Ceg chapters 11,12

Chapter 11

Event schemas: Sentence patterns

13/04/23 Cognitive English Grammar 1

Worlds of experience: event schemasThe material world:

Occurrence schemas: states, processes

Spatial schemas: location, motion

Possession schema

Psychological world:

Emotion schema

Perception/cognition schema

Force-dynamic world:

Action schema

Self-motion schema

Caused-motion schema

Transfer schema: physical & abstract, beneficial, metaphorical


Occurrence schema: Processes:CHANGE OF STATE IS MOTION

Deictic motion:

PURPOSEFUL CHANGE IS MOTION TO A LOCATION

John went into computing. The country went to war.

ACHIEVING A PURPOSEFUL CHANGE IS REACHING A LOCATION

We have come to a conclusion/ reached a conclusion.

*We have come to a disagreement.

Non-deictic motion:

CHANGE TO AN EXPECTED STATE IS ARRIVAL AT A LOCATION

All good things come to an end. The water is coming to a boil.

CHANGE TO AN UNEXPECTED STATE IS MOTION AWAY.

The car went dead in the middle of the road. He went crazy.


Action schema: Degrees of force of the energy

sourceAgent-like causes:

Natural forces: Kathrina devastated New Orleans.

Reified causes: The strike closed down the railway system.

Means: Your article pointed out that ...

Instrument: Guns don’t kill people, people kill people.

Enabling conditions: This item won’t scan.


Action schema: Affectedness of the theme (Bolinger

1977)

George turned the pages. The pages were turned by George.

George turned the corner. *The corner was turned by George.

The stranger approached me. I was approached by the stranger.

The train approached me. *I was approached by the train.

The generals deserted the army. The army was deserted by the generals.

Private Smith deserted the army. *The army was deserted by the Private Smith.

Generations of lovers have The bridge has been walked under

walked under the bridge. by generations of lovers.

The dog walked under the bridge. *The bridge was walked under by the dog.


Transfer schema: Beneficial transfer

Uncle Jim bought some chocolates for Margaret .

Uncle Jim bought Margaret some chocolates.

Uncle Jim cooked a meal for Margaret.

Uncle Jim cooked Margaret a meal.

Uncle Jim washed some socks for Margaret.

?Uncle Jim washed Margaret some socks.

Uncle Jim answered some letters for Margaret.

*Uncle Jim answered Margaret some letters.


Chapter 12

Space and extensions of space: Complements and adjuncts


Space and time

Theory of relativity, space-time (Einstein)

Space and time are necessary concepts: any object is located in space and time (Kant).

Space and time are irreducible domains of experience.

Space is more basic than time. Time is metaphorically understood in terms of space: time frame, space in time; linearity of time: passage of time.

In many languages, time is obligatorily coded as tense in finite sentence, while space is often left implicit: It’s raining, default sense: ‘It is raining here’.


Space and things

Space is empty but significant: it makes the appearance of physical entities possible.

Things that exist exist in space, and to be is to be located.

“Rules” for objects in space: two objects cannot occupy the same space at same time; an object cannot be in two places at same time.

Things are defined by space: their shape, form and boundaries separate things from the space surrounding them.

Space is also within things (atoms, molecules).

The three axes of the Euclidean coordinate system apply to space and objects (spatial dimensions).


Spatial dimensions

a) Vertical dimension: natural reference line with the ground-level of the earth surface as zero point; defined by force of gravity and human up-right position, psychologically and linguistically the most salient spatial dimension.

b) Horizontal dimension: front-back; defined by asymmetry of man: principal organs of perception, direction of motion.

c) Lateral dimension: left-right, dependent upon prior establishment of front-back; symmetrical.

Polarity of verticality and horizontality:

Things above the ground and in front of us are visible and available = positive polarity;

Things beneath the ground and behind us are invisible and unavailable = negative polarity.


Space and humans

Experience of space:

Bodily basis of some spatial notions: heart ‘center’, belly ‘in’, back, zurück < zum Rücken, Stadt ‘place where one is standing’.

Perception of space: The earth is experienced as a flat horizontal plane extending into infinity.

Some objects have a canonical position: e.g. intrinsic tops and bottoms of bottles, chairs, tables, people.

Anthropocentrism: Biological make-up, asymmetrical body, up-right position, habitat, experience of gravity, encounter, locomotion.

Egocentrism: We are part of space and make considerable use of ego as the reference point in speech situations: deixis, perspective.

Significance of space: e.g. borders, territory, spatial property.


Space and language

Space is coded in language

a) by specifying the direction and distance from any point in space.

Distances are measured in terms of time taken for someone or something to move from X to Y (e.g. an hour’s journey) or by a ruler: feet, hands, arms, stride, miles, inches, yards.

b) by specifying the dimension of a reference object.

Spatial expressions:

Case (Ablative, Locative): Roma ‘from Rome’, Romam ‘to Rom’

Prepositions (+ case): in/into the pool, auf dem/das Dach

Verbs: contain, surround, posture verbs (stand), motion verbs (go)

Spatial adjectives: tall (vertical length), long (horizontal length)


English vs Tzeltal spatial strategies

English: The cat is on the mat

Subject-NP Predicate Prep NP

TR vacuous support LM

Tzeltal: Pachal ta mexa boch

Predicate Prep NP Subject-NP

sitting-bowl-like at table gourd

upright location vacuous LM TR

English strategy: Where to look – region projected from landmark.

Tzeltal strategy: What to look for – something that has exactly this shape and disposition; this is the trajector.


Spatial specifications by means of body-part terms in Tzeltal

AT the face of the house = in front of the house

AT the mouth of the house = door

AT the head of the table = end

standing AT table its-head the bottle

= the bottle is standing on the end of the table

hanging the shelf AT its-side the house

= the shelf is hanging on the side of the house

standing coffee AT its-mouth/lips the fire

= the coffee is standing at the edge of the fire

leaning-almost-vertically firewood AT the back-house

= the firewood is stacked vertically against the back of the house.


Different conceptions of the same spatial situation

English: The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

German: Die Sonne geht im Osten auf und im Westen unter.

‘the sun goes in the East up and in the West down‘

Hungarian: Anap keleten kel és nyvgaton nyvgszik.

‘the sun East-on rises and West-on sets’

Spanish: El sol sale por el este y se pone por el oeste.

‘the sun goes-out about the East and puts itself about the West’

Finnnish: Aurinko nousee idästä ja laskee länteen.

‘the sun rises East-out-of and sets West-into’

Japanese: Taiyō-ha higashi-kara nobori, nishi-ni shizumu.

‘sun-TOP East-from rise-and West-to sink’


Classifying three static spatial situations

(Melissa Bowerman)


La taza está en la mesa.La manzana está en la fuenta.La manilla está en la puerta.

Die Tasse ist auf dem Tisch.Der Apfel ist in der Schüssel.Der Griff ist an der Tür.

Classifying three static spatial situations

(Melissa Bowerman)


Kuppi on pödällä. AdessiveThe cup is on the tableThe handle is on the door.The apple is in the bowl.

Omena on kulhossa. InessiveOvessa on kahva. Inessive

Classifying three actions in English

and Korean


Two ways of specifying a spatial region:

Two types of spatial prepositions Dimensional prepositions specify the spatial region

where a thing (trajector = TR) is to be found relative to the dimensional property of a landmark (= LM), as in:

Look, there is a squirrel on the roof.

Orientational prepositions specify the spatial region where a thing (trajector) is to be found relative to two or more andmarks, as in:

Now the squirrel is behind the tree.

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Dimensional prepositions

dimension of landmark

0-dimensional

1-dimens.2-dimens.

3-dimensional

locationP L A C E

at, by, near, close to, with

on, on top of

in, within, inside, between

from, away from

off (of)

out (of),outside of

to, at, for, towards

by, past, via

on, onto,against

along, about, around

in, intothrough,

throughout

d i r e c t i o nS O U R C E G O A L P A T H


Core sense and extensions of at

point in space

wait at the bus stop

point in time

at six o’clock

target

aim at a target

functional activityat a place

be at school


at the intersection


at the gate


Lynn is at the gate to St. Michael's and All Angels Church. Thankfully, the tourist center offered to call Robert (bell ringer) to open the church and show us around.

Do you use at or another preposition?

You need to check in … the airport two hours before the flight.

We finally arrived … Heathrow.

I studied … the University of California.

She married … 20.

You can get this book … the official price.

Everybody laughed … me.

He died … the age of 99.

Most people are awake … the day and sleep … night.


Core sense and extensions of on

The book is on the table

Contact with surface

Contact with line

Stratford on Avon

The book is on the table

Indirect contact

I can rely on my friends

Support

The army stood on guarddays

Passive state

My class is on Thursday


wrinkles on my forehead


Do you use on or another preposition?

There is a spider … the wall.

There is no money left … my bank account.

The dog is … a leash.

My dad lives … a small pension.

I hope I can always count … you.

I have so many things … my mind.

The police are … duty tonight.

All the books are … sale today.

There is no school … Wednesday.

Let’s go swimming … the morning.

But our final test is … Thursday morning.13/04/23 27Cognitive English Grammar

Core sense and extensions of in

The toys are in the box

The flower is in the vase

a comment in the margin

There is a man in the water

The chair is in the cornerContainmentBounded surface

Unbounded container

Partialcontainment

Mental boundariesof container

Bounded passive states

I am in love with Rose

Bounded units of timeother than days

I’ll see you in the morning13/04/23 28Cognitive English Grammar

Do you use in or another preposition?

We are … Oxford street now.

Our bus is … the road to Cambridge.

The drug dealer is locked up … prison.

Some prisoners are kept … chains.

I was … a shock when I saw this.

The state police are … charge of the investigation.

The plane landed … time.

Will you be back … time for dinner?


Uses of the source prepositions

from, off/of, and out ofThe apple fell ... the tree.

He produced the letter ... his pocket.

Rebecca has no secrets ... Danny.

Some muggers will turn violent ... sheer frustration.

It is hard to learn Japanese … books.

Microchips are fabricated ... silicon slices.

The rug is made ... cotton.

Bread is made ... wheat and several other things.

Books are made ... paper.


Orientational prepositions

Vertical orientation:

path: up - down

higher/lower level: above - below

vertically higher/lower: over - under

Horizontal orientation:

front/back: in front of - behind; beyond

in motion: before - after

lateral: left - right


Vertical path prepositions: up and down

vertical ascentendpoint/completiongradual ascent reflexive

The rocket shot up climb up the hill The elevator is up/ The steak is eaten up

He stood up

up

downvertical descent gradual descent endpoint reflexive

The rocket fell down climb down the hill The elevator is down He sat down

LM LM LM

LMLMLM

TR TRTR

TR

TRTR LM = TR

LM = TR


Extensions of up and down

MORE IS UP/ LESS IS DOWN : Prices went up; cut down expenses

HIGH STATUS US UP: move up the social ladder

HAPPY IS UP/ SAD IS DOWN: She cheered up/ broke down.

VISIBLE IS UP: He showed up.

ACTIVE IS UP/ INACTIVE IS DOWN: hurry up/ calm down

FANTASY IS UP/ REALITY IS DOWN: It’s up in the air/ come down to earth

FUNCTIONING IS UP: Fix it up, please.

DISFUNCTIONING IS DOWN: The computer is down.


Verticality prepositions: over and under (beneath,

underneath) over

LM

separation contact

fly over the Alps hike over the Alps

underseparation contact

the cat under the table

the key under the door mat

rotation

rotation

TR

She had a veilover her face.

He carried a gun under his coat.

reflexive

The wall fell over.

LMLM

LMLM

LM

TR TR

TR TRTR

LM = TR


Extensions of above, below and over, under

MORE IS UP: above the average; over 50% of the population

LESS IS DOWN: below freezing point; under age

HIGH STATUS US UP: be above the law; criticism

LOW STATUS IS DOWN: serve under the emperor

HIDDEN IS DOWN: under cover

AFFECTING IS TOUCHING: work under pressure; be under arrest


Horizontality prepositions: before and after

before

The dog ran after the cat.

after

LM

preceding LM in motion

TR

He reached the goal before me.

following LM in motion

TRLM

preceding LM in fictive motion

LM

LMTR

I come before you.

following LM in fictive motion

TR

You come after me.


Extensions of behind and beyond; before/for and after

TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT: We are behind schedule.

Spring comes before summer and after winter.

CAUSING IS PUSHING FORWARD: He is the man behind the revolt.

INACCESSIBILITY IS DISTANCE: That car is beyond our means. This is beyond all doubt.

AIMS ARE GOALS: She is hunting for/after money.

*She is hunting for an ideal partner. She is hunting after an ideal partner


Intense emotions are containers

She pursed her lips in vexation. She kicked the door in frustration. He pushed away his plate in disgust. He swings around in terror.

to be in fear, in anger, in fright, in anxiety, in distress, in despair

*to be in worry, *in sadness, *in shame or *in disappointment.

*to be in pride, *to be in delight, *to be in pleasure,

*to be in enthusiasm, *to be in surprise

But: to be in love.

Emotions conceptualized as containers and expressed by in-phrases are intense and predominantly negative. The physiological reactions triggered by them are processes or actions which are beyond the experiencer's control or responsibility.


Concomitant emotions are companions

container emotions: He went white in anger.

He smashed the computer in anger.

companion emotions: He went white with anger.

*He smashed the computer with anger.

Physiological and psychological states: be weak with bewilderment, be mad with rage, be wild with resentment, be stiff with anger;

Physiological processes: go white with anger, quiver with fright, shudder with fear, shake with embarrassment, blush with pleasure

Vocal reactions: laugh with agony, shout with outrage; cry with frustration; throb with guilt; crow with delight, squeal with excitement

Emotions conceptualized as companions and expressed by with-phrases tend to be negative but are less intense than emotions conceptualized as containers. They give rise to reactions which are typically associated with them. These reactions are unintended and uncontrolled states or processes, but not intentional actions.


Reasoned emotions are back-regions

factual situation: She cried for joy. non-factual situation: She can't speak for excitement. hypothetical situation: She could have died for shame. She couldn't sleep for fear that someone would break in.

He cried in pain. *He didn't cry in pain. He cried with pain. *He didn't cry with pain. *He cried for pain. He didn't cry for pain.

Emotions conceptualized as back-regions and expressed by for involve reasoning. Emotions reasoned about do not prompt any specifically determined reactions. This is the case with the unspecific range of responses following positive emotions and with situations involving negated or hypothetical responses.


Dispositional emotions, or motives, are containers releasing

reactions The boy ran away in fear. The boy ran away out of fear (for punishment).

He cried out of pride when hearing the Star-Spangled Banner. *He cried out of joy when hearing the Star-Spangled Banner.

She killed her faithless husband out of pure love/ out of despair/ out of madness.

*She killed her faithless husband out of wrath.

Emotions conceptualized as containers releasing responses and expressed by out of-phrases are lasting dispositions which the person experiencing the emotion may reason about. In being motives for his actions, dispositional emotions guide, but do not determine, a person's decision in carrying out some controlled action.


Ceg chapters 11,12

Technology

Transcript of Ceg chapters 11,12