60 hydrolyte enzymes required forintracellular digestion.
So, it acts on the digestive system of cell.
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lysosome
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2.i.e. Golgi Apparatus:-
It consists of disc-shaped smooth cisternae.It is associated with numerous small membrane
bound vesicle.
It is the site of posttransiatinnal modification &sorting of newly synthesized proteins & lipids.
Functions:-
Helps in synthesis of polysachharides.Helps in production of hormone, enzyme &
protein.
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Golgi apparatus
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2.ii. Inclusions:-
These are vacoules or fat droplet.
It is also called storage of wastes.
There are clear circular spaces.These spaces contains waste which are
secretions formed by cell.
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3. Nucleus ( brain of the cell):-
They are rounded & elongated structure usually
placed in the centre of the cell.
It is composed of nuclear envelope, chromatin,
nucleolus & nucleoplasm.
In the nucleus of every cells has the
chromosomes containing the genes composed
of segments of DNA & RNA.
It synthesizes protein & RNA.
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Nucleus
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3.a. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid):-
It is made up of 2 polynucleotide chains.Each nucleotide is composed of a deoxyribase
& phosphate molecule.
DNA contains genetic information or geneticcode.
This information is transcribed into RNA in the
nucleus, which acts as messenger.It consists of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine &
Thymine.
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3.b. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):-
It is found in the nucleolus & the cytoplasm.
In RNA Thymine is replaced by Uracil.
mRNA copies DNA & migrates to cytoplasmwhere it becomes associated with ribosome,
this is the site of protein synthesis.
tRNA is in the cytoplasm which combineswith complimentary bases on the mRNA.