Celecoxib Pre-treatment in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients Is_No Cut Ppt
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8/8/2019 Celecoxib Pre-treatment in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients Is_No Cut Ppt
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Celecoxib pre-treatment in human
colorectal adenocarcinoma patients is
associated with gene expressionalterations suggestive of diminished
cellular proliferation.Authors:Authors:
James ToddJames Todd Auman Auman; Robert Church;; Robert Church; SooSoo--YounYoun Lee; Mark A Watson; James WLee; Mark A Watson; James W FleshmanFleshman; Howard L; Howard L McleodMcleod
Journal:European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) Volume: 44
ISO Abbreviation: Eur. J. Cancer Publication Date: 2008 Aug
Presented by :Presented by :Ms. Nipaporn Thipmanee
Code 520531189
Adviser:Adviser:Asst. Prof. Dr.Asst. Prof. Dr. SukonSukon PrasitwattanasarePrasitwattanasare
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8/8/2019 Celecoxib Pre-treatment in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients Is_No Cut Ppt
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2
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
ContentsContentsContentsContents
Celecoxib pre-treatment in human colorectal
adenocarcinoma«
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8/8/2019 Celecoxib Pre-treatment in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients Is_No Cut Ppt
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8/8/2019 Celecoxib Pre-treatment in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients Is_No Cut Ppt
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Anatomy of colon and rectum
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer involves
Colon
Rectal Anal canal
3rd most common cancers:
men & women
in the United States
4
1
2
Anal canal in rectum
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8/8/2019 Celecoxib Pre-treatment in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients Is_No Cut Ppt
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Colorectal cancer [cont.]
Colorectal cancer : high mortality rate of the world
2008 new case In the United States
Colon cancer -> 108,070
Rectal cancer -> 40,740
3rd leading cancer diagnosis
2nd leading cause of cancer death.
Report in Cancer Statistics: Jemal et al; CA Cancer J Clin 2008
5
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PolypPolyp (Adenoma)
Definition : Begin tumor but not cancer Polyp begins as a small,
It harmless growth in the wall of the colon
Malignant PolypMalignant Polyp These are cancer !!
Abnormal cells grow
o in the lining of the large intestine(colon) or rectum
Invade surrounding tissue & metastasize to other areas.
Colorectal cancer [cont.]
Colorectal cancer start
PolypPolyp
MalignantMalignant
PolypPolyp 6
1
2
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Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes
Scientists have discovered several genes contributing
to a susceptibility to two types of colorectal cancer
Hereditary
nonpolyposis
colon cancer) also
called Lynch
Syndrome
Hereditary
nonpolyposis
colon cancer) also
called Lynch
Syndrome
HNPCC
FamilialFamilial
adenomatousadenomatous
polyposispolyposis
FamilialFamilial
adenomatousadenomatous
polyposispolyposis
FAP
FAP susceptibility gene with a specific
chromosomal locus (apc) that is mapped within
5q15-q22{ Chromosome 5 th : ------- At locus query 15-22 } The occurrence within a family of many cases of CRCwithout polyposis,
We are considered HNPCC by the pedigree in apattern consistent with an autosomal-dominant trait
http://www.genome.gov/10000466#al-2
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8FAP = familial adenomatous polyposis; GI = gastrointestinal
Source :Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nat Med 10 (8): 789-99, 2004.
Hereditary colorectal cancer genes
Table. Show the Hereditary colorectal cancer genes
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Pathways Progression of Colorectal cancer
9
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Colorectal cancer [cont.]
Staging for Colorectal cancer
Figure : Staging systems for colorectal cancer
(AJCC, American Joint Committee for Cancer;IUAC,
International Union Against Cancer.)
10
http://www.about.com/
Stage I Cancer has grown through the inner layer of
the colon or rectum
Stage II Cancer has grown through or into the wall of
the colon or rectum: not reached the nearby lymph
nodes yet.
Stage III Cancer has metastasized to nearby organs
and lymph nodes near to the colon or rectum
Stage IV Cancer has metastasized to distant organsspread to other parts of the body such as spread to
liver ,lung, or ovary and brain
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11
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
cyclooxygenase-1(Cox-1)
Aspirin
Cyclooxygenase-2(Cox-2)
Celecoxib
Ibuprofen Rofecoxib
Etc. Etc.
InhibitProstaglandin(PG)
Cox-2 (Celecoxib)
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12
Selective COX-2 inhibitor
(A) Nonselective inhibitors have access to the binding channels of both isoforms.
(B) The more voluminous residues in COX-1, Ile434, His513, and Ile532, obstruct access of the bulky
side chains of COX-2 inhibitors.
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13
Prostaglandin Biosynthesis
Cox-2 (Celecoxib)
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8/8/2019 Celecoxib Pre-treatment in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients Is_No Cut Ppt
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Celecoxib (cox-2 inhibitor)
CelecoxibCelecoxib
14
Coxibs : Pharmacologic Characteristics
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Normal colon epitheliumCOX-2 protein staining in colon tumor
15
Cox-2: Overexpressed in colon tissues
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Celecoxib (Cyclooxygenase-2)
Immune Function
Carcinogenesis
Prostaglandins (PGE2)
ArachidonicAcid
Free Radical Production
Carcinogen Activation
Proliferation
Angiogenesis
Apoptosis
COX-2
COX
inhibitor
COX
inhibitor XXXX COX-1
Sphingomyelin Ceramide
Non-COX Targets:
qP450s
qPPARF /KoPPARE,K
XX 16
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Gene expression profiling
17
GeneGene
ExpressionExpression
ProfilingProfiling
Measurement of the activityMeasurement of the activity (the expression)(the expression)
of thousands of genes at onceof thousands of genes at once
Example for profile :Example for profile : distinguish between cells that are actively dividing
show how the cells react to a particular treatment
A genomic techniqueA genomic technique based on the cell expressed
transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA).
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Microarray
18
What is a microarray?
A tool for analyzing gene expression
Consists small membrane or glass slide
Glass slide contain samples (genes)
22 main types of microarraymain types of microarray
Affymetrix arrays ± single channel
(background-green, foreground-red)
cDNA arrays ± two channel (red, green, yellow)
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Affymetrix Array
GeneChips
Affymetrix : Prob
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Collect microarray
data
cDNA microarray method
Affymetrix Array [cont.]
Platform
HG_ U95Av2 platform
HG_U133Av2 platform
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Materials and methodMaterials and method
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Materials and methods
Patients undergoing toWashington University
School of Medicine's
Human colorectal adenocarcinoma patients
22
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Materials and methods[cont.]
Eligible Patients
After collect patients
Exclude patients
Take aspirin and NSAIDS
23
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Materials and methods[cont.]
EligibleEligible
PatientsPatients((2323 patients)patients)
Random patientsRandom patients
to receiveto receive
celecoxibcelecoxib drugdrug
23 patients
11 patientsReceive celecoxib
drug
12 patientsNot receive
celecoxib drug
21
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Materials and methods[cont.]
Review Bords
11patients
12patients
25
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Materials and methods[cont.]
Celecoxib drug
26
1st 2nd 7thDay
200200
mgmg
200200
mgmg
400 mg
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Identified difference genes
Using GC-RMA algorithm
Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO){GSE11237}
Hierarchical cluster
Volcano plot
Normalization
Microarray raw data
Gene annotation enrichment analysisGene annotation enrichment analysis
Separate groups fromdifference genes
Microarray analysis
Materials and methods[cont.]
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Materials and methods[cont.]
Microarray raw data
GSEGSE1123711237
DownloadDownloadmicroarray datamicroarray data
Import microarray data intoImport microarray data into GenespringGenespring GXGX77..33
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/
http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/Products/software/lifesciencesinformatics/genespringgx/Pages/default.aspx 28
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Normalization
Materials and methods[cont.]
29
Processing of reduce unwanted variation across chips
May use normalization information from multiple chips
Pre-Normalisation Post-Normalisation
Improve form of RMA(Robust Multiarray Averaging )
GC-RMA use the sequence-specific probe affinities of the GeneChip probes
GeneChip Robust Multiarray Averaging:GC-RMA
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Improve form of RMA(Robust Multiarray Averaging )
GC-RMA use the sequence-specific probe affinities of the GeneChip probes
GeneChip Robust Multiarray Averaging:GC-RMA
Materials and methods[cont.]
MM data adjusted based on probe affinity, then subtracted from PM.
Does not lose MM data.
Pic MM PM
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Volcano Plot
Materials and methods[cont.]
The Scatter plot
showing
differential
genes expression Absolutefold change
(AFC > 1.5) Fisher's exact test(p-value <0.05)
Example : Volcano plot
31
Statistical measure
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Hierarchical cluster
Materials and methods[cont.]
Used for clustering the different of gene expression data
Hierarchical cluster often good for visualization
32
Outlines
Algorithm for hierarchical cluster
Distance measure
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Algorithm for hierarchical cluster
Materials and methods[cont.]
Complete Linkage Clustering (or the farthest neighbor method)
Calculating distance between clusters
Calculate distance by linkage function
),(max),( , y xd Y X D Y y X x !
),( y xd X Y
§
!
n
i y x
ii y y x x
n y xd
1
))((
1
1),(
W W
Pearson
Correlation
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Calculate all pair-wise distances
Join the closest pair
Agglomerative method
Calculate pair¶s distance to all others
Repeat from 2 until all joined
1
2
3
4
Hierarchical cluster
Materials and methods[cont.]
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Hierarchical cluster
Materials and methods[cont.]
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Hierarchical cluster
Materials and methods[cont.]
Hierarchical cluster
Materials and methods[cont.]
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Hierarchical cluster
Materials and methods[cont.]
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Hierarchical cluster
Materials and methods[cont.]
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Hierarchical cluster
Materials and methods[cont.]
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Hierarchical cluster
Materials and methods[cont.]
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Gene annotation enrichment analysis
41http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/content.jsp?file=functional_annotation.html
The tool suite introduced in theThe tool suite introduced in the
first version of DAVIDfirst version of DAVID
Highlight genes most relevantHighlight genes most relevant
GO termGO term
Analysis gene have enrichmentAnalysis gene have enrichment
in batch annotation and genein batch annotation and gene--GOGO
Annotation coverage
Analyze genes
In different biological
process
Aspects their genes in
a single space
(chart report or pathway)
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Gene annotation enrichment analysis [cont.]
FunctionalFunctional
Anannotation Anannotation
Analysis AnalysisConclude:Using fisher µs exact test for adopt to measure the
gene-enrichment in annotation terms
Using Fisher¶s exact test
Determine the proportion of those genes
Proportion value fall into each category
differs by group
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Fisher¶s exact test
The score for a GO term is the degree of independence between the two
properties:
A = {gene is in the list of significant genes}
B = {gene is found in the GO term}.
Testing the independence of two groups in the above contingency table corresponds
to Fisher¶s exact test [Khatri and Draghici, 2005]
Gene annotation enrichment analysis [cont.]
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Fisher¶s exact test (cont.)
Gene annotation enrichment analysis
Define variables
N = genes are onmicroarray
Bio is a GO term
M genes in Bio
N íM genes notin Bio
K be the number of significant genes
probability of getting exactly x by chance
(not what we want)
Text in hereCompute the significance of a gene set :Compute the significance of a gene set : HypergeometricHypergeometric testtest
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ResultsResults
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3
Hierarchical
clustering
of 190 genes
4
Gene annotation
enrichment
analysisVolcano plot
N=190 geneso 35 higher expression
o 155 lower expression
21
Unsupervised
hierarchical clustering
N=10,083 genes
46
Results
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Results[cont.]
Volcano plot
Fig 2 A.
Volcano plot of gene expression changes between colorectal adenocarcinomas from patients pre-treated
and not pre-treated with celecoxib.
Increase expression
Decrease expression
No difference
Excel File
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Results[cont.]
Fig 2 B. Clustering using the 190 differentially expressed genes.
In sub-cluster A
8/ 9 tumour samples** receiving no celecoxib pre-treatment
6/7 tumour sample
** receiving celecoxib pre-treatment
4 patients receiving celecoxib 3 patients receiving no drug.
In sub-cluster B
In sub-cluster C
Results[cont.]
Hierarchical clustering
Black
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Results
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Results[cont.]
Gene annotation enrichment analysis
Genes alter for Genes alter for celecoxibcelecoxib
prepre--treatment for treatment for 77 daysdays
23 genes,
involve in cellular
lipid metabolism
4 genes involve in
glutathionemetabolism
19 genes involve in
cell adhesnion
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Results
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Discussion and ConclusionDiscussion and Conclusion
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No obviousAgreement with
previous studyLow stringency cut-off
Usefulness Celecoxib & Time
for treat
Conclusion
Gender
Tumour site
Clinical stage
Celecoxib
pre-treatment status
Celecoxib
decrease expression of
glutathione metabolism
Achieve the goal of this
pilot study
Identify gene expression
alterations associate with
celecoxib
7 days vs 12 months
190 and over 1,000 genes
difference expression for time
respectively
No genes alteration involve
in transforming growth
factor- signaling
Pharmacology develop adjuvant
chemotherapy by using celecoxib
drug
But previous research reported
celecoxib increase risk for
cardiovascular side effect
Recent phase II study : combine
celecoxib and 5-fiuorourcil
chemotherapy
mediate cytotoxicity
Discussion
ene alteration (in ol e)
Li i + l t t i
t li
ll i
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Conclusion
Results suggest
Gene expression alterations celecoxib drug
Research team suggests
Celecoxib reduces the proliferative capacity of colorectal adenocarcinomasin short-term study
Indicative decreased cellular lipid and glutathione metabolism
Should provide the impetus for larger studies in the future
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Either using celecoxib treatment alone or in combinationwith other chemotherapeutic regimens.
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Adjusts for background intensities
Reduces noise
More accurate gene expression
values.
Exclude genes expression standard
deviation < 0.04 across all sample
Advantages of GC-RMA method
Materials and methods[cont.]