Cell Biology Unit Two. Covalent Bonds Bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
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Transcript of Cell Biology Unit Two. Covalent Bonds Bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Cell BiologyCell BiologyUnit TwoUnit Two
CovalenCovalent Bondst Bonds
Bonds formed by Bonds formed by the sharing of the sharing of electrons electrons between atomsbetween atoms
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- a covalently - a covalently bonded, polar bonded, polar
moleculemolecule
Molecules are Molecules are said to be polar if said to be polar if they have slight they have slight opposite charges opposite charges
on either endon either end
The slight attraction between the negative end of one molecule and the positive end of another results in a…
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- polarity leads to adhesion and cohesion- polarity leads to adhesion and cohesion
- adhesion and cohesion- adhesion and cohesion lead to capillary lead to capillary action and surface tensionaction and surface tension
- high specific heat leads to temperature - high specific heat leads to temperature stabilitystability
- high heat of vaporization leads to - high heat of vaporization leads to evaporative coolingevaporative cooling
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- This characteristic means water has a - This characteristic means water has a high degree of solvency and chemical high degree of solvency and chemical reactivityreactivity
- spheres of hydration form electrostatic - spheres of hydration form electrostatic interactions, keeping ions from interacting interactions, keeping ions from interacting with each otherwith each other
The The Importance Importance
of of MacromolecuMacromolecu
lesles
DefinitionsDefinitions
Dehydration synthesis – the Dehydration synthesis – the assembling of organic assembling of organic molecules by extracting molecules by extracting waterwaterHydrolysis – the breaking Hydrolysis – the breaking up of organic molecules up of organic molecules using waterusing waterSelf assembly – having the Self assembly – having the capability to form capability to form complicated from complicated from information inherent to the information inherent to the polymerpolymer
The The Metabolism Metabolism
of of MacromolecuMacromolecu
lesles
The four types of organic compoundsThe four types of organic compounds
CarbohydratCarbohydrateses
LipidsLipids
ProteinsProteins
Nucleic Nucleic acidsacids
The general formula is The general formula is CHCH22OOThe monomers are The monomers are monosaccharidesmonosaccharidesFunctionsFunctions:: Provide energyProvide energyStructural Structural usesusesExamples:Examples:Plants - starch, Plants - starch, cellulose, Animals - cellulose, Animals - glycogen, chitinglycogen, chitin
Two functional groups – COOHTwo functional groups – COOH- -
(carboxyl) and NH(carboxyl) and NH22-- (amine) (amine)
The monomers are amino acidsThe monomers are amino acids
FunctionsFunctions::
Provide energyProvide energy
Structural Structural usesusesRegulationRegulationProtectionProtection
Examples:Examples:
•CollagenCollagen•HormoneHormoness•EnzymesEnzymes•AntibodiesAntibodies
The monomers are The monomers are nucleotidesnucleotides
FunctionsFunctions::HeredityHeredityProtein Protein synthesissynthesis
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Nitrogen baseNitrogen base
Pentose sugarPentose sugar
Phosphate Phosphate groupgroup
ExampleExamples:s:•DNADNA•RNARNA
Single Single stranded stranded with three with three forms – forms – tRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and rRNA, and mRNAmRNA
Double Double stranded, stranded, double double helix helix moleculemolecule
Functional group – COOHFunctional group – COOH- -
(carboxyl)(carboxyl)The monomers are fatty acids and The monomers are fatty acids and alcoholsalcoholsFunctionsFunctions:: Storage energyStorage energyStructural Structural usesusesRegulationRegulationProtectionProtection
Examples:Examples:
•Fats (triglycerides)Fats (triglycerides)•PhospholipidPhospholipidss•SteroidsSteroids•WaxesWaxes
The two types of fatty The two types of fatty acidsacids
•SaturatSaturateded
•UnsaturatUnsaturateded
Adenosine Adenosine triphosphatetriphosphate
The fuel of The fuel of living cellsliving cells
Nicotinamide Nicotinamide adenine adenine
dinucleotide dinucleotide (NAD(NAD++))
Small Small molecules molecules that act as that act as electron electron carrierscarriers
Nine Protein Nine Protein TypesTypes
Hydrophobic Amino AcidsHydrophobic Amino Acids
Hydrophilic Amino AcidsHydrophilic Amino Acids
Protein OrganizationProtein Organization
Protein OrganizationProtein Organization
Protein OrganizationProtein Organization
Covalent Covalent bondsbonds
Hydrogen Hydrogen bondsbondsIonic bondsIonic bonds
Protein OrganizationProtein Organization
van der van der Waals Waals interactioninteraction
Hydrophobic Hydrophobic interactionsinteractions
Protein OrganizationProtein Organization
Secondary Secondary StructureStructure
Tertiary Tertiary StructureStructure
Protein OrganizationProtein Organization
Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure
EnzymeEnzymessProteins that function as biological Proteins that function as biological catalysts by lowering the energy of catalysts by lowering the energy of activation and speeding up chemical activation and speeding up chemical processesprocesses
Enzymes are substrate specific, much Enzymes are substrate specific, much like a lock and keylike a lock and key
Enzymes catalyze reactions without Enzymes catalyze reactions without being changed being changed
EnzymeEnzymessHow they work!How they work!
EnzymeEnzymessHow they work!How they work!
EnzymeEnzymessHow they work!How they work!
CofactorsCofactorsinorganic metal ionsinorganic metal ions
CaCa2+2+, Mg, Mg2+2+, Cu, Cu2+ 2+ and othersand others
change the shape of the enzymechange the shape of the enzyme
CoenzymesCoenzymesorganic molecules derived from organic molecules derived from vitaminsvitamins
NADNAD++ and FAD and FAD++ and others and others
carry Hcarry H++ and small molecules and small molecules
EnzymeEnzymess
Allosteric Allosteric sitesite
pH effects on pH effects on enzymesenzymes
Temperature Temperature effects on effects on enzymesenzymes
Regulation of activityRegulation of activityConcentration of enzymesConcentration of enzymes
Concentration of substratesConcentration of substrates
Concentration of cofactorsConcentration of cofactors
EnzymeEnzymess
Concentration of coenzymesConcentration of coenzymes
Various types of inhibitionVarious types of inhibition
EnzymeEnzymess
Allosteric Allosteric inhibitioninhibition
EnzymeEnzymess
CompetitivCompetitive e
inhibitioninhibition
EnzymeEnzymess Noncompetitive inhibitionNoncompetitive inhibition
EnzymeEnzymess
Feedback Feedback (end product) (end product)
inhibitioninhibition
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Pentose sugarPentose sugar
Hexose sugarHexose sugar
CarbohydraCarbohydratestes
DisaccharidesDisaccharides
CarbohydraCarbohydratestes
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
LipidsLipids
Lipid Lipid ClassesClasses
LipidsLipids
Phosphatidic AcidPhosphatidic Acid
LipidsLipids
Steroid Steroid ExamplesExamples