Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming...

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Around The World Friday 27 th March Ireland Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th March Celebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Transcript of Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming...

Page 1: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Around The World

Friday 27th March –

Ireland

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Page 2: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Around The World Friday 27th March – Ireland

Science + Exploration!

Page 3: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

The country of Ireland • This island is effectively formed into 2 countries – Northern Ireland + the

Republic of Ireland.

• The top part of the country is made up of 6 counties which remain a part of the United Kingdom (along with England, Scotland and Wales) and follows the leadership of Parliament.

• The rest of the country is divided into 26 counties who are independent from the United Kingdom. They have their own parliament, ran by the Taoiseach (a Prime Minster) - Leo Varadkar.

• A civil War, known as the Troubles, existed between political and religious rivals which lasted from the 1960s to the Good Friday Agreement on 10th April 1998. Since then, both countries have experienced a higher level of peace.

We are going to look at aspects of both countries

Page 4: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Rock Formation….• This is the Giants Causeway – a famous site in the North of Ireland.

• What unique features can you spot from these images?

How do you think these were formed?

What makes these unique?

Page 5: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

The formation of the Giants Causeway………

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_WcJEZ-76s

• Can you write down 3 pieces of information which is LEGEND – not true –

• 3 pieces of information which is SCIENTIFIC?

Within Wales, we looked at mountain regions within this – how can you link this?

Page 6: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Giants Causeway – Key Facts

• Found on North Coast in County Antrim – cover nearly 4 miles.

• Made up of 40,000 interlocking basalt columns.

• The result of an ancient volcanic fissure eruption.

• The tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea.

• Most of the columns are hexagonal, although there are also some with four, five, seven or eight sides.

• The tallest are about 12 metres (39 ft) high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 28 metres (92 ft) thick in places.

The Rocks in the Giants Causeway are basalt. We are now going to look at wider information on rocks….

Page 7: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Chemistry Study - Geology – The Study of Rocks / solid parts of the Earth

Igneous rocks do not contain any

fossils. This is because any fossils in

the original rock will have melted when

the rock melted to form magma.

Make notes on each type

Page 8: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Chemistry Study - Geology – The Study of Rocks / solid parts of the Earth

Examples of sedimentary rock are:• chalk• limestone• shale• sandstone

Make notes on each type

Page 9: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Chemistry Study - Geology – The Study of Rocks / solid parts of the Earth

Examples:AnthraciteQuartzitemarble

slate

Make notes on each type

Page 10: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

What rock type • Using these

summaries, what rock type do you think you would find at the Giants Causeway?

• (Find out on Answer Check Attachment)

Page 11: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

The Cliff of Moher

• Found on West Coast of Southern Ireland – County Clare.

• Run for 9 miles.

• Maximum height of 214 metres.

• Again, associated with many myths and legends!

You may have seen them in: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood PrinceThe Princess Bride Westlife Video – My Love

Use the information on the next slide to think about how this landscape is different to the landscape at the Giants Causeway!

Page 12: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Page 13: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Last task

• What difference can you identify between

• The Giants Causeway + The Cliffs of Moher?

Think about: Formations Appearance Materials

Aiming High Can you think of any similarities between these places?

Page 14: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Around The World Friday 27th March – Ireland

Literacy / English!

Page 15: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

The Titanic…

• How many facts do you know about this great ship?

Page 16: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

The Titanic – built in Belfast……It was built in the shipyards of Harland and Wolff. This important symbol of industry was only closed earlier this year due to falling trade.

• The Titanic took 2 years to build.

• It was 882 feet (269 metres) in length and 175 feet (53 metres) in height.

• The Titanic had a crew of around 900 people.

• The Titanic’s engines were powered by pressurized steam from burning coal.

• The Titanic's intended course was from Southampton, England to New York City, USA, stopping at destinations in France and Ireland before heading west towards New York.

Page 17: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

The Fate of The Titanic

• It collided with an iceberg and sank on April 15, 1912.

• While the Titanic carried over 2200 people, there were only enough life boats for around 1200 of them.

• Over 1500 people died because of the sinking.

• The remains of the Titanic wreck sit on the sea bed over 12400 feet (3780 metres) beneath the surface.

Page 18: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Page 19: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Eye Witness Accounts

• You can see that this was a really tragic event which also showed how important the class system was at this time.

• The higher the class you were in meant the better the life you had and the chance of being saved. The lower the class meant your choices were very limited.

• Read the Eye Witness Accounts on the Word Document and answer the comprehension questions on the next 2 slides…

Page 20: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Eye Witness Source A 1. Why were certain passengers kept in steerage?

2. What happened to the man who tried to get out from steerage?

3. How did the men try to comfort the women?

4. Who was given priority in the lifeboats?

5. How was the speaker able to stay in the lifeboats?

Page 21: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Eye Witness Source B 1. Why did Thayer decide to jumper?

2. He describes the cold as ‘terrific’. What do you think he means by this?

3. We are told that ‘the ship's passengers battled against the inevitable.’

What does ‘inevitable’ mean? Why use ‘battled’?

4. What does the simile ‘like swarming bees’ show?

5. What does he describe as the most heart breaking feature of the disaster?

6. What further tragedy did he experience in his lifetime?

Page 22: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Descriptive Writing – The Higher Class…• Look at these images from the Higher class of Titanic. Can you continue this

example of what life would have been like here?

Standing at the top of the ornate staircase, I surveyed the grand scene below. It was like looking at heaven. Chatter, laughter and smiles surrounded me as I glided down the stairs, pondering what delicious meal would be served to me tonight. Does life get any better than this?

Waiters danced around us, keen to meet our every demand. As so they should! Wealth encircled the table; each person represented a fortune…….

How would you continue this account on?

Page 23: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Descriptive Writing – The Lower class

• Now look at these images from the Lower class as the tragedy strikes. Can you continue this piece of writing further?

• Trapped. Like animals in a cage. Lower class. Lower chance. Lower viewpoints. Locked. Shut. Trapped. How can they do this? Are they prepared to be responsible for my death? How can they treat us like this? Men shout and argue as innocent children cry out. What will become of us?

How would you continue this account on?

Page 24: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Extension task……

• In your Science video, we saw the myths and legends regarding how the Giants Causeway was formed.

• Can you take the mythical feature, Finn McCool and write your own version of how you think the Giants Causeway was formed based on him?

Page 25: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Around The World Friday 27th March – Ireland

Numeracy / Maths!

Page 26: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

We have been looking at the Giants Causeway. One reason it is so fascinating is the shape the stones have formed.

But what shape are they? How many sides do they have?

Page 27: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Here are a number of shapes; pick three and write everything you know about them e.g. name, sides, corners, vertices, length of sizes.

Key vocab:PolygonQuadrilateralRegular/Irregular

Page 28: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

This graph shows the trends of the Irish population over the last number of centuries.

What does each line in the X axis represent?

What does each line in the Y axis represent?

What was Ireland’s population in 1840?

In what two years was the population 6 million?

Why do you think this type of graph was selected?

What can be clearly seen in it?X

Y

Page 29: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

County Population

Down 500,000

Antrim 600,000

Armagh 200,000

Fermanagh 50,000

Tyrone 155,000

Londonderry 250,000

Here is the population figures for the 6 counties of Northern Ireland.

Can you think of an appropriate graph to represent these figures?

Page 30: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

County Population

Down 500,000

Antrim 600,000

Armagh 200,000

Fermanagh 50,000

Tyrone 155,000

Londonderry 250,000

We are able to use these figures to find out more information about these counties. Pick one county. Can you find:

• 50% of the population

• 25% of the population

• 75% of the population

What is the easiest way we can do this without using calculations every time?

Page 31: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

County Population

Down 500,000

Antrim 600,000

Armagh 200,000

Fermanagh 50,000

Tyrone 155,000

Londonderry 250,000

We are now going to look at these populations in more detail. Pick one county. Can you find:

• 10% of this county’s population

• 1% of this county’s population

Remember our place value counters are our friends!

With percentages, if we can find 10% and 1% we can find any percentage using multiplication. Can you now find 42%?

What other figures can you find?

Page 32: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Around The World Friday 27th March – Ireland

Creative Arts!

Page 33: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Importance of Music

• Music is an extremely important feature of Irish culture and is a strong example of oral tradition – it has been passed down through the generations.

• We are going to look at some of the examples of instruments which have a key part in this tradition…….

Page 34: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Instruments used in Celtic music are usually acoustic instruments. This means that they do not have to be amplified. This is so that they can be carried around when the performers are travelling.

Page 35: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Celtic music is predominantly melodic music utilising mainly string and wind instruments.

Page 36: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Traditional Irish Instruments

Can you now identify each of these instruments?

Are there any extras here? Did you know them? If not, can you find these out?

Page 37: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Murals

• Murals in Northern Ireland have become symbols of Northern Ireland, depicting the region's past and present political and religious divisions. Belfast and Derry contain arguably the most famous political murals in Europe. It is believed that almost 2,000 murals have been documented since the 1970s.

• Look at some of the examples ………….

Page 38: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Page 39: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Page 40: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Activity 1

• You have been asked to design a poster for a local group of Irish musicians.

• What are you going to include on this?

• You need to write an accompanying letter which explains the choices you have made in your poster……..

Page 41: Celebrated for Around - Basildon Academies · Celebrated for –Taken as slave before becoming missionary National Emblem –Shamrock Capital –Northern Ireland –Belfast, Republic

Patron St – St Patrick National Day – 17th MarchCelebrated for – Taken as slave before becoming missionaryNational Emblem – Shamrock Capital – Northern Ireland – Belfast, Republic of Ireland - Dublin

Activity 2

• You have been asked to design a new mural to be displayed in Ireland to commentate key aspects of the culture and history.

• What are you going to include in your design?

• You have to submit a written proposal with this to explain your choices and how it celebrates the Irish traditions…..