Cell 1&2 (Medical 1011)
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Transcript of Cell 1&2 (Medical 1011)
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Cell 1 & 2
Assoc Prof Rosnah Ismail
Department of Physiology
Faculty of Medicine
22 & 27 July 2010
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Introduction
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Lecture Objectives
1. describe basic cell structure
2. name cellular organelles and their functions
3. describe the structure of cell membrane
4. explain various transport processes across cell
membranePassive, active, special
Osmosis; osmolarity and calculation for it
5. describe the distribution of ions between
extracellular and intracellular fluids (Na+ & K+)
6. define Resting Membrane Potential and explain how
it is generated
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Cell Structure
Cells differ from one type to another
epithelial, muscle, nerve etc
Epithelial cell Bone cellsMuscle cells Nerve cell
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BUT all cells have one
BASIC structure:
Membrane; cell membrane,
membrane of organelles
Cytoplasm; mainly water,
electrolytes and proteins
Organelles; nucleus,
mitochondria, Golgi apparatus
etc
Size of cells: 10-20m
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Cell Membrane
Functions:
1. Regulates movement of substances in and out of cells
2. Senses neurotransmitter/hormone at the surface of cells
(receptor)
3. Connects adjacent cells
4. Binds various proteins involved in generation of force
and transfer of force
5. Separates the extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid
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Semi permeable/ selective permeability
compare permeability towards polar molecule to
that of non-polar molecules??
small molecules compared to big ones??
Characteristics of cell membrane
Causes differences between ICF and ECF
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Intracellular Fluid (ICF) versus Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
ECF
ICF
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Cell Membrane
Structure: (fluid-mosaic model)
consists of: 1. phospholipid bilayer
2. protein
3.cholesterol
Phospholipid:
Amphiphatic molecule
Phosphate:
hydrophilic
Lipid:
hydrophobic
Membrane thickness: 6-10nm
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No chemical bonds between phospholipid molecules
• very fluid
• cholesterol stabilises the membrane
ECF
ICF
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Cell Membrane Proteins
Mostly glycoproteins
• integral (intrinsic) proteins
protrude through membrane
channels, carrier, membrane enzyme,
receptors
• peripheral (extrinsic) protein
attached to one surface of membrane, onto integral
protein, does not penetrate membrane
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Integral protein
Integral protein
peripheral
protein
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Junctions between cells
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Transport across Membrane
1. Passive
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
2. Active : Primary, Secondary
3. Special processes:
Filtration
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
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Passive Transport
No energy requirement
• Movement of solutes down gradient;
concentration, electrical
due to random motion (Brownian movement)
• Movement of solutes through
lipid bilayer
channels
carrier (facilitated diffusion)
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Passive Transport
Q = D(C1-C2)
Factors affecting diffusion
1. Concentration gradient
2. Electrical gradient
3. Size of molecules
4. Lipid solubility
5. Surface area
6. Thickness of membrane
7. Temperature
Q = rate for diffusion
D = diffusion coefficient (depends on
properties of the molecule, membrane
and temperature)
C1-C2 = concentration gradient
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Movement of solutes is from
HIGH conc LOW conc
Simple Diffusion
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Solute binds to specific carrier on membrane
· carrier undergoes conformational change
· solute transported to opposite surface
· solute unbound from carrier
· carrier back to original conformation
Facilitated Diffusion
Example: transport of glucose into red blood cell
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Factors affecting rate of
facilitated diffusion
• Same factors as for simple diffusion
• 2 additional factors
Saturation
competitive inhibition
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Shows Saturation
- number of carrier proteins available
- the rate at which binding/unbinding
occurs
Shows Competitive/ non-
competitive inhibition
- presence of two or more types of
molecule transported by same
carrier protein
- they compete/ bind to same carrier
Characteristics of carrier-mediated transport:
Normal
Ra
te o
f tr
an
sp
ort
Concentration of transported molecule
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Osmosis
Definition: movement of solvent (water) down its
concentration gradient across a membrane selectively
permeable to it
passive process
• water is a polar molecule
• size 0.3nm
• crosses lipid bilayer of membrane or
through water channels (aquaporin)
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Osmosis
Visualise 2 solutions with different concentrations
separated by a membrane permeable
i. to both water and solutes
ii. to water only
solution with low solute conc, has high water conc
solution with high solute conc, has low water conc
What will happen?
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Concept of Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure: the pressure required to stop
movement of water (osmosis) is the osmotic pressure
of the solution
Unit = mmHg
solution with high solute concentration
high osmotic pressure
solution with low solute concentration
low osmotic pressure
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OSMOSISOsmotic Pressure
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Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure depends on:
1. Number of non-penetrating solutes
per unit volume of fluid
DOES NOT depend on size/mass of solutes
the higher the number of non-penetrating solutes in a solution, the higher the osmotic pressure
Number of solutes in a solution depends on:
i. Concentration of the molecule in a solution
(Molarity)
ii. Whether the molecule dissociates in solution
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2. Temperature
van’t Hoff Law: P= nRT
V
P= osmotic pressure
R= gas constant
T= absolute temp ( K)
n= no solutes
V= volume of solution(true only for dilute solution)
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Osmolality: Concentration of solution in terms of
number of solutes per kg water.
Unit: Osmole/kg
Osmolarity: Concentration of solution in terms of
number of solutes per liter water.
Unit: Osmole/L
Terminologies
1 Osmole = 1000 mOsmole
(Osm) (mOsm)
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Osmolarity of body fluid: 285-300 mOsm/l
ECF & ICF
285-300 mOsm/L (0.285 – 0.3 Osm/L)
equivalent to osmotic pressure of
7.3 atmospheric pressure
(5500 mmHg)
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Osmolarity of a Solution
Number of molecules in a solution depends on the
molarity of the solution
No of Osmole = Molarity of substance X no. of freely moving
solutes that each molecule liberates in soln
For non-dissociable molecule:
e.g. soln of 0.3 M; will have 0.3 Osm since;
no. of Osm = 0.3 X 1 = 0.3 Osm
For dissociable molecule:
e.g. substance A dissociates into 3 solutes in solution
0.3 M of substance A will have 0.9 Osm since;
no. of Osm = 0.3 X 3 = 0.9 Osm
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Examples:
2. NaCl (dissociates into 2 ions: Na+ and Cl-)
What is the osmolarity of a 1 M NaCl solution?
Osm = 1 X 2 = 2 Osm/ L
(In this solution there are: 1 Osm/L Na+ + 1 Osm/L Cl- ions)
1. Glucose does not dissociate in solution.
1 M glucose solution = 1 Osm/L
What is the osmolarity of 0.3 M/L glucose solution?
Osm = 0.3 X 1 = 0.3 Osm/L (300 mOsm/L)
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Some Exercises to do
Calculate the osmolarity of the following solutions:
1. 145 mM NaCl
2. 0.15 M CaCl2
3. 0.15 M Na2SO4
4. 0.90% NaCl (MW NaCl= 58.5)
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Isosmotic, Hyposmotic & Hyperosmotic
A CB
300
mOsm/L
300
mOsm/L
200
mOsm/L
compare A to B
Compare A to C
Compare C to A or B
isosmotic
hyperosmotic
hyposmotic
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Concept of Tonicity
Comparison between osmolarity of a solution to that of
plasma
Body fluid Osmolarity about 300 mOsm/l
Osmolarity ICF = Osmolarity ECF
ICF and ECF in equilibrium
looks at the non-penetrating solutes
considers whether there is a change in cell size
when cells are put into the solution
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Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic
Isotonic solution:concentration of non-penetrating solutes is same as that of plasma
(body fluid), 300mOsm/L
water influx = water efflux (no net movement of water)
no change in cell size
Hypotonic solution:concentration of non-penetrating solutes is less than that of plasma;
< 300mOsm/L
water influx > water efflux (net movement of water into cells)
cells swell
Hypertonic solution:
concentration of non-penetrating solutes is more than that of plasma,
>300 mOsm/l
water influx < water efflux (net movement of water out of cells)
cells shrink (crenation)
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300 mOsm/L
NaCl
300
mOsm/L
No change in cell size
NaCl solution with solute concentration of 300 mOsm/L
is isosmotic as well as isotonic compared to cell
NaCl does not penetrate cell membrane
300
mOsm/L
300 mOsm/L
NaCl
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300 mOsm/L
urea
Urea penetrates cell membrane easily
Cells swell
This solution of urea with solute concentration of 300
mOsm/L is isosmotic but is NOT isotonic compared to cell
300
mOsm/L
urea
water
300 mOsm/L
urea
300
mOsm/L
+ 300 mOsm/L
urea
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What will happen to red blood cells if they are placed in:
1. 150 mOsm/L NaCl solution?
2. A solution containing mixture of NaCl 300 mOsm/L
and urea 150 mOsm/L?
3. 300 mOsm/L glucose solution?
Some More Exercises to do
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Measurement of Osmolarity of a Solution
• Using the principle of freezing point depression
• Pure water freezes at 0°C
• Addition of solutes decreases the freezing point of water, < 0°C
• KNOWN:
1 mole of an ideal solution depresses the freezing point of water by 1.86C
• Can use this fact to measure the osmolarity of a solution
e.g if the freezing point of a solution decreases by 0.56C
osmolarity of the solution is 0.56/1.86
about 0.3 Osm/L
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Active Transport
Requires energy (ATP)
Uses carrier
Carrier has ATPase enzyme
(to hydrolyse ATP, releases energy)
Substance transported against concentration gradient
Can occur in living cells only
2 major types:
• Primary
• Secondary
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Primary Active Transport
Examples:
Na+,K+- ATPase (in all cells)
Ca2+-ATPase (e.g. in sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscles)
H+-K+ ATPase (cells in stomach, kidneys)
H+- ATPase (lysosome)
Uses energy (ATP) directly to transport substances
against electrochemical gradient across cell membrane
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Transports one type of solute: uniport
Transports 2 types of solutes in same direction: symport/co-transport
Transports 2 types of solute in opposite directions : antiport/counter-transport
Types of Transporters
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Na,K- ATPase
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Secondary Active Transport
Indirect use of Energy (ATP)
Carrier has 2 binding sites for two different solutes
one for ion (Na+) and one for another solute
E.g: glucose, galactose, amino acid
in kidneys and small intestine
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1. conc gradient for Na+ provides
the energy (High Na+ conc
outside, low inside due to action
of Na+-K+-ATPase pump)
2. Na+ binds to carrier because of
presence of gradient
3. Glucose binds to carrier
4. Carrier undergoes
conformational change
5. Na+ released into cytoplasm,
glucose released from binding
site into cytoplasm
6. Carrier goes back to original
conformation
7. Na+ pumped out (by Na+-K+
ATPase pump; utilising ATP) and
Na+ gradient maintained
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Special Transport Process
1. Filtration
Transport by bulk flow across a
membrane due to difference in
pressure
Both solutes and solvent cross membrane
Dependent on Effective Filtration Pressure
e.g Filtration at the renal glomerulus
Filtration of substances across capillary
endothelium into the interstitial space
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Endocytosis: Process whereby a substance
is taken up by cell
Phagocytosis
(cell eating):
solid particulate
(dead cell, bacteria)
engulfed by cell
Pinocytosis
(cell drinking) :
liquid substance
engulfed by cell
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Exocytosis: secretion of substances from cell out to
the ECF
e.g. secretion of neurotransmitter from vesicle
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Selective permeability of Cell Membrane leads to different
ionic distribution between ICF and ECF:
it is relatively more permeable towards K+
(conc K+ ICF >>> K+ ECF; 4.5 mM in ECF compared to 150 mM in ICF)
it has very low permeability towards Na+
(conc Na+ ICF<<< Na+ ECF; 145 mM in ECF compared to 15 mM in ICF)
It is not permeable to proteins
(protein ICF > protein ECF)
Introduction to Resting Membrane Potential
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K+
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
Na+
K+ Na+
K+
Na+
Na+
prot-
prot-prot-
Efflux K+
Prot cannot pass through membrane
Influx Na+
prot-
Na+
Na+/K+ ATPase
pump
3Na+
2K+
Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
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Resting Membrane Potential (Em)
Em log [Ko+]
[Ki+]
(Number of molecules involved in generation of Em is very small)
2. Negatively charged proteins cannot penetrate
membrane
1. Membrane permeability to K+ is relatively high
compared to Na+;
3. Na+/K+ ATPase pump is electrogenic, pumping more
+ve charges out than in (3 Na+ out and 2 K+ ions in),
contributing to the negative RMP
Resting membrane potential is potential difference across
the cell membrane at rest: inside all cells is negative
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At rest, inside all cells is negative
Resting Membrane Potential (Em): - 10 to – 100 mV
Em of Excitable cells: - 60 to -100 mV
Em of other cells: - 10 to – 30 mV