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Wire rope products will break if abused, misused or overused. Consult industry recommendations and ASME Standards before using. Wirerope Works, Inc. warrants all BethlehemWire Rope and Strand products. However, any warranty, expressed or implied as to quality, performance or fitness for use of wire rope products is always premised on the conditionthat the published breaking strengths apply only to new, unused rope, that the mechanical equipment on which such products are used is properly designed and maintained, that suchproducts are properly stored, handled, used and maintained, and properly inspected on a regular basis during the period of use. Wirerope Works, Inc. expressly prohibits the resaleof worn, previously owned and used Bethlehem Wire Rope and Strand products. Immediately following removal from service, all wire rope products are to be properly disposed of inaccordance with applicable municipal, state, and federal guidelines. Manufacturer shall not be liable for consequential or incidental damages or secondary charges including but notlimited to personal injury, labor costs, and a loss of profits resulting from the use of worn, previously owned and used products. Manufacturer shall not be liable for consequential orincidental damages or secondary charges including but not limited to personal injury, labor costs, a loss of profits resulting from the use of said products or from said products beingincorporated in or becoming a component of any product.

Bethlehem Wire Rope and the Bethlehem Wire Rope reel logo are registered trademarks of Wirerope Works, Inc. Form-set and Lift-Pac are trademarks of Wirerope Works, Inc.Wirerope Works, Inc. 2007

2

Wire Rope SelectionWire Rope Construction ................... 3

Wire Rope Finish .............................. 3

Wire Grade ...................................... 3

Wire Rope Lay ................................. 3

Preformed Wire Rope ....................... 4

Wire Rope Core ................................ 5

Wire Rope Lubrication ...................... 5

The Modified X-chart ........................ 5

Rope Substitution............................. 5

Suggested Wire Rope

Constructions ................................... 6

Standard Wire Rope6x7 Class ......................................... 9

6x19 Class10

6x37 Class ....................................... 10

Alternate Lay Wire Rope .................. 12

Rotation-resistant Ropes

Safety Design Factors ....................... 13Handling And Installation ................ 13

8x19 Class ....................................... 14

19x7 ................................................ 14

SFP 19 ............................................. 15

Specialized Wire RopeGeneral Information ......................... 16

6-PAC ............................................... 17

6-PAC RV ......................................... 17

TRIPLE-PAC ....................................... 18

SFP 35 ............................................. 18

BXL .................................................. 19

Super-B ............................................ 20

Flattened Strand .............................. 21

Handling & InstallationMeasuring Rope Diameter ................ 22

Unreeling & Uncoiling ...................... 22

Kinks ............................................... 22

Drum Winding ................................. 22

Wire Rope Clips ............................... 23

Seizing Wire Rope ............................ 24

Installation ....................................... 24

Standard Operating Practices ........... 26

Wire Rope InspectionBasic Guidelines ............................... 27

Inspection Guidelines For

Specialized Wire Rope ...................... 28

Drums & Sheaves ............................. 30

Broken Wires In Wire Rope .............. 31

Troubleshooting Checklist ................ 32

Technical InformationWWW Specifications ........................ 33

WWW Markers ................................ 33

Wire Rope Tolerances ....................... 33

Rope Strength Design Factors .......... 33

Physical Properties ........................... 34

Effect Of Sheave Size ....................... 34

Block Twisting .................................. 34

Wire Rope SlingsBasic Hitches .................................... 36

D/d Ratios ........................................ 36

Sling Eye Designs ............................. 36

Effect Of Angles On Sling Capacities 36

Wire Rope Sling Inspection .............. 36

Recommended Operating Practices .. 37

Standard Products LIst ...................... 39

Table Of Contents

Wirerope Works, Inc. (WW) manufactures Bethlehem Wire Rope products in a wide variety of constructions, coresand steel grades. This catalog contains general information on wire rope constructions emphasizing the most com-mon applications, based upon new, unused wire rope. Abuse or failure to exercise proper care and maintenancecan significantly alter a wire ropes characteristics, particularly the breaking strength.

The technical data contained herein is based on accepted engineering practices and, where applicable, is inaccordance with Occupation Safety and Health Administration standards. In use, this data should be supplementedby the application of the professional judgement of qualified engineering personnel.

If your specific wire rope needs or requirements are not shown in this catalog, please consult WWs sales or

engineering department for technical information and recommendations.Wire rope products will break if abused, misused or overused. Consult industry recommendations and appropriate Standards before using. Wirerope Works, Inc. warrants all Bethlehem WireRope and Strand products. However, any warranty, expressed or implied as to quality, performance or fitness for use of wire rope products is always premised on the condition that the pub-lished breaking strengths apply only to new, unused rope, that the mechanical equipment on which such products are used is properly designed and maintained, that such products are properlystored, handled, used and maintained, and properly inspected on a regular basis during the period of use. Wirerope Works, Inc. expressly prohibits the resale of worn, previously owned andused Bethlehem Wire Rope and Strand products. Immediately following removal from service, all wire rope products are to be properly disposed of in accordance with applicable municipal,state, and federal guidelines. Manufacturer shall not be liable for consequential or incidental damages or secondary charges including but not limited to personal injury, labor costs, and a lossof profits resulting from the use of worn, previously owned and used products. Manufacturer shall not be liable for consequential or incidental damages or secondary charges including butnot limited to personal injury, labor costs, a loss of profits resulting from the use of said products or from said products being incorporated in or becoming a component of any product.

Bethlehem Wire Rope, the Bethlehem Wire Rope reel logo and Super B are registered trademarks of Wirerope Works, Inc. Form-set, Purple, Purple Plus, Royal Purple, Royal Purple Plus, SFP19, 36DD, 6-PAC, 6-PAC RV, TRIPLE-PAC, BXL, SUPER-PAC, SKYBRITE, Roepac, Herringbone, En-Core, Bethpac, Maxi-Core, Phoenix, Z-nodes, wire rope colored purple and wire rope colored pinkare trademarks of Wirerope Works, Inc.

Wirerope Works, Inc. 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007


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3

Wire Rope Selection

Three Components of Wire Rope

Wire rope is a machine composedof a number of precise, moving parts,

designed and manufactured to bear avery definite relation to one another.In fact, some wire ropes contain more

moving parts than many complicatedmechanisms. For example, a 6-strand

rope with 49-wire strands laid aroundan independent wire rope core con-

tains a total of 343 individual wires.All of these wires must work togetherand move with respect to one another

if the rope is to have the flexibility

necessary for successful operation.Wire rope is composed of wires,

strands and a core. The basic unit of

wire rope is wire, which is carefullyprocessed and drawn from selected

grades of steel to predetermined physi-cal properties and sizes. A prede-termined number of finished wires

is then helically laid together in auniform geometric pattern to form

a strand. This process must be per-formed with precision and exactnessto form a strand of correct size and

characteristics. The required numberof suitably fabricated strands are laid

symmetrically with a definite length oflay around a core, forming the finished

wire rope. All Bethlehem Wire Ropeproducts are manufactured at WW's fa-cility in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.

Wire Rope ConstructionWire rope is identified by its con-

struction, or the number of strandsper rope, and number of wires in each

strand. For example, the construction6x25 denotes a 6-strand rope, with

each strand having 25 wires. Con-structions having similar weights andbreaking strengths are grouped into

wire rope classifications, such as the6x19 and 6x37 Classes.

Wire Rope FinishThe term brightrefers to a wirerope manufactured with no protectivecoating or finish other than lubricant.

Some applications do require morecorrosion protection than lubricantcan provide. In these instances, a

galvanized finish is provided. Consultwith WWs engineering department for

more information on galvanized wirerope.

Wire Grade

Purple grade wire (improved plowsteel) is a strong, tough, durablesteel that combines great strengthwith high resistance to fatigue. Its

minimum tensile strength varies from223 to 258 ksi, depending upon wire

diameter.Purple Plus is WWs trade name for

Extra Improved Plow (EIP) steel. Oncea specialty grade, Purple Plus is now

WWs grade for all standard wire rope.Minimum tensile strength varies from

245 to 284 ksi, depending upon wirediameter.

Royal Purple, or Extra ExtraImproved Plow (EEIP) steel, is a gradeused where a high breaking strength

is required. This grade typically pro-vides a breaking strength a minimum

of 10% higher than Purple Plus and isfound primarily as a standard grade for

specialized wire rope. However, RoyalPurple is available for standard wireropes upon request.

Developed by WW for the federal

government, Royal Purple Plus is thehighest strength grade availableto Bethlehem Wire Rope customers.

Royal Purple Plus provides a breakingstrength 35% higher than Purple Plus,

and is available in WWs TRIPLE-PAChoist rope.

It is the grade of wire which deter-

mines the nominal breaking strengthfor each diameter and construction.

Note, the acceptance strength listedin the various tables for Bethlehem

Wire Rope products is 2-1/2% below

the nominal strengths listed.Other grades are available to meet

specific requirements. Some grades arecovered by wire rope standards while

others may be specially tailored. Con-sult WWs engineering department for

further information.

Wire Rope LayThe helix or spiral of the wires and

strands in a rope is called the lay. Regular lay denotes rope in which

the wires are twisted in one direc-tion, and the strands in the opposite

direction to form the rope. The wiresappear to run roughly parallel to the

center line of the rope. Due to thedifference in direction between thewires and strand, regular lay ropes are

less likely to untwist or kink. Regularlay ropes are also less subject to failure

from crushing and distortion becauseof the shorter length of exposed outer

wires.


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Wire Rope Selection

4

Lang lay is the opposite; the wiresand strands spiral in the same direc-

tion and appear to run at a diagonal tothe center line of the rope. Due to the

longer length of exposed outer wires,Lang lay ropes have greater flexibilityand abrasion resistance than do regu-

lar lay ropes. Greater care, however,must be exercised in handling and

spooling Lang lay ropes. These ropesare more likely to twist, kink and crush

than regular lay ropes. Right or left lay refers to thedirection in which the strands rotate

around the wire rope. If the strandsrotate around the rope in a clockwise

direction (as the threads do in a righthand bolt), the rope is said to be right

lay. When the strands rotate in a coun-terclockwise direction (as the threadsdo in a left hand bolt), the rope is left

lay.

Right regular lay is furnishedfor all rope applications unlessotherwise specified.

When a lay-length is used as aunit of measure, it refers to the lineardistance a single strand extends in

making one complete turn aroundthe rope. Lay-length is measured in

a straight line parallel to the center

line of the rope, not by following thepath of the strand. The appropriatetime to replace a wire rope in service isfrequently determined by counting the

number of broken wires in the lengthof one rope lay.

Preformed Wire RopeForm-set is WW's trade name for

preformed wire rope. Form-set meansthat the wires and strands have been

preset during manufacture into thepermanent helical form they take inthe completed rope.

Unless otherwise specified,

Bethlehem Wire Rope products arefurnished Form-set.

Preformed wire rope has definitecharacteristics which are advanta-

geous on most wire rope applications.Preforming greatly reduces internal

stresses, eases rope handling, andgives more equal distribution of loadon the wires and strands. Preformed

rope runs smoother and spools more

uniformly on a drum than non-pre-formed, has greater flexibility and

gives longer service life in bending.Preformed wires tend to remain in

position after breaking. This reduces

the tendency for them to protrude anddamage adjacent wires. Because the

wires do not protrude, we strongly sug-gest greater care and more thorough

inspection to detect broken wires in aForm-set rope.


5/40

Wire Rope Selection

5

Wire Rope CoreMost wire ropes are supplied with

either a fiber or steel core. The coreis the foundation ot a wire rope. Its

primary function is to support the

wire strands of the rope, maintainingthem in their correct relative positionsduring the operating life of the rope.

Fiber cores are ropes made fromfibers formed into yarns, then intostrands and finally into the finished

core form. There are two general typesof fiber: natural vegetable material,

such as sisal, and synthetic filaments,such as polypropylene.

Steel cores may be an indepen-dent wire rope (IWRC) or, in the caseof small diameter ropes and some ro-

tation-resistant ropes, a wire strandcore (WSC). These steel cores providemore support than fiber cores to theouter strands during the ropes oper-

ating life. Steel cores resist crushing,are more resistant to heat, reduce theamount of stretch, and increase the

strength of the rope.

Wire Rope LubricationDuring the manufacture of Beth-

lehem Wire Rope products, WW applies

heated lubricant to individual wiresduring the stranding operation. Upon

customer request, additional lubricant

may be applied during the closingoperation as well.

WW utilizes two standard lu-bricants during the manufacture of

general purpose ropes. WWs N-lubeis a petrolatum-based lubricantused primarily in the manufacture

of standard wire rope. This type oflubricant prevents rust and corrosion

and lubricates against internal wear.W-lube, the standard lubricantused for specialty wire rope, is anasphaltic-based lubricant and rustpreventative compound with a large

percentage of water-displacing addi-tives and corrosion inhibitors. W-lube

is ideal for offshore and land cranes,and logging winch lines.

The Modified X-chartTwo factors governing most de-

cisions in selecting wire rope are

abrasion resistance and resistanceto bending fatigue. A graphic pre-sentation of the balance between

these properties has traditionallybeen given by means of the X-chart.

However, new designs of wire rope,such as 6-Pac and Triple-Pac, do not

follow the X-chart model as they aredesigned to provide both abrasion

resistance and resistance to bending

fatigue. WW, therefore, developed theModified X-chart.

To read the Modified X-chart, the

position of each rope construction

must be considered in relation toboth the X and Y axes, or AbrasionResistance and Resistance to Bending

Fatigue, respectively. For example, theconstruction 6x41 (6x49) is in theupper left quadrant, ranking high on

the bending fatigue scale. However, itsposition in abrasion resistance is very

low. Therefore, it can be said that a6x41 (6x49) construction offers ex-

cellent resistance to bending fatigue,but poor resistance to abrasion. Atthe other end of the spectrum is a 6x7

construction, located in the lower righthand corner of the chart. A 6x7 offers

excellent abrasion resistance, but verypoor resistance to bending fatigue.

Rope SubstitutionMany equipment manufacturers

have established standard or speci-fied wire ropes for their products.

Rope substitution is acceptableprovided the end user follow the basic

design specifications established by

the equipment manufacturer: Always use the specified

rope diameter. Ensure that the breaking

strength of the substituterope meets or exceeds that

of the rope specified. Always substitute a rope

with the same basiccharacteristics, such asrotation resistance.

ASME B30.5-1995 Addenda5-1.7.2(a) states: The ropes shall be

of a construction recommended bythe rope or crane manufacturer or

person qualified for that service.

High

Low

ResistancetoBendingFatigue

Triple-Pac 6x41 (6x49) 6-Pac

6x36

6x31

6x25 6x27 FlatStrand

6x21

6x19

Super B

6x7

LowHighAbrasion Resistance


6/40

6

Suggested Wire Rope Constructions

NOITACILPPA SNOITIDNOCLARENEG SNOITIDNOCEREVES

SENARC

SLLABPORD

seniLdaoL CRWIRR52x6 CAP-6

SENARCYRTNAG

tsioHniaM CRWIRRssalC73x6;CRWIRR52x6 DD63;91PFS;CAP-6

tsioHyrailixuA CRWIRR52x6 DD63;91PFS;CAP-6

edulcnisepytenarcyrtnaG ocnarKdnaenoK,gameD,H&P:

SENARCEVITOMOCOL

tsioHniaM CRWIRR52x6 CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

tsioHyrailixuA CRWIRR52x6 CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

tsioHmooB CRWIRR52x6 CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

seniLgaT CFRRelaeSnotgnirraW33x6 a/n

)SEGRABDNASMROFTALP,SGIRGNILLIRD(SENARCLATSEDEPEROHSFFO

tsioHmooB CRWIRR52x6 CAP-ELPIRT;VRCAP-6;CAP-6

seniLtsioH 7x91;CRWIRR91x8 DD63;91PFS

seniLyrailixuA 7x91;CRWIRR91x8 DD63;91PFS

edulcnisepytenarclatsedeperohsffO ,drofrehtaeW,lanoitaN,tleB-kniL,reniraMtinU,enarcerohsffO,natiT,sciluardyHdeilppA:.tigakSdnaeniraMrekaB,naciremA,edylC,sulituaN,uaeruoTeL,rrehbeiL,OCVAF,gniKaeS,eirE-surycuB,xetinaM,cawotinaM

SENARCGNILEVARTDAEHREVO

seniLtsioH CRWIRRssalC73x6;CRWIRRssalC91x6 DD63;91PFS;CAP-6

,SENARCKCURTMOOBECITTALDNACIPOCSELET,NIARRETLLA,NIARRETHGUORSRELWARCNOITCIRFMOOBECITTALDNASRELWARCCILUARDYHMOOBECITTAL

tsioHmooB CRWIRRssalC73x6;CRWIRR52x6 CAP-ELPIRT;VRCAP-6;CAP-6

seniLtsioH CRWIRRssalC73x6;CRWIRR52x6 DD63;91PFS;CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

seniLyrailixuA 7x91;CRWIRR91x8 DD63;91PFS

stnadnePmooB CRWIRR52x6 CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

:edulcnisepytenarclateniarrethguoR ,gameD,rrehbeiL,onadaT,MPP,H&P,gnirheoK,niaroL,tleB-kniL,evorG,noilaGkralCdna,lanoitaN,xetinaM,cawotinaM,naciremA

SROTCARTMOOBEDIS

seniLtsioH CRWIRR52x6 CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

seniLmooB CRWIRR52x6 CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

SENARCKCIRREDGNIVLOVERDNASKCIRREDGELFFITS

seniLtsioH CRWIRR52x6 CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

seniLyrailixuA CRWIRR52x6 DD63;91PFS;CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6seniLmooB CRWIRR52x6 DD63;91PFS;CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

edulcnisepytenarckcirreD cawotinaMdnaedylC,naciremA,EDYLCMA:

SENARCREWOT

seniLdaoL 7x53;7x91 DD63;91PFS

senilyellorT CRWIRR52x6 a/n

SENARCYELRIHW

tsioHniaM CRWIRR52x6 DD63;91PFS;CAP-6

tsioHyrailixuA CRWIRR52x6 DD63;91PFS;CAP-6

tsioHmooB CRWIRR52x6 CAP-6

:edulcnisepytenarcyelrihW edylCdnaOCVAF,naciremA,EDYLCMA

Gantry crane types include: P&H, Demag, Kone and Kranco

Offshore pedestal crane types include: Applied Hydraulics, Titan, Offshorecrane, Unit Mariner, Link-Belt, National, Weatherford,Manitowac, Manitex, Bucyrus-Erie, SeaKing, FAVCO, Liebherr, LeToureau, Nautilus, Clyde, American, Baker Marine and Skagit

Rough terrain et al crane types include: Galion, Grove, Link-Belt, Lorain, Koehring, P&H, Tadano, Liebherr, Demag,American, Manitowac, Manitex, National, and Clark

Derrick crane types include: AMCLYDE, American, Clyde and Manitowac

Whirley crane types include: AMCLYDE, American, FAVCO and Clyde


7/40


7


GNIGDERD

SEGDERDREPPID

seniLtsioH CRWILRssalC73x6;CRWILRssalC91x6 VRCAP-6;CAP-6

seniLgnikcaBdnagnigniwS CRWILRssalC73x6;CRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

seniLdupS CRWILRssalC73x6;CRWILRssalC91x6 CAP-6

SEGDERDLLEHSMALC

seniLgnisolCdnagnidloH CRWILRssalC91x6 CAP-6

seniLgniwS CRWILRssalC73x6;CRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

seniLtsioHmooB CRWILRssalC91x6 VRCAP-6;CAP-6

seniLrohcnAronretS CRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6


SEGDERDTEKCUBNIAHCROREDDAL

seniLreddaL CRWILRroRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

seniLnretSdnawoB CRWILRssalC73x6;CRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6


SEGDERDNOITCUS

seniLreddaL CRWILRroRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

seniLgniwS CRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

seniLdupS CRWILRssalC73x6;CRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

seniLnootnoP CRWILRssalC91x6 CAP-6

GNITAVACXE

SLEVOHSREWOP

seniltsioH CRWIGRssalC73x6;CRWIGRroRR52x6 CAP-6

CRWIGRssalC73x6 VRCAP-6;CAP-6

seniLtcarteRdnadworC CRWIGRssalC73x6;CRWIGRroRR52x6 VRCAP-6;CAP-6

seniLmooB CRWIGRssalC73x6;CRWIGRroRR52x6 VRCAP-6;CAP-6seniLpirT CFRRelaeSnotgnirraW33x6;CFRRnotgnirraW91x6 a/n

SROTAVACXEENILGARD

senilgarD CRWIGRssalC91x6 CAP-6

seniLtsioH CRWIGRroRRssalC91x6 VRCAP-6;CAP-6

senilmooB CRWIGRssalC73x6;CRWIGRroRRssalC91x6 VRCAP-6;CAP-6

seniLpmuD CRWIGRroRR52x6 VRCAP-6;CAP-6

SLLEHSMALC

seniLtsioH 7x91;CRWIRRssalC91x6 DD63;91PFS;CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

seniLgnisolCdnagnidloH CFroCRWIRRssalC73x6;CRWIGRroRRssalC91x6 VRCAP-6;CAP-6

seniLmooB CRWIVR62x6;CRWIRR52x6 CAP-ELPIRT;VRCAP-6;CAP-6

seniLgaT CFRRelaeSnotgnirraW33x6 a/n

SNOGAWDNASREPARCSLLA-YRRAC

seniLpmuDdnatsioH CRWIGRroRRssalC73x6;CRWIGRroRR52x6 CAP-6

SLEVOHSLLUPDNASREHCTID,SEOHHCNERT

seniLgniggiD CRWIGRssalC91x6 CAP-6

seniLtsioH CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6;CRWIRR52x6 CAP-6

seniLgeL-raehSroseniLmooB CRWIRR62x6 CAP-6

SROTAVACXEENILKCALS

seniLkcarT CFGRdnartsdenettalf;CFGRssalC91x6 VRCAP-6;CAP-6

seniLluahnUrodaoL CRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

seniLgnitsujdAkcarTronoisneT CRWIRR52x6 CAP-6


8/40

RR = Right regular layRG = Right Lang layRV = Right reverse layFC = Fiber coreIWRC = Independent wire rope core

BXL, or plastic-infusion, may be added to many standard and specialty wire rope constructions, and is therefore not listed as a recommendationunder Severe Conditions. Refer to Specialty Applications: BXL for further information.

In some instances, WW specifies class and not a specific construction. This is due to multiple diameters used on a particular application, and/ormultiple constructions suitable for the application. For more information, please contact WW's sales or engineering department.

Refer to product data for grades.


SEHCNIWDNASTSIOH

stsioHnoitcurtsnoC CRWIRRssalC73x6;CRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

stsioHriAdnacirtcelE 91PFS;7x91;CFRRssalC73x6;CFRRnotgnirraW91x6 a/n

sehcniW CRWIRRssalC73x6;CRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

GNIGGOL

NRETSAE

seniLhcniW CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6 B-repuS

srekohC CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6 a/n

NRETSEW

senilhcrA CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6 CAP-REPUS,B-repuS

sredaoLmooB CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6 CAP-REPUS,B-repuS

srekohC CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6 CAP-REPUS,B-repuS

skcabluaH CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6;CRWIRRelaeS91x6 CAP-REPUS,B-repuS

srekohCretpocileH ETIRBYKS a/n

senilniaM CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6 CAP-REPUS,B-repuS

egairraCllimwaS CRWIRR52x6 CAP-REPUS;B-repuSsenilykS CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6;CRWIRRelaeS91x6 CAP-REPUS,B-repuS

senilwartS CRWIRRelaeS91x6 CAP-REPUS;B-repuS

seniLmurDelpirT CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6 CAP-REPUS;B-repuS

seniLhcniW CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6 CAP-REPUS;B-repuS

ENIRAMDNADLEIFLIO

seniLrohcnA CRWIRRssalC73x6;CRWIRRssalC91x6 sedon-Z,caphteB,dezinavlag

seniLgnibbawS&dnaS,gniroC CF7x6 a/n

slleBgniviD 7x91 DD63

seniLgnirooM dnartsdezinavlag;CRWIGRsessalC73x6dna91x6 sedon-Z,caphteB,epordezinavlag

seniLrenoisneTresiR CRWIRRssalC73x6 caphteB

seniLllirDyratoR CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6;CRWIRRelaeS91x6 caphteBseniLwoT CRWIRRssalC73x6 dezinavlag

seniLgnibuT CRWIRRelaeSnotgnirraW62x6 B-repuS

sresahCniahC,eriWkroW CRWIRRssalC73x6;CRWIRRssalC91x6 dezinavlag

LLIMLEETS

sepoRlleB CRWIRR52x6 CAP-6

epoRredrateR,rettopS,relluPraC CFroCRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

senarCeldaL CRWIRRssalC73x6 CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6

sredaolnUdnasegdirBerO CRWIRRssalC91x6 CAP-6

stsioHpikS CFGRdnartsdenettalf;CFGRroRRssalC91x6 CAP-ELPIRT

senarCtiPgnikaoSdnareppirtS CRWIGRssalC73x6 CAP-ELPIRT;CAP-6


8

galvanized

6x31 swedged, SUPER-PAC


9/40

9

Standard Wire Ropes

This construction is used whereropes are dragged on the ground or

over rollers, and resistance to wearand abrasion are important factors.The wires are quite large and willstand a great deal of wear. In fact,

this construction is sometimescalled coarse laid because of thelarge wires.

The 6x7 is a stiff rope andneeds sheaves and drums of largesize. It will not withstand bend-ing stresses as well as ropes with

smaller wires. Because of the smallnumber of wires, with the resultinghigher percentage of load carriedby each wire, a larger factor of

safety should be considered with6x7 ropes than with ropes havinga larger number of wires.

retemaiDepoR .xorppA

thgieW

).tf/.bl(

lanimoN

snot,*htgnertS

rothgirb(

nward

)**dezinavlag

elpruPsehcni .mm

4/1 5.6 490.0 46.2

61/5 0.8 51.0 01.4

8/3 5.9 12.0 68.5

61/7 0.11 92.0 39.7

2/1 0.31 83.0 3.01

61/9 5.41 84.0 0.31

8/5 0.61 95.0 9.51

4/3 0.91 48.0 7.22

8/7 0.22 51.1 7.03

1 0.62 05.1 7.93

8/1-1 0.92 09.1 8.94

4/1-1 0.23 43.2 0.16

8/3-1 0.53 48.2 1.37

2/1-1 0.83 83.3 2.68

*Acceptance strength is not less than 2-1/2% below thenominal strengths listed. Tons of 2,000lbs.

**Galvanizing: For Class A galvanized wire rope, deduct10% from the nominal strength shown.

6x7 Class Wire Rope

Strands: 6Wires per strand: 7Core: Fiber coreStandard grade(s): PurpleLay: Regular or LangFinish: Bright or galvanized


10/40

10

Standard Wire Ropes

6x19 Class Wire Rope

Strands: 6Wires per strand: 19 to 26

Core: IWRC or fiber coreStandard Grade: Purple PlusLay: Regular or LangFinish: Bright or galvanized

The 6x19 Classification of wirerope is the most widely used. Withits good combination of flexibility

and wear resistance, rope in thisclass can be suited to the specificneeds of diverse kinds of machinery

and equipment.The 6x19 Seale construction,with its large outer wires, providesgreat ruggedness and resistance

to abrasion and crushing. How-ever, its resistance to fatigue issomewhat less than that offeredby a 6x25 construction. The 6x25

possesses the best combinationof flexibility and wear resistancein the 6x19 Class due to the filler

wires providing support and im-

parting stability to the strand. The6x26 Warrington Seale constructionhas a high resistance to crushing.

This construction is a good choicewhere the end user needs the wearresistance of a 6x19 Class Rope andthe flexibility midway between a

6x19 Class and 6x37 Class rope.

6x19 Warrington with fiber core

6x19 Seale with IWRC

6x26 Warrington Seale with IWRC

6x31 Warrington Seale with IWRC

6x49 Filler Wire Seale with IWRC6x25 Filler Wire with IWRC 6x36 Warrington Seale IWRC

6x37 Class Wire Rope


Core: IWRC or fiber coreStandard Grade: Purple PlusLay: Regular or LangFinish: Bright or galvanized

The 6x37 Class of wire ropeis characterized by the relativelylarge number of wires used ineach strand. Ropes of this class

are among the most flexible avail-able due to the greater number of

wires per strand, however theirresistance to abrasion is less than

ropes in the 6x19 Class.The designation 6x37 is only

nominal, as in the case with the6x19 Class. None of the ropes

actually has 37 wires per strand.Improvements in wire rope design,as well as changing machine de-

signs, have resulted in the use ofstrands with widely varying num-bers of wires and a smaller number

of available constructions. Typical6x37 Class constructions include6x33 for diameters under 1/2",6x36 Warrington Seale (the mostcommon 6x37 Class construction)

offered in diameters 1/2" through1-5/8", and 6x49 Filler Wire Sealeover 1-3/4" diameter.


11/40


12/40

12

Alternate LayWire Rope

Alternate Lay, sometimes

referred to as reverse lay, is a

stranded rope where the type oflay of the outer strands is alter-

nately regular lay followed by lang

lay such that three of the outer

strands are regular lay and three

are lang lay.

Alternate lay wire rope has

the extra flexibility of lang lay in

combination with the structural

stability of regular lay. It unites

the best features of both types of

wire rope.Alternate lay is made with

relatively large outer wires to pro-

vide increase of abrasion resistance

to scrubbing against sheaves and

drums. Finer inside wires and flex-

ibility enable alternate lay ropes to

absorb severe bending stresses. It is

well suited to winding applications

where abrasion and crushing can

occur.

Alternate lay wire rope ap-plications include boom hoists

and numerous types of excavating

equipment like clamshells, shovels,

cranes, winches and scrapers.

Nominal

Strength

Rope Diameter Approx. tonsWeight

(lb./ft.)

Purple Plus

inches mm.

1/2 13.0 0.46 13.3

9/16 14.5 0.59 16.8

5/8 16.0 0.72 20.6

3/4 19.0 1.04 29.4

7/8 22.0 1.42 39.8

1 26.0 1.85 51.7

1-1/8 29.0 2.34 65.0

1-1/4 32.0 2.89 79.9

*Acceptance strength is not less than 2-1/2% below the

nominal strengths listed. Tons of 2,000 lbs.

Standard Wire Ropes

Strands: 6Wires per strand: 26Core: IWRCStandard Grade: Purple Plus

Lay: CombinationFinish: Bright


13/40

13

Rotation-Resistant Ropes

In certain instances the use of

rotation-resistant wire rope is neces-sary to provide rotational stability tothe lifted load. In general, the use of

these wire ropes is limited to thosesituations where it is impractical to:

1. Use a tag line.

2. Relocate rope dead end.3. Increase sheave sizes.4. Eliminate odd-part

reeving.5. Significantly reduce rope

loading and rope fall length.

Rotation-resistant wire ropes haveless of a tendency to unlay when loadedthan do conventional wire ropes. This

results in improved rotational stability

to the lifted load. Rotation-resistantwire ropes are designed in such a waythat the rotational force of the outer

strands is partially counteracted by therotational force of the inner strands or

core when the rope is subjected to aload.

The chart compares the rotational

properties of rotation-resistant ropeswith a standard 6x25 wire rope. The

rotation-resistant ropes far surpass the

rotational stability of a conventional

6x25 IWRC wire rope on both short andlong falls.

Safety Design FactorsASME B30.5 specifies that rota-

tion-resistant ropes have a safetydesign factor of five or greater. The

required strength design factor ofrotation-resistant rope becomes very

important from the standpoint ofmaintaining the inherent low rota-tion of the rope and eliminating any

tendency to overload the inner core,thereby causing a reduction in rope

strength.

Handling & Installation

Precautions should be followedwhen using rotation-resistant wire

rope. The rope ends must be properlyseized and secured (refer to Handling

and Installation: Seizing Wire Rope)and cut with a saw or impact hammer

to prevent unlaying of the strands.Attachment of end fittings must

be done with care to prevent kinking

or unlaying of rope, which harms therotational balance of the rope.

Operation of rotation-resistant

wire ropes with a swivel is notrecommended by WW. The use of aswivel allows the inner core to twist

tighter, resulting in a significantreduction in rope strength, possiblyleading to premature rope failure.

A swivel may be used as a tempo-rary device only during the initial

installation period to help eliminateany installation-induced twisting or

cabling.The swivel must be removed

from the reeving after rope instal-lation is completed and before thecrane begins operation.

Due to the opposite lay directionof the inner core and outer strand

layers in rotation-resistant ropes, careshould be taken to avoid shockloading.

Shockloading will result in distortionof the rope structure, causing birdcag-ing, core protrusion, etc. Due to the

potential for complete rope failure,shockloaded wire ropes must be im-

mediately removed from service.

Rotational Property Comparison


14/40

Rotation Resistant Ropes

14

The rated strengths of the 8x19 Class and 19x7 wire ropes are less than wire ropes in the 6x19

and 6x37 Classes. Larger sheaves are required in order to achieve comparable fatigue life.Refer toTechnical Information: Effect of Sheave Size for further information on proper sheave sizes.

The 8x19 Classification rotation-

resistant ropes are recommended

for hoisting unguided loads with

a single-part or multipart line.

The eight outer strands are

manufactured in right lay, with the

inner strands being left lay.

These ropes are slightly stron-

ger and significantly more rugged

than the 19x7 construction. How-

ever, the rotation-resistant proper-ties of the 8x19 rotation-resistant

ropes are much less than those of

the 19x7 construction.

These ropes are manufactured

in right regular lay in the 8x19

Seale and 8x25 Filler Wire construc-

tions.

19x7 is recommended for

hoisting unguided loads with a

single-part line.

The rotation-resistant proper-

ties of this rope are secured by

two layers of strands. The inner

strands are left lay, while the 12

outer strands are right lay, which

enables one layer to counteract

the other layer's rotation.

The rotation-resistant charac-teristics of the 19x7 wire ropes are

superior to those of the 8x19 Class

wire ropes.

Strands: 19Wires per strand: 7Core: WSCStandard grade(s): Purple PlusLay: RegularFinish: Bright

Strands: 8Wires per strand: 19 to 25Core: IWRCStandard grade(s): Purple PlusLay: Right RegularFinish: Bright

8x19 Seale


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8/5 0.61 37.0 1.81

4/3 0.91 60.1 9.52

8/7 0.22 44.1 0.53

1 0.62 88.1 5.54

8/1-1 0.92 93.2 3.75

4/1-1 0.23 49.2 5.07

8/3-1 0.53 65.3 9.48

2/1-1 0.83 42.4 0.001

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61/9 5.41 085.0 06.31

8/5 0.61 017.0 08.61

4/3 0.91 020.1 00.42

8/7 0.22 093.1 05.23

1 0.62 028.1 02.24

8/1-1 0.92 003.2 01.35

4/1-1 0.23 048.2 01.56

8/3-1 0.53 034.3 04.87

2/1-1 0.83 080.4 08.29

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8x19 Classification Rotation-Resistant

19x7 Rotation-Resistant


15/40

15

SFP 19 is recommended forboth multipart load and single-part fast line applications whererotational stability of the liftedload is needed, such as for useas a long fall on offshore pedes-tal cranes, rough and all terraincranes, and crawler cranes.

SFP 19 provides: Fatigue Resistance. Improvedfatigue properties are derived

through the combination of theflexible 19x19 construction and die

drawn strands. The drawn strandsurfaces minimize the interstrand

and interlayer nicking that takeplace in round rotation-resistantropes.

Abrasion Resistance. Diedrawn ropes provide improvedabrasion resistance as comparedwith round wire ropes because of

the greater wire and strand bearingsurfaces contacting sheaves anddrums.

Resistance to Drum Crushing.SFP 19 wire ropes are resistant tothe effects of drum crushing due tothe compacted strands and smooth-

ness of the rope surface. Flexibility. With 19 strandsof 19 wires in all diameters, SFP19 remains extremely flexible and

easy to handle during both theinstallation process and under theextremely harsh conditions from

fast line speeds during spooling.

Strands: 19Wires per strand: 7/19

Core: WSCStandard grade(s): Royal PurpleLay: Right RegularFinish: Bright

Rotation-Resistant Ropes

SFP 19 Rotation-Resistant

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8/5 0.61 38.0 7.22

4/3 0.91 91.1 4.23

8/7 0.22 26.1 8.341 0.62 21.2 9.65

8/1-1 0.92 86.2 5.17

4/1-1 0.23 13.3 9.78

8/3-1 0.53 10.4 0.601

2/1-1 0.83 77.4 0.521

ehtwoleb%2/1-2nahtsseltonsihtgnertsecnatpeccA*.sbl000,2fosnoT.detsilshtgnertslanimon


16/40


17/40

Specialized Wire Rope

17

6-PAC RV is recommended in se-vere boom hoist applications where

heavy duty cycles occur, the rope issubjected to premature abrasion andcrushing, and increased strengthand/or service life over flattenedstrand and standard 6x26 alternatelay ropes is desired.

6-PAC RV provides the samefatigue resistance as 6-PAC. Otherfeatures of 6-PAC RV include:

Superior Performance. In mul-tiple field trials, 6-PAC RV provided

a service life 100% higher than theprevious flattened strand and 6x26

alternate lay wire ropes. Abrasion Resistance. 6-PAC RVscompacted strand design provides

improved abrasion resistance as com-pared with standard 6x26 alternate lay

ropes because of the increased wire andstrand surfaces contacting sheaves and

drums. Superior Flexibility. 6-PAC RVis 27% more flexible than flattenedstrand, making it easier to install andhandle in the field. 6-PAC RV also of-

fers better spooling at high line speedsand longer rope service life.

Increased Strength. 6-PAC RVoffers a nominal breaking strength 3%

higher than flattened strand. Resistance To Multilayer DrumCrushing. 6-PAC RV offers increasedresistance to the crushing effects ofmultilayer drum winding than con-

ventional 6x26 alternate lay ropes.

6-PAC is recommended foruse where the rope is subjected to

heavy use or where conditions areextremely abusive, such as offshorepedestal, crawler and lattice boomequipped truck crane boom hoistapplications. 6-PAC is also recom-mended for winch lines, overheadcranes, multipart hoist lines whererotation-resistant ropes are notrequired, and other applicationswhere flexibility, high strength andresistance to crushing are impor-tant, and a cost-effective 6-strand

rope is desired.6-PAC provides: Fatigue Resistance. Improvedfatigue properties are derived from

the combination of 6-PACs flexibleconstructions and the compactedstrands. The compacted strand sur-

face minimizes the interstrand andinterlayer nicking that take place in

standard 6-strand ropes. Abrasion Resistance. 6-PACscompacted strand design provides im-proved abrasion resistance as compared

to standard 6-strand ropes because ofthe increased wire and strand surfacescontacting sheaves and drums.

Flexibility. 6-PACs design pro-vides increased flexibility, making it

easy to install, and 6-PAC also offersbetter spooling at high line speeds.

Resistance To Multilayer DrumCrushing. 6-PAC dramatically in-creases the amount of wire contact

with the drums and sheaves, reducingthe wire rope, sheave and drum wear

normally associated with standard wire

rope . Damage at the crossover pointsis also reduced.

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2/1 0.31 62x6 305.0 6.41

61/9 5.41 62x6 246.0 5.81

8/5 0.61 62x6 597.0 7.22

4/3 0.91 13x6 341.1 4.23

8/7 0.22 13x6 745.1 8.34

1 0.62 13x6 570.2 9.65

8/1-1 0.92 13x6 575.2 5.17

4/1-1 0.23 13x6 961.3 9.78

8/3-1 0.53 63x6 857.3 0.601

2/1-1 0.83 63x6 465.4 0.521

8/5-1 3.14 63x6 653.5 0.641

4/3-1 5.54 63x6 212.6 0.961

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6-PAC 6-PAC RV

Strands: 6Wires per strand: 19 to 36Core: IWRCStandard grade(s): Royal PurpleLay: Right RegularFinish: Bright


Core: IWRCStandard grade(s): Royal PurpleLay: Right ReverseFinish: Bright


18/40


19/40

19


BXL is infused with a spe-

cially-engineered polymer, creat-ing a well-balanced matrix. BXL

is recommended for numerous

hoist, marine and logging rope

applications.

BXL provides:

Fatigue Resistance. Improved

fatigue resistance is derived from

the cushioning and dampening

effect of the polymer on the wires

and strands. BXL also evenly dis-

tributes stresses which may lead tofatigue breaks.

Abrasion Resistance. The

polymer acts as a barrier between

the individual strands, preventing

penetration of any adverse mate-

rial. BXL distributes and reduces

contact stresses between the rope

and sheave, reducing wire rope

wear.

Resistance To Multilayer

Drum Crushing. BXLs smoothprofile evenly distributes crushing

pressures from the overlying layers

of rope in multilayer drum winding

applications.

Extended Sheave And Drum

Service Life. BXL minimizes

corrugation and wear normally

associated with standard rope us-

age by restricting water and dirt

penetration and eliminating pickup

of abrasive materials.

Clean Handling. The exterior

rope surface is free from the grease

normally applied to standard

ropes.

Strands: 6

Wires per strand: 19 to 36Core: IWRCStandard grade(s): Purple PlusLay: Regular or LangFinish: Plastic-infused

BXL


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61/9 5.41 16.0 8.61

8/5 0.61 67.0 6.02

4/3 0.91 90.1 4.92

8/7 0.22 94.1 8.93

1 0.62 49.1 7.15

8/1-1 0.92 64.2 0.56

4/1-1 0.23 30.3 9.97

8/3-1 0.53 76.3 0.69

2/1-1 0.83 73.4 0.411

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20/40

20

ASME Rules & GuidelinesSpecialized Wire Rope

SUPER-B

Super-B is a superior swaged

product ideal for applications

in logging such as winch lines,

chokers, skylines and haulbacks,

as well as other applications

where a swaged rope is used.

When compared with a standard

swaged rope, Super-B provides:

Superior Strength. Improved

strength properties are derived

from WWs superior swaging pro-

cess.

Abrasion Resistance. Super-

Bs swaged rope design provides

improved abrasion resistance as

compared to standard swaged

6-strand ropes because of the in-

creased wire and strand surfaces

contacting sheaves and drums.

Resistance to Multilayer

Drum Crushing. Super-B dra-

matically increases the amount of

wire contact with the drums andsheaves, reducing the wire rope,

sheave and drum wear normally

associated with standard wire rope.

Damage at the crossover points is

also reduced.

Increased Service Life. Super-

Bs design provides a significant

increase in service life over stan-

dard swaged ropes due to the ropes

ruggedness.

Also available for

logging applications:

SUPER-PAC is a com-pacted strand and compactedrope design. SUPER-PAC pro-

vides abrasion resistance andresistance to drum crushing farsuperior to that provided by

Super-B. SUPER-PAC also offers abreaking strength significantly

higher than Super-B.

SKYBRITE is a plastic-infused rope designed solelyfor helicopter chokers used inthe Western logging market.

SKYBRITE provides superiorvisibility from the air or ground

on any terrain in both clear andovercast conditions.

Contact WWs customer

service department for furtherinformation on either product.

Approx. Weight Industry StandardRope Diameter (lb./ft.) Strengths (tons)

inches mm. Super-B Super-Pac Super-B Super-Pac

1/2 13.0 0.617 .648 15.5 18

9/16 14.5 0.773 .810 19.6 23

5/8 16.0 0.962 .995 24.2 29

3/4 19.0 1.36 1.430 34.9 40

7/8 22.0 1.84 1.920 47.4 52

1 26.0 2.28 2.420 62.0 68

1-1/8 29.0 2.86 2.960 73.5 85

1-1/4 32.0 3.44 3.510 90.0 100

1-3/8 35.0 4.04 4.310 106.0 120

1-1/2 38.0 4.74 4.880 130.0 140

*Acceptance strength is not less than 2-1/2% below the

nominal strengths listed. Tons of 2,000 lbs.

Strands: 6Wires per strand: 26Core: IWRC

Standard grade(s): Royal PurpleLay: Right RegularFinish: Bright


21/40


FLATTENED STRAND

This rope is particularly suit-able where severe conditions of

crushing and abrasion are en-

countered on the drum or where

a higher strength design factor

is required than can be obtained

with a similar round rope.

The triangular strand shape not

only provides better resistance to

crushing, but also offers a greater

exposed surface area for contact

with sheaves, drums or underlyinglayers of spooled rope. This fea-

ture, in connection with the use of

Lang lay construction, distributes

the abrasive wear over a greater

number and length of wires.

The smooth surface of the rope

also helps minimize wear on drums

and sheaves.

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4/1-1 0.23 18.2 59.2 1.87 48

8/3-1 0.53 04.3 75.3 1.49 101

2/1-1 0.83 50.4 52.4 111 911

8/5-1 0.24 57.4 99.4 031 041

4/3-1 0.54 15.5 97.5 251 161

8/7-1 0.84 33.6 56.6 171 481

2 0.25 02.7 65.7 491 702

8/1-2 0.45 31.8 45.8 512 332

4/1-2 0.85 01.9 65.9 042 062

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21


22/40

The Wrong Way

The Right Way

22


HandlingMeasuring Rope Diameter

Rope diameter is specified by

the user and is generally given in theequipment manufacturers instruction

manual accompanying the machine onwhich the rope is to be used.

Rope diameters are determined by

measuring the circle that just touchesthe extreme outer limits of the strands

that is, the greatest dimension thatcan be measured with a pair of paral-

lel-jawed calipers or machinists calipersquare. A mistake could be made bymeasuring the smaller dimension.

Unreeling & Uncoiling

The Right Way To Unreel. Tounreel wire rope from a heavy reel,place a shaft through the center and

jack up the reel far enough to clear thefloor and revolve easily. One person

holds the end of the rope and walks astraight line away from the reel, taking

the wire rope off the top of the reel.A second person regulates the speedof the turning reel by holding a wood

block against the flange as a brake,taking care to keep slack from develop-

ing on the reel, as this can easily causea kink in the rope. Lightweight

reels can be properly unreeled using a

vertical shaft; the same care should betaken to keep the rope taut. The Wrong Way To Unreel. If areel of wire rope is laid on its flangewith its axis vertical to the floor and

the rope unreeled by throwing off theturns, spirals will occur and kinks are

likely to form in the rope. Wire ropealways should be handled in a way thatneither twists nor unlays it. If handled

in a careless manner, reverse bends andkinks can easily occur.

The Right Way To Uncoil. Thereis only one correct way to uncoil wire

rope. One person must hold the end ofthe rope while a second person rollsthe coil along the floor, backing away.

The rope is allowed to uncoil natu-rally with the lay, without spiraling

or twisting. Always uncoil wire ropeas shown.

The Wrong Way To Uncoil. If a

coil of wire rope is laid flat on the floorand uncoiled by pulling it straight off,spirals will occur and kinking is likely.Torsions are put into the rope by every

loop that is pulled off, and the ropebecomes twisted and unmanageable.

Also, wire rope cannot be uncoiled likehemp rope. Pulling one end through

the middle of the coil will only resultin kinking.

Kinks

Great stress has been placedon the care that should be taken toavoid kinks in wire rope. Kinks are

places where the rope has been unin-tentionally bent to a permanent set.This happens where loops are pulled

through by tension on the rope untilthe diameter of the loop is only a few

inches. They are also caused by bend-ing a rope around a sheave having too

severe a radius. Wires in the strands atthe kink are permanently damaged

and will not give normal service, evenafter apparent restraightening.

Drum Winding

When wire rope is wound onto

a sheave or drum, it should bend inthe manner in which it was originally

wound. This will avoid causing a re-verse bend in the rope. Always windwire rope from the top of the one reelonto the top of the other. Also ac-ceptable, but less so, is re-reeling from

the bottom of one reel to the bottom of

another. Re-reeling may also be donewith reels having their shafts vertical,but extreme care must be taken toensure that the rope always remains

taut. It should never be allowed to dropbelow the lower flange of the reel. A

reel resting on the floor with its axishorizontal may also be rolled along the

floor to unreel the rope.

Correct

Correct


23/40

23


Wire rope should be attached at the cor-rect location on a flat or smooth-faced

drum, so that the rope will spoolevenly, with the turns lying snuglyagainst each other in even layers. If

wire rope is wound on a smooth-facedrum in the wrong direction, the turns

in the first layer of rope will tend tospread apart on the drum. This results

in the second layer of rope wedgingbetween the open coils, crushing and

flattening the rope as successive layersare spooled.

A simple method of determining

how a wire rope should be started ona drum is shown above. The observer

stands behind the drum, with the ropecoming towards him. Using the righthand for right-lay wire rope, and the

left hand for left lay wire rope, theclenched fist denotes the drum, the

extended index finger the oncomingrope.

Wire Rope ClipsClips are usually spaced about

six wire rope diameters apart to giveadequate holding power. They should

be tightened before the rope is placedunder tension. After the load is placed

on the rope, tighten the clips againto take care of any lessening in rope

diameter caused by tension of theload. A wire rope thimble should beused in the eye of the loop to prevent

kinking.

The correct number of clips forsafe operation and the spacing dis-

tances are shown in the table. U-bolt Clips. There is only onecorrect method for attaching U-bolt

clips to wire rope ends, as shown in The

Right Way. The base of the clip bears

on the live end of the rope; the U ofthe bolt bears on the dead end.

Compare this with the incorrect

methods. Five of the six clips shownare incorrectly attachedonly thecenter clip in the top view is correct.

When the U of the clip bears on thelive end of the rope, there is a possibil-

ity of the ropes being cut or kinked,with subsequent failure.

Twin-base Clips. Twin-base clipsare installed as shown below. Due totheir special design, they cannot be

installed incorrectly.

The Right Way

The Wrong Way

Number of clips and spacing for safe application (center to center)

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61/5 8/3 03.0 2 8/5-2 4/1-5 8/3 62.0 2 8/1-2 5

8/3 61/7 14.0 2 4/1-3 2/1-6 61/7 83.0 2 4/1-2 4/1-5

61/7 2/1 56.0 2 2/1-3 7 2/1 06.0 2 8/5-2 2/1-6

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1 4/3 05.2 5 6 62 4/3 86.2 4 6 73

8/1-1 4/3 00.3 6 4/3-6 43 4/3 69.2 4 4/3-6 14

4/1-1 8/7 05.4 7 2/1-7 44 8/7 30.4 5 2/1-7 55

8/3-1 8/7 02.5 7 4/1-8 44 1 85.6 5 4/1-8 26

2/1-1 8/7 09.5 8 9 45 1 85.6 5 9 87

8/5-1 1 03.7 8 4/3-9 85

4/3-1 8/1-1 08.9 8 2/1-01 16

2 4/1-1 04.31 8 21 17

4/1-2 4/1-1 07.51 8 2/1-31 37

2/1-2 4/1-1 09.71 9 51 48

By holding the right hand or left hand with the index finger extended, palm up or palm down,the proper procedure for applying left and right lay rope can easily be determined.


24/40

24

ASME Rules & GuidelinesHandling & Installation

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Suggested Seizing Wire Diameters

Seizing Wire RopeProper seizing and cutting opera-

tions are not difficult to perform, and

they ensure that the wire rope willmeet the users performance expecta-

tions. Proper seizings must be appliedon both sides of the place where the

cut is to be made. In a wire rope, care-lessly or inadequately seized ends maybecome distorted and flattened, and

the strands may loosen. Subsequently,when the rope is operated, there may

be an uneven distribution of loadsto the strands; a condition that will

significantly shorten the life of therope.

Either of the following seizing

methods is acceptable. Method No. 1is usually used on wire ropes over one

inch in diameter. Method No. 2 appliesto ropes one inch and under.

Method No. 1: Place one end ofthe seizing wire in the valley betweentwo strands. Then turn its long end at

right angles to the rope and closely andtightly wind the wire back over itself

and the rope until the proper lengthof seizing has been applied. Twist the

two ends of the wire together, and byalternately pulling and twisting, draw

the seizing tight. Method No. 2: Twist the two endsof the seizing wire together, alter-

nately twisting and pulling until theproper tightness is achieved.

The Seizing Wire. The seizingwire should be soft or annealed wire

Installation

The majority of wire rope prob-lems occurring during operation

actually begin during installation,

when the rope is at its greatest risk ofbeing damaged. Proper installation

procedures are vital in the protec-tion and performance of wire rope

products.

Provide Proper Storage

Until the rope is installed it shouldbe stored on a rack, pallet or reel

stand in a dry, well-ventilated stor-age shed or building. Tightly sealedand unheated structures should be

avoided as condensation between ropestrands may occur and cause corrosion

problems. If site conditions demandoutside storage, cover the rope with

waterproof material and place the reelor coil on a support platform to keepit from coming directly in contact with

the ground.While lubrication is applied during

the manufacturing process, the wirerope must still be protected by addi-

tional lubrication once it is installed.Lubricants will dry out over a period of

time and corrosion from the elementswill occur unless measures are takento prevent this from happening. When

the machine becomes idle for a periodof time, apply a protective coating of

lubricant to the wire rope. Moisture(dew, rain, and snow) trapped between

Suggested End Preparations

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Method No. 1

Method No. 2

or strand. Seizing wire diameter and

the length of the seize will dependon the diameter of the wire rope. The

length of the seizing should never beless than the diameter of the rope

being seized. Proper end seizing while cut-ting and installing, particularly onrotation-resistant ropes, is critical.Failure to adhere to simple precaution-

ary measures may cause core slippageand loose strands, resulting in serious

rope damage. Refer to the table forestablished guidelines. If core protru-sion occurs beyond the outer strands,

or core retraction within the outerstrands, cut the rope flush to allow

for proper seizing of both the core and

outer strands.In the absence of proper seizing

wire or tools, the use of sufficiently-sized hose clamps is acceptable.


25/40

25


Rope Kinked During Installation

Poor Spooling

strands and wires will create corrosionif the rope is unprotected. Also apply

lubricant to each layer of wire ropeon a drum because moisture trappedbetween layers will increase the likeli-

hood of corrosion.

Check The Rope Diameter Prior

To Installation

Always use the nominal diameteras specified by the equipment manu-

facturer. Using a smaller diameter ropewill cause increased stresses on the

rope and the probability of a criticalfailure is increased if the rated break-ing strength does not match that of

the specified diameter. Using a largerdiameter rope leads to shorter service

life as the rope is pinched in thesheave and drum grooves which wereoriginally designed for a smaller di-

ameter rope. Just as using a differentdiameter rope can create performance

problems, so can the use of an exces-sively undersized or oversized rope.

Measure the wire rope using a

parallel-jawed caliper as discussed inMeasuring Rope Diameter. If the rope

is the wrong size or outside the rec-ommended tolerance, return the rope

to the wire rope supplier. It is neverrecommended nor permitted by federal

standards to operate cranes with theincorrect rope diameter. Doing so willaffect the safety factor or reduce ser-

vice life and damage the sheaves anddrum. Note that in a grooved drum

application, the pitch of the groove

may be designed for the ropes nominal

diameter and not the actual diameteras permitted by federal standards.

Use Proper Unreeling

ProceduresWire rope can be permanently

damaged by improper unreeling or

uncoiling practices. The majority ofwire rope performance problemsstart here. Improper unreeling prac-tices lead to premature rope replace-ment, hoisting problems and rope

failure.Place the payout reel as far away

from the boom tip as is practical,moving away from the crane chassis.Never place the payout reel closer to

the crane chassis than the boom pointsheave. Doing so may introduce a

reverse bend into the rope and causespooling problems. Follow the guide-

lines highlighted under Unreeling &Uncoiling and Drum Winding. Takecare to determine whether the wire

rope will wind over or under the drumbefore proceeding. If the wire rope

supplier secured the end of the ropeto the reel by driving a nail through

the strands, ask that in the future aU-bolt or other nondestructive tie-down method be used; nails used in

this manner damage the rope.Take extra precaution when in-

stalling Lang lay, rotation-resistant,flattened strand or compacted ropes.

Loss of twist must be avoided to pre-vent the strands from becoming loos-ened, causing looped wire problems.

Keep Wraps Tight

The end of the rope must besecurely and evenly attached to the

drum anchorage point by the methodrecommended by the equipment manu-facturer. Depending on the cranes

regulatory requirements, at least twoto three wraps must remain on the

drum as dead wraps when the rope isunwound during normal operations.

Locate the dead end rope anchoragepoint on the drum in relation to thedirection of the lay of the rope as

shown inDrum Winding. Do not usean anchorage point that does not cor-

respond with the rope lay. Mismatch-ing rope lay and anchorage point will

cause the wraps to spread apart fromeach other and allow the rope to crossover on the drum. Very gappy winding

will occur resulting in crushing damagein multilayer applications.

Back tension must be continu-ally applied to the payout reel and

the crewman installing the rope mustproceed at a slow and steady pace

whether the drum is smooth orgrooved. Regardless of the benefitsof a grooved drum, tension must be

applied to ensure proper spooling. Animproperly installed rope on a grooved

drum will wear just as quickly as animproperly installed rope on a smooth

drum. If a wire rope is poorly woundand as a result jumps the grooves, itwill be crushed and cut under operat-

ing load conditions where it crossesthe grooves.

Every wrap on the first or foun-dation layer must be installed verytightly and be without gaps. Careless

winding results in poor spooling andwill eventually lead to short service

life. The following layers of rope mustlay in the grooves formed between

adjacent turns of the preceding layerof rope. If any type of overwind orcrosswinding occurs at this stage of

installation and is not corrected im-mediately, poor spooling and crushing

damage will occur.


26/40

26

ASME Rules & GuidelinesHandling & Installation

On a multilayer spooling drumbe sure that the last layer remains at

least two rope diameters below thedrum flange top. Do not use a longer

length than is required because the

excess wire rope will cause unnec-essary crushing and may jump theflange. Loose wraps that occur at anytime must be corrected immediately to

prevent catastrophic rope failure.The use of a mallet is acceptable

to ensure tight wraps, however a steel-faced mallet should be covered with

plastic or rubber to prevent damageto the rope wires and strands.

Treat Rotation-Resistant Ropes

With Extra Care

Rotation-resistant ropes of allconstructions require extra care in

handling to prevent rope damageduring installation. The lay length ofa rotation-resistant rope must not be

disturbed during the various stagesof installation. By introducing twist

or torque into the rope, core slippagemay occurthe outer strands become

shorter in length, the core slips andprotrudes from the rope. In this con-dition the outer strands become over-

loaded because the core is no longer

taking its designed share of the load.Conversely, when torque is removedfrom a rotation-resistant rope core

slippage can also occur. The outerstrands become longer and the innerlayers or core become overloaded,

reducing service life and causing ropefailure.

Secure The Ends BeforeCutting

The plain end of a wire rope must

be properly secured. If the entirecross section of the rope is not firmly

secured, core slippage may occur,causing the core to pull inside theropes end and allowing it to protrude

elsewhere, either through the outerstrands (popped core) or out the other

end of the line. The outer layer ofthe outside strands may also become

overloaded as there is no completecore-to-strand support.

Secure the ends of the rope witheither seizing or welding methods as

recommended under Seizing. It is im-perative that the ends be held together

tightly and uniformly throughout the

entire installation procedure, includ-ing attaching the end through thewedge socket and the drum dead endwedge.

Use a Cable Snake

When installing a new line, con-nect the old line to the new line by

using a swivel-equipped cable snake orChinese finger securely attached to therope ends. The connection between the

ropes during change-out must be verystrong and prevent torque from the

old rope being transferred into thenew rope. Welding ropes together orusing a cable snake without the benefitof a swivel increases the likelihood ofintroducing torque into the new rope.

A swivel-equipped cable snake is notas easy as welding the ropes, but this

procedure can be mastered with a littlepatience and practice.

Standard Operating

Practices

Perform A Break-in Procedure

Perform a break-in procedure toachieve maximum service life. Runthe new rope through its operating

cycle several times under a light loadat a reduced line speed. A light load is

normally considered to be 10% of theworking load limit. This allows the rope

to adjust gradually to working condi-tions, enables the strands to becomesettled, and allows for slight stretching

and diameter reduction to occur.

Maintain Equipment

Wire rope performance depends

upon the condition of the equip-ment on which it operates. Poorlymaintained equipment may result in

reduced service life.

Avoid Slack In The Rope

In any hoisting operation, there

should be no slack in the wire ropewhen the load is applied. Otherwise

the resulting stress will be excessive.

As discussed previously, shockload- ingis destructive and results in irreparabledamage to the rope.

Slowly Lift Or ReleaseThe Load

Overstressing the rope is a result of

too-rapid acceleration or deceleration.Wire rope will withstand considerable

stress if the load is applied slowly.

Use a Wire Rope Only On TheJob For Which It Was

IntendedSometimes an idle rope from one

operation is installed on another to

keep the rope in continuous service.This extremely poor practice is an

expensive economy. Because wirerope tends to set to the conditions of

its particular job, the differing bends,abrasions and stresses of a new opera-tion may produce premature failure.

Therefore, for maximum life and effi-ciency, a rope should be used only on

a job for which it has been specified.


27/40

27

Wire Rope Inspection

The most widely used wire ropereplacement, inspection and main-

tenance standard for mobile-typecranes is ASME B30.5, section 5-2.4.

The following is an excerpt from thatstandard.

All running ropes in service should

be visually inspected once each workingday. A visual inspection shall consist

of observation of all rope which canreasonably be expected to be in use dur-ing the days operations. These visual

observations should be concerned withdiscovering gross damage, such as listed

below, which may be an immediatehazard:

[A] Distortion of the rope such askinking, crushing, unstranding, bird-

caging, main strand displacement, orcore protrusion. Loss of rope diameter

in a short rope length or unevenness ofouter strands should provide evidence

that the rope must be replaced.[B] General corrosion

[C] Broken or cut strands[D] Number, distribution, and

type of visible broken wires

[E] Core failure in rotationresistant ropes: when such damage

is discovered, the rope shall be eitherremoved from service or given an inspection (further detail per S-2.4.2).

The frequency of detailed and

thorough inspections should be deter-mined by a qualified person, who takesinto account the following factors:

Expected rope life as deter-

mined by [a] maintenancerecords, and [b] experience

on the particular installationor similar installations

Severity of environment

Percentage of capacity lifts Frequency rates of operation,

and exposure to shock loads

Inspect the entire length of the

rope. Some areas of the wire rope suchas around the core are more difficult toinspect. To inspect the core, examine

the rope as it passes over the sheaves.The strands have a tendency to open

up slightly which will afford the in-spector a better view of the core. Also

regularly inspect for any reduction indiameter and lengthening of rope lay

as both conditions indicate core dam-age.

Basic Guidelines

Abrasion

Abrasion damage may occur when

the rope contacts an abrasive mediumor simply when it passes over the drum

and sheaves. Therefore it is vital thatall components be in proper working

order and of the appropriate diameterfor the rope. A badly corrugated or

worn sheave or drum will seriouslydamage a new rope, resulting in pre-mature rope replacement.

Corrosion

Corrosion is very difficult toevaluate but is a more serious causeof degradation than abrasion. Usually

signifying a lack of lubrication, corro-sion will often occur internally before

there is any visible external evidenceon the ropes surface. A slight dis-

coloration caused by rusting usually

indicates a need for lubrication whichshould be tended to immediately. Ifthis condition persists, it will lead

to severe corrosion which promotespremature fatigue failures in the wires

and strands, necessitating the ropesimmediate removal from service.

Wire Breaks

The table above shows the num-ber of allowable wire breaks per cranetype. The inspector must know the

ASME standard for the equipment be-ing inspected. The number of broken

wires on the outside of the wire rope isan indication of its general conditionand whether or not it must be consid-

ered for replacement. The inspectormay use a type of spike to gently probe

the strands for any wire breaks that donot protrude. Check as the rope runs

at a slow speed over the sheaves, where

crown (surface) wire breaks may beeasier to see. Also examine the rope

near the end connections. Keeping adetailed inspection record of the wire

breaks and other types of damagewill help the inspector determine the

elapsed time between breaks. Note thearea of the breaks and carefully inspectthese areas in the future. Replace the

rope when the wire breaks reach thetotal number allowable by ASME or

other applicable specifications.

Allowable Wire Breaks

EMSA

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28/40

28

ASME Rules & GuidelinesWire Rope Inspection

Valley breaks, or breaks in between

strands, must be taken very seriouslyat all times! When two or more valley

breaks are found in one lay-length,immediately replace the rope. Valleybreaks are difficult to see; however, if

you see one you can be assured thatthere are a few more hidden in the

same area. Crown breaks are signs ofnormal deterioration, but valley breaks

indicate an abnormal condition suchas fatigue or breakage of other wiressuch as those in the core.

Once crown and valley breaks ap-pear, their number will steadily and

quickly increase as time goes on. The

broken wires should be removed assoon as possible by bending the bro-ken ends back and forth with a pair

of pliers. In this way the wire is morelikely to break inside the rope wherethe ends will be tucked away. If the

broken wires are not removed they maycause further damage.

The inspector must obey the bro-ken wire standard; pushing the rope

for more life will create a dangeroussituation.

Diameter ReductionDiameter reduction is a critical

deterioration factor and can be causedby:

Excessive abrasion of theoutside wires

Loss of core diameter/support Internal or external corrosion

damage Inner wire failure

A lengthening of rope lay

It is important to check and

record a new ropes actual diameterwhen under normal load conditions.

During the life of the rope the inspec-tor should periodically measure theactual diameter of the rope at the

same location under equivalent loadingconditions. This procedure if followed

carefully reveals a common rope char-acteristicafter an initial reduction,

the overall diameter will stabilize andslowly decrease in diameter during thecourse of the ropes life. This condi-

tion is normal. However, if diameterreduction is isolated to one area or

happens quickly, the inspector must

immediately determine (and correct,if necessary) the cause of the diameterloss, and schedule the rope for replace-ment.

Crushing

Crushing or flattening of thestrands can be caused by a number

of different factors. These problemsusually occur on multilayer spoolingconditions but can occur by simply

using the wrong wire rope construc-tion. Most premature crushing and/or

flattening conditions occur because ofimproper installation of the wire rope.

In many cases failure to obtain a verytight first layer (the foundation) will

cause loose or gappy conditionsin the wire rope which will causerapid deterioration. Failure to prop-

erly break-in the new rope, or worse,to have no break-in procedure at all,

will cause similar poor spooling condi-tions. Therefore, it is imperative that

the inspector knows how to inspect the

wire rope as well as how that rope was

installed.

Shockloading

Shockloading (birdcaging) of the

rope is another reason for replacementof the rope. Shockloading is caused bythe sudden release of tension on the

wire rope and its resultant reboundfrom being overloaded. The damage

that occurs can never be corrected andthe rope must be replaced.

High Stranding

High stranding may occur for a

number of reasons such as failure toproperly seize the rope prior to in-

stallation or maintain seizing during

wedge socket installation. Sometimeswavy rope occurs due to kinks or avery tight grooving problem. Anotherpossibility is simply introducing torque

or twist into a new rope during poorinstallation procedures. This condition

requires the inspector to evaluate thecontinued use of the rope or increase

the frequency of inspection.

Inspection GuidelinesFor Specialty Rope

Plastic-infused Rope

Plastic-infused rope was developedto provide better fatigue, abrasion and

crushing resistance derived from thecushioning and dampening effect of

the plastic. However great the ben-efits, the plastic becomes at the veryleast an inconvenience when trying to

inspect the wire rope. Because of theplastic coating, some operators choose

to forego inspection and run the ropesto failure. Other operators may just

visually inspect the plastic coating.Both practices are wrong and carryequally the potential for disaster.

Abrasion and Crushing. Ininspecting plastic-infused ropes, the

basic inspection guidelines still ap-ply and should be followed. Abrasion

and crushing damage may still occur,so it is imperative to inspect flanges,sheaves, bearings, rollers and fairleads.

Look for unusual wear patterns in theplastica key indicator that damage

to the wire rope is occurring.

Recommended Retirement Criteria Based On Diameter Reduction

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rellamsdna"61/5 "46/1 ro "610.

"2/1hguorht"8/3 "23/1 ro "130.

"4/3hguorht"61/9 "46/3 ro "940.

"8/1-1hguorht"8/7 "61/1 ro "360.

"2/1-1hguorht"4/1-1 "23/3 ro "490.

"8/1-2hguorht"4/3-1 "8/1 ro "521.

"8/5-2hguorht"4/1-2 "23/5 ro "651.


29/40

29

Wire Rope Inspection

Wire Breaks. Wire breaks willstill occur in a plastic-infused rope,but are sometimes extremely difficultto detect, though occasionally a bro-

ken wire will protrude through theplastic. Every effort must be made to

determine the overall condition of therope. The plastic covering the crown

(surface) wires is generally applied ina thin coat and tends to wear quicklyin areas which pass over sheaves and

drums. As the rope runs at a slowspeed, inspect the rope in these areas.

As the rope and plastic open up theinspector will be afforded a look at

not only the surface area but also theinterstrand contact points. If a valley

break is detected, immediately pull therope from service. Also inspect areaswhere the plastic has peeled, regard-

less of the location of the window.Remove as much plastic from these

areas as possible to allow for efficientand effective inspection techniques.Remember, due to the nature of plas-

tic-infused ropes, there is no way toclearly determine the number of valley

breaks. Corrosion. Plastic-infused ropesprovide only improved corrosion re-sistance. Regardless of manufacturersclaims, a plastic-infused rope can cor-

rode, and rope failure due to corrosionis still possible. Moisture is sometimes

trapped in the rope and as with allmachines, the lubricant may become

ineffective over time. The inspectormust visually check for any signs of

corrosion damage as evidenced by ropebleeding or rouging. In addition, thediameter must be frequently measured.

If there is any damage to the core,

it will be detected by a reduction indiameter. Also inspect the lay of therope. As the plastic is thinner over the

crown wires, a thorough inspector maybe able to determine a lengthening oflay, also a sign of rope deterioration.

Especially when trying to determine

lengthening of lay, watch for andinspect areas where the plastic pullsaway from the rope. While peeling in

and of itself is not an indication ofrope deterioration and is a factor of

normal wear, peeling in areas whereno abrasion exists may signify a prob-

lem. Maintenance Records. Equallyimportant in inspecting plastic-infused

ropes is maintaining accurate servicerecords. The service records of previ-

ous ropes will provide a guideline as tothe expected life of the rope. However,

they should not be used alone or onlyin conjunction with visual inspections

due to the number of variables whichexist, including installation, spoolingand manufacturing practices. Mainte-

nance records must be used in combi-nation with both visual and physical

inspection techniques to be truly ofvalue in determining the remaininglife of the rope.

Compacted Rope

Die drawn and swaged ropes fallinto the compacted category. Com-

pacting serves several purposes. Byflattening the outer wires, metallicarea increases allowing for a higher

breaking strength as well as improvedcrushing and abrasion resistance. In

addition, the compaction minimizesinterstrand nicking and thereby im-

proves fatigue resistance.In the inspection of compacted

rope designs, again it is imperativeto follow the basic inspection guide-lines and use both visual and actual

measuring techniques to determine

the remaining life of the rope. Infact, actual measuring techniques arevery important when inspecting these

ropes. While corrosion is relativelyeasy to visually determine, diameterreduction may not be due to the com-

pacted ropes appearance. Therefore

the inspector must regularly measurefor diameter reduction and closelyexamine the rope for lay lengthening.

Measurements must be recorded andthe rope monitored for sudden varia-

tions.By and large the most difficult

retirement criteria to determine incompacted ropes is wire breaks. Thesebreaks may not protrude from the rope

due to the compaction and can be eas-ily overlooked. Because of this, the

inspector must slowly and carefullyexamine the rope, especially in those

areas passing over drums and sheavesor in areas where problems existed in

previous ropes.A wire break may appear as noth-

ing more than a crack in the wire,

and again can be easily overlooked.If the inspector notes a flaw in a

wire, it should be carefully checked.The inspector should carry some typeof magnifying device to determine if

a flaw is actually a break. If a breakhas occurred, thoroughly check the

area for additional breaks, both on thecrown and in the valleys. Remember,

valley breaks in round strand ropesare difficult to determine; compac-tion only increases the difficulty. The

inspector must be slow and methodicalin inspecting compacted ropes; a quick

check will reveal nothing.Overall, perhaps the most impor-

tant inspection technique is recogniz-ing the limits of wire rope. While its

true that compacted and plastic-in-fused ropes are more durable, neglectand abuse will still quickly end the

ropes life. There is no substitute

for proper installation, handling andinspection techniques in combinationwith a preventative maintenance pro-

gram.


30/40

30

ASME Rules & GuidelinesWire Rope Inspection

Representations of three wire ropeseating conditions: [A] new ropein new groove; [B] new rope inworn groove; [C] worn rope in worngroove.

Fleet Angle

Drums & Sheaves

Drums

Inspect the flanges for wear, chips,

cracks and bending. Inspect the Lebusgrooving (if so equipped), visor andkicker plates for wear. Also look for

rope imprinting damage.

Sheaves

Examine the sheave grooves for

wear and proper diameter. To checkthe size, contour and amount of wear,use a sheave gage. The gage should

contact the groove for about 150o ofarc.

Inspect the fleet angle for poorsheave alignment. The fleet angle is

the side, or included, angle betweena line drawn through the middle ofa sheave and a drum, perpendicular

to the axis of each, and a line drawnfrom the intersection of the drum and

its flange to the base of the groove inthe sheave. The intersection of the

drum and its flange represents thefarthest position to which the

Celicni jazinja

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