1

Cëd A‚¡ AX$Nsp‚p¡

‚d|‚p¡ (Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC‚u

Æh‚ Tfdf) NyS>fpsu sfS|>dp¡

dp¥gp‚p Cdfp‚ Åafu

2

qL$spb‚y„ ‚pd : Cëd A‚¡ AX$Nsp‚p¡ ‚d|‚p¡ (Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC‚u Æh‚ Tfdf) NyS>fpsu sfSy>dp¡: dp¥gp‚p Cdfp‚ Åafu L„$‘p¡T]N: kp¡lug A¡k. dfQÞV$ X$uTpC‚]N: TlufcpC L¡$ihpZu

3

v$¡Mf¡M: dp¥gp‚p dyfsyTp cpfdg

‚L$g: 1000

âL$piL$: Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ lL$ud‚u Ap¡auk Mepbp‚¡ kapCèep, Ly$Q¡ dyçspT, X$pbu Ngu, ågp¡L$ ‚„. 12, Ly$d, Cfp‚.

ap¡‚ ‚„.: 00982537740230

A‚y¾$drZL$p

4

¾$d rhNs 1 A‚yhpv$L$‚p b¡ bp¡g 2 âõsph‚p 3 l. Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$

dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC lL$ud‚p¡ ‚kb (h„ih¡gp¡)

4 Ap‘‚p hprgv$¡ dp¡lsfd‚p¡ ‘qfQe

5 s¡d‚u Ap¥gpv$ 6 s¡d‚p k„‘pv$‚p¡ 7 Ap‘‚p Æh‚ ‘f A¡L$ ‚S>f 8 Ap‘‚y„ Cëdu Æh‚ 9 Ap‘‚p Dõspv$p¡ 10 Ap‘‚u sv$fuk A‚¡ Ap‘‚p

ipNuv$p£

5

11 Ap‘‚u spguaps 12 Ap‘‚u rNfaspfu A‚¡

S>¡ghpk 13 Ap‘‚p¡ AbyNyf¥bdp„ S>¡ghpk 14 S>¡gdp„ Ap‘‚u Cëdu A‚¡

v$u‚u âh©rsAp¡ 15 S>¡gdp„ Ap‘‚u kpdpÆL$

âh©rsAp¡ 16 ‘|R>‘fR> kde¡ Ap‘‚p¡ kb° 17 Ap‘‚u dfS>Ces 18 lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚u rMv$ds 19 Ap‘¡ syëgpb‚¡ L$f¡g ‚kulsp¡ 1) sL$hp‚y„ Ýep‚ fpMu kdpS>

dpV¡$ ‚d|‚p b‚p¡ 2) Cëdu L$pdp¡dp„ E„X$p¡ rhQpf

6

L$fp¡ 3) kpfp A¿gpL$‚¡ A‘‚php¡ 4) S|>‚u L¡$mhZu A‚¡ gp¡L$p¡

kp’¡‚p k„b^‚¡ Åmhp¡ 5) AL$uv$pAp¡‚u ÅmhZu L$fp¡

20 Ap‘‚u kpdprS>L$ âh©rsAp¡ 1) vy$r‚ep‚p dykgdp‚p¡‚¡

Ap‘‚p¡ ‘¥Npd 2) Ly$fAp‚, ‚bu k.A.h.

A‚¡ Alg¡b¥s A.k.’u sdõkyL$

3) Alg¡b¥s A.k. ’u dp¡låbs

4) Alg¡b¥s A.dy.k.‚u spgud ‘f Qpghy A‚¡

7

gp¡L$p¡‚u kp’¡ lmudmu‚¡ fl¡hy

5) kdpS>‚p aL$ufp¡ A‚¡ Nfubp¡‚¡ Apr’®L$ klpe

6) v$u‚u Cdpfsp¡‚y„ bp„^L$pd 7) Aprgdp¡‚¡ såguN A’£

dp¡L$ghp 8) vy$r‚ep‚p dTlbu A‚¡

Cëdu k¡ÞV$fp¡’u k„‘L®$ kp^hp¡

21 Cõgpdu v$¡ip¡dp„ Qpgu fl¡gp lpg‚p b‚php¡ A„N¡ Ap‘‚p d„sìep¡

8

A‚yhpv$L$‚p b¡ bp¡g: Cdpd¡ Tdp‚p A.s.a.i. ‚u

N¥bs v$fçep‚, OZp b^p ‚¡L$, bp Adg s’p dy¿guk Ap¡gdp A‚¡ dyS>sl¡v$u‚, riep S>Ns‚¡ ‚kub ’ep R>¡. lTfs fk|g¡ Myv$p k.A.h. ‚u lv$uk âdpZ¡ Ap¡gdp‚p¡ dfsbp¡ b‚u CkfpCg‚p ‚buep¡ kdp‚ R>¡. "Ap¡gdpAp¡ Dçdsu L$ AçbuepA¡ b‚u CkfpCg.'

(duTp‚yg rlL$ds, Æëv$ 8, ‘¡S> ‚„. 18)

Mf¡Mf Ap ‚¡L$ Ap¡gdp A‚¡ dyS>sl¡v$u‚‚y„ Æh‚ Ap‘Zp dpV¡$ lºÄS>s R>¡. dpAk|d ‚ lp¡hp R>sp„, s¡Ap¡ Ap S> Tdp‚pdp„ s’p Ap S> vy$r‚epdp„ L¡$V$gu ‘pL$ A‚¡ ‚|fp‚u

9

T]v$Nu rhsphu füp R>¡! Aphp byTyN® Ap¡gdp’u Ap‘Zu L$p¥d‚¡ ‘qfQus L$fphhp‚¡ lº„ dpfu A¡L$ S>hpbv$pfu kdSy> Ry>„. 2010 ‚u kpgdp„ lp¥T¡ Cëduep Ly$ddp„ Apesyëgplug DTdp lL$ud‚u Ap¡aukdp„ rMv$ds Ap‘‚pf dpfp v$p¡õs i¥M L$fud¡ d‚¡ Ap‘‚y„ T]v$Nu‚pdy NyS>fpsu cpjpdp„ sfS|>dp¡ L$fhp‚u kgpl Ap‘u. R> hj® bpv$ lh¡ Ap qL$spb‚¡ âL$pius ’C A‚¡ L$p¥d ky^u ‘lp¢Qu flu R> ¡. qL$spb‚¡ âL$pius L$fhpdp„ dv$v$ê$‘ ’‚pf, kp’-klL$pf Ap‘‚pf dp¥gp‚p dyfsyTp cpfdg‚p¡ ùv$e‘|h®L$ Apcpf dp‚y„ Ry>„ s’p Cëd â¡du sdpd dp¡Ad¡‚u‚ dp¡Ad¡‚ps‚¡ qL$spb‚p sfSy>dpdp„ L$p„C c|gQ|L$

10

v$¡Mpe sp¡ dpê$ Ýep‚ v$p¡fhhp‚u rh‚„su L$ê$„ Ry>„.

Apip R>¡ L¡$ Myv$ph„v$ Qp¥v$ dpAk|du‚ A.dy.k. ‚p hkugp’u Ap ‚pQuS> rMv$ds‚¡ L$b|g afdph¡. Apdu‚.

sp. 15/02/2017 Cdfp‚ Åafu, f¡Cey‚uep¡‚

(äpÞk) + 262 692922929

imran1jafari@gmail.com

11

rbõduëgp luffldp r‚f flud. Aglçv$p¡ rgëgpl¡ fåbug Apgdu‚. hõkgpsp¡ hõkgpdp¡ Agp kèe¡qv$g AçbuepA¡ hg dyfkgu‚, dp¡lçdqv$h„h Apg¡lu Òppl¡fu‚. h gA‚syëgpl¡ Agp AAv$pA¡lud AS>dC‚.

âõsph‚p: A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k. A¡ bsph¡g

fõsp¡ A‚¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ spgud afdph¡g dTlb, Ap‘Z‚¡ Mfp Cõgpd‚u ÅZL$pfu Ap‘¡ R>¡. Ap dTlb‚u Mprkes A¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡Z¡ v$f¡L$ rhje ‘f Ap‘Ï dpN®v$i®‚ L$ey¯ R>¡. S>¡dL¡$, CõgpL$du AL$uv$pAp¡, Dg|d¡ Ly$fAp‚,

12

auL$l (Cõgpdu L$pev$p L$p‚|‚), A¿gpL$ hN¡f¡... Ap dTlbdp„ Ap b^u QuÅ¡ õ‘óV$, E„X$pZ‘|h®L$, kpQu A‚¡ s¡‚u Æh„s k„õL©$rs‚¡ Apkp‚u’u d¡mhu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡.

Cëd¡ qaL$l (AlL$pd) Ap‘Z‚¡ Ap‘Zp Æh‚‚p v$f¡L$ L$pdp¡‚¡ Cõgpdu L$pepv$pAp¡ dyS>b A„Åd Ap‘hp sfa v$phs L$f¡ R>¡. A‚¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap‘Z¡ ‘p¡sp‚u S>hpbv$pfuAp¡ L¡$ S>¡‚¡ ifuAs¡ ‚½$u L$f¡g R>¡, s¡‚¡ ÅZhu Å¡CA¡ A‚¡ s¡‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p Æh‚dp„ Dspfhu Å¡CA¡.

Cëd¡ auL$l aL$s ’uefu ‚’u L¡$ S>¡dp„ ‘p¡sp‚u rhQpf kfZu ‘°dpZ¡

13

Sy>v$u Sy>v$u dprlsuAp¡‚¡ A¡L$ kp’¡ bpSy>bpSy>dp„ fpMu‚¡ A¡L$ r‚Z®e g¡hpdp„ Aph¡. bëL¡$ Cëd¡ auL$l‚p dkAgpAp¡‚¡ CS>s¡lpv$ hX¡$, Cõgpdu kprlÐep¡dp„ ip¡ Mp¡m L$fu‚¡ d¡mhhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>¡‚¡ kdS>hy A‚¡ s¡‚p ‘f Adg L$fhy, A¡ CÞkp‚‚u ‘|f¡‘|fu L$p¡rii hX¡$ S> iL$e R>¡. s¡’u S> L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey R>¡ L¡$ "dpZk‚p Æh‚ ‘f Cëd¡ auL$l‚y„ fpS> R>¡ A‚¡ s¡ S> dpZk‚p Æh‚ D‘f R>hpe¡g R>¡.'

‘eN„bf¡ Cõgpd k.A.h. s’p s¡d‚u Apg‚p dpAk|d Cdpdp¡ A.dy.k.‚y„ Cëd, A¡L$ hl¡su ‚l¡f

14

S>¡hy R>¡ L¡$ S>¡‚p lp¡hp ‘R>u Cõgpdu ifuAs‚p L$pev$p - L$p‚|‚‚¡ ÅZhp dpV¡$ buÆ L$p¡C QuS>‚u S>ê$fs fl¡su ‚’u. s¡Ap¡‚u lv$ukp¡ A‚¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ spgud afdph¡g QuÅ¡ Ap‘Zp dpV¡$ lºÄS>s R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ dpAkyd R>¡ A‚¡ Aëgpl sApgp A¡ s¡Ap¡‚¡ fukpgs A‚¡ Cdpds dpV¡$ Q„|V$ep R>¡.

A¡S>$ L$pfZ R>¡ L¡$ Ap‘¡ bsph¡g Cëdu dpN®, riepAp¡‚p Crslpkdp„ l„d¡ip bpL$u füp¡. Ap‘‚p Cëd hX¡$ ‚¡L$ A‚¡ kpfp Aõlpb, s¡dS> ipNuv$p£‚u ‘fhfui ’C A‚¡ Cõgpdu ifuAs‚¡ Adgu õhê$‘ dýey. gp¡L$p¡ Äepf¡ Cõgpdu

15

ifuAs‚p ‘pb„v$ bÞep A‚¡ s¡‚p ‘f Adg L$fhp gpÁep Ðepf’u S> Ap‘Z‚¡ CS>s¡lpv$‚u S>ê$fs dl ¡k|k ’C, dpAk|du‚ A.dy.k.‚p S>dp‚p’u Ap‘Ï v|$f lp¡hy, Ap^yr‚L$ eyNdp„ kpdprS>L$ a¡fapfp¡ ’hp, rhQpfkfZu A‚¡ AL$uv$p‚¡ gNsp Ah‚hp khpgp¡ DБނ ’hp hN¡f¡. Ap b^u bpbsp¡ ifuAsdp„ CS>s¡lpv$‚u S>ê$fs‚¡ v$ip®h¡ R>¡.

CS>s¡lpv$ A¡V$g¡ iy„? s¡‚p¡ sfuL$p¡ iy„ R>¡? s¡‚p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p A’®OV$‚p¡, s¡‚p¡ Crslpk hN¡f¡... Ap b^u QuÅ¡‚u ÅZL$pfu OZu S>ê$fu R>¡. ‘f„sy Ap dy¿skf qL$spbdp„ A¡ b y„

16

bep‚ L$fhy„ iL$e ‚’u. ‘Z lp, A¡L$ hps S>ê$f bep‚ L$fuiy L¡$ "A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k. A¡ bsph¡g CS>s¡lpv$‚p sfuL$p âdpZ¡ v$u‚‚p L$pev$p L$p‚|‚‚¡ kdS>hpdp„ Ap‘Zp Ap¡gdp‚¡ k„‘|Z®‘Z¡ kamsp dmu R>¡.' L$pfZ L¡$ A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k. A¡ spgud afdph¡g QuÅ¡‚u Mprkes S> A¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡‚p ‚p‚p ‚p‚p buS>, OV$pv$pf h©np¡ b‚u‚¡ Ap‘Z‚¡ kpfp A‚¡ duW$p amp¡ Ap‘¡ R>¡. ‘Z is® A¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡ buS>‚¡ DNpX$hpdp„, Ðepfbpv$ s¡‚u dphS>s L$fhpdp„ dpZk ‘p¡sp‚u ‘|fu dl¡‚s kp’¡ L$p¡rii L$f¡.

17

CS>s¡lpv$dp„ kamsp d¡mhhp dpV¡$ Ap‘Zp Ap¡gdp A‚¡ ap¡L$lpA¡ ‘p¡sp‚u ‘|fu spL$s hX¡$ qv$hk fps d¡l‚s L$fu, s¡Ap¡A¡ CS>s¡lpv$‚u spL$s (dgL$p)‚p¡ ep¡Áe D‘ep¡N L$fhpdp„ s¡dS> s¡‚p dpV¡$ S>ê$fu v$f¡L$ kprlÐe‚u dv$v$ d¡mhhpdp„ S>fp ‘Z ‘pR>u ‘p‚u ‚’u L$fu.

riep dyS>sluv$p¡ ‘p¡sp‚u ‘fl¡TNpfu A‚¡ sL$hp‚p L$pfZ¡ CS>s¡lpv$ hX¡$ d¡mh¡g ‘p¡sp‚u ‚S>f (Cëdu spfZ) ‚¡ ‘|fp dTlb sfa r‚õbs Ap‘sp ‚’u. bëL¡$ v$f¡L$ dyS>sluv$ ‘p¡s ‘p¡sp‚u ‚S>f A‚¡ fpe‚u S>hpbv$pfu ‘p¡s¡S> õhuL$pf¡ R>¡.

18

‘f„sy lp S>¡ QuÅ¡ dTlb‚u S>ê$fuepsdp„’u R>¡ s¡‚u dTlb sfa r‚õbs Ap‘hp‚¡, s¡Ap¡ klul ÅZ¡ R>¡. (S>¡dL¡$, ‚dpT, fp¡Tp, lS>, hN¡f¡... ‚y„ hpÆb lp¡hy hN¡f¡...)

riepAp¡‚p CS>s¡lpv$u sfuL$p‚u l„d¡ip A¡ L$p¡rii flu R>¡ L¡$ s¡ Mfp Cõgpd‚¡ A‚¡ s¡‚u Mfu hpsp¡‚¡ ACçdA¡ dpAk|du‚ A.dy.k.‚p Adgu Æh‚‚¡ Ýep‚dp„ fpMu‚¡ s¡‚p õhÃR> A‚¡ ‘rhÓ õÓp¡s’u bep‚ L$f¡. L$pfZ L¡$ dpAk|d Cdpdp¡ A.dy.k. ‘Z ‘p¡sp‚p ‘rhÓ Æh‚dp„, ‘p¡sp‚p Qplhphpmp A‚¡ dp‚hphpmpAp¡‚¡ dTlb‚p ap¡L$lp

19

(v$u‚u lºL$dp¡ k„b„r^s op‚‚p r‚óZp„s) sfa v$u‚ A‚¡ vy$r‚ep‚p ‘°ï‚p¡ dpV¡$ fS|> L$fhp‚u cgpdZ L$fsp lsp. s¡Ap¡‚p¡ A¡ls¡fpd Åmhhp‚u, s¡dS> s¡Ap¡‚p v$fÄÅ‚¡ Ap¡mMhp‚u ‚kuls L$fsp lsp. L$pfZ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ v$u‚‚p AlL$pd‚¡ ÅZhp A‚¡ kdS>hpdp„ s’p ashpAp¡ Ap‘hpdp„, ‘p¡sp‚p¡ ‘|fp¡ kde apmh¡ R>¡ A‚¡ Qp¡L$kpC’u s’p TuZhV$‘|h®L$ s¡‚p¡ Aæepk L$f¡ R>¡.

Adp¡ Al] riep Cõ‚p Aifu dTlb‚u ‚S>fdp„ CS>s¡lpv$ k„b„r^s AdyL$ hpsp¡‚u fS|>Aps L$fhp dpNuA¡ R>uA¡.

20

Myv$ph„v$¡ Apgd, Ly$fAp‚¡ dÆv$dp„ afdph¡ R>¡ ""hdp L$p‚g dp¡Ad¡‚y‚p g¡eÞa¡ê$ L$paas‚ aghgp ‚af rd‚ Ly$ëg¡ qafL$rs‚ rd‚lºd spA¡asyëg¡esa½$lº auØu‚¡ hg¡eyÞT¡ê$ L$ìdlºd A¡Tp fS>E A¡gerld gAëglºd elTê$‚.''

(ky. sp¥bp, Ap. 122)

""A‚¡ dp¡Adu‚p¡ dpV¡$ S>ê$fu ‚’u L¡$ s¡Ap¡ A¡L$u kp’¡ b^p q‚L$mu ‘X¡$, dpV¡$ s¡d‚p v$f¡L$ V$p¡mpdp„’u A¡L$ ‚p‚L$X$p¡ hN® A¡ l¡sykf ip dpV¡$ ‚uL$msp¡ ‚’u L¡$ s¡ v$u‚‚y op‚ âpàs L$f¡ A‚¡ Äepf¡ s¡Ap¡ ‘pR>p af¡ Ðepf¡

21

‘p¡sp‚u L$p¡d‚¡ X$fph¡. S>¡’u s¡Ap¡ b|fpC’u bQ¡gp fl¡.''

Cdpd¡ lºk¥‚ A.k. afdph¡ R>¡ ""dÅfug Ddyf¡ Agp Aev$ug Ap¡gdpA¡ rbëgpl¡ Ag Ap¡d‚pA¡ Agp lgpg¡lu h lfpd¡ lu.'' ""gp¡L$p¡‚p b^p L$pdp¡, A¡ Ap¡gdpA¡ fåbp‚u‚p lp’dp„ lp¡hp Å¡CA¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡‚u ‘pk¡ Myv$p‚u kpfu dpAf¡as R>¡. A‚¡ s¡‚u lgpg A‚¡ lfpd L$f¡g QuÅ¡ ‘f Adp‚sv$pf R>¡.''

(dyõsv$fLy$g hkpA¡g, cpN-17, ‘¡S> 316)

Aphu A‚¡L$ fuhpesp¡ Ap‘Z‚¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡‚p’u Ap‘Z‚¡

22

Ap¡gdp‚u Ap S>hpbv$pfu‚y„ dlÐh ÅZhp dm¡ R>¡. A¡ S>hpbv$pfu L¡$ S>¡ A„buep‚p hpfkv$pf lp¡hp‚p L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡‚p rif¡ Aphu R>¡. ap¡L$lp A‚¡ Ap¡gdp, fk|gp¡‚¡ dpV¡$ cfp¡kp ‘pÓ dpZkp¡ s¡dS> s¡Ap¡‚p hL$ug A‚¡ v$u‚‚u kyfnp L$f‚pfpAp¡ R>¡. Cõgpdu ifuAs¡ Ap S>hpbv$pfu‚¡ r‚cph‚pf i¿k dpV¡$ AdyL$ ifsp¡ fpMu R>¡. S>¡dL¡$, Cëdu Ö[óV$A¡ î¡óW$ lp¡hy, Apqv$g (Þepeu) lp¡hy, v$u‚‚u fpldp„ AX$N fl¡hy, sL$hp, ‘fl¡TNpfu hN¡f¡... Aphu AdyL$ bpbsp¡ sfa l. Cdpd lk‚ AõL$fu A.k. A¡

23

‘p¡sp‚u A¡L$ lv$ukdp„ Ap‘Ï„ Ýep‚ v$p¡fìey„ R>¡.

""a Açdp d‚ L$p‚p rd‚g ap¡L$lpA¡ kpA¡‚‚ g¡ ‚ak¡lu lpa¡T‚ g¡ v$u‚¡lu dyMpg¡a‚ Agp lhplp¡ dp¡rsA‚ g¡ Ad°¡ dhgplp¡ argg Ahpd¡ A‚ ep¡L$ëg¡vy$lp¡.''.

""ap¡L$lpdp„’u S>¡ L$p¡C ‘p¡sp‚p ‚ak‚¡ b|fpCAp¡’u bQph‚pf, v$u‚‚u rlapTs L$f‚pf, ‘p¡sp‚u Aep¡Áe CÃR>pAp¡‚p¡ rhfp¡^ L$f‚pf s’p Myv$p‚p lºL$d‚y„ ‘pg‚ L$f‚pf lp¡e, sp¡ gp¡L$p¡‚¡ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ s¡‚u sL$guv$ L$f¡.''

24

(hkpA¡gyíiuApl, cp.18 ‘p. 95)

Ap b^u hpsp¡’u Ap‘Z‚¡ CS>s¡lpv$‚y„ dlÐh ÅZhp dm¡ R>¡. s¡dS> ÅZhp dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ Dçds A‚¡ Ap¡gdp (L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ N¥bs‚p S>dp‚pdp„ Cdpd¡ Tdp‚p A.k. ‚p Apd ‚pA¡bp¡ R>¡)‚u v$fçep‚‚p k„b„^‚¡ dS>b|s b‚phhpdp„ CS>s¡lpv$, iy„ cpN cS>h¡ R>¡.

Ap‘Z¡ Ap hpsp¡’u A„v$pÅ¡ gNphu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ ""v$u‚¡ Cõgpd‚u spgudps‚¡ s¡lfua s’p ‚pb|v$u’u bQphhpdp„, Cõgpdu k„õL©$rs‚¡ Mfu fus¡ vy$r‚ep‚u kdn

25

fS|> L$fhpdp„, auL$l‚p ‘pepAp¡‚¡ dS>b|s L$fhpdp „ A‚¡ s¡‚u kyfnp L$fhpdp„ Ap¡gdp A‚¡ dyS>sl¡v$u‚‚p¡ iy„ apmp¡ R>¡.''

A¡ Ap¡gdpA¡ fåbp‚u L¡$ S>¡Ap¡‚p v$f¡L$ Apdpg, Aëgpl sApgp‚p dpV¡$ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡Ap¡‚u r‚èesdp„ Mygyk Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. S>¡Ap¡ lTfs fk|g¡ Myv$p k.A.h. s’p ACçdA¡ dpAk|du‚ A.dy.k.‚u kufs ‘f Adg L$f¡ R>¡. S>¡Ap¡‚p qv$g, Cdp‚ A‚¡ sL$hp’u cf¡gp lp¡e R>¡. S>¡Ap¡ v$f¡L$ S>dp‚pdp„ AX$Nsp, S>hpbv$pfu r‚cphhpdp„, Aëgpl sApgp‚p¡ X$f A‚¡ Mp¥a fpMhpdp„, Aëgpl

26

sApgp ‘f cfp¡kp¡ fpMhpdp„, vy$r‚ep A‚¡ dpg¡ vy$r‚ep‚u dp¡låbs‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p qv$g’u v|$f L$fhpdp„ Ap‘Zp dpV¡$ b¡lsfu‚ ‚d|‚pAp¡ R>¡.

A¡ S> L$pfZ¡ riepAp¡‚u auL$fu dfS>Ces‚u S>hpbv$pfu ap¡L$lp‚¡ kp¡‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap S>hpbv$pfu‚¡ kpfu fus¡ q‚cphu A‚¡ l„d¡ip Dçds‚u kp’¡ k„‘L®$dp„ flu‚¡, s¡d‚p ky^u Cõgpd‚u kpau au¾$‚¡ ‘lp¢QpX$u. s¡Ap¡A¡ l„d¡ip Dçds‚u v$fçep‚ flu‚¡ A¡L$ dS>b|s qL$ëgp‚u dpaL$, i„L$p-Ly$i„L$p, auЂp-akpv$, v$„c A‚¡ õhp’} l¡syAp¡ hN¡f¡... S>¡hp sp¡ap‚p¡’u s¡‚u kyfnp L$fu A‚¡ Ap

27

d¥v$p‚dp„ s¡Ap¡ ‘lpX$‚u S>¡d AX$N füp.

Ap fõspdp„ s¡Ap¡‚¡ OZu b^u dyíL$¡guAp¡‚p¡ kpd‚p¡ L$fhp¡ ‘X$ep¡. Ap rkgqkgp¡, ACçdA¡ dpAk|du‚ A.dy.k.‚p S>dp‚p’u gC‚¡ AÐepf ky^u Qpgy R>¡.

Cõgpdu v$¡ip¡ A‚¡ dykgdp‚p¡‚p hkhpV$‚u kfTdu‚p¡ ‘f, l„d¡ip s¡d‚p vy$íd‚p¡‚u ‚S>f flu R>¡. s¡Ap¡A¡ s¡d‚¡ s’p s¡d‚p v$u‚‚¡ ‚pb|v$ L$fhp‚u OZu L$p¡riip¡ L$fu R>¡. s¡dS> S>hp‚p¡‚¡ Mp¡V$u k„õL©$rs iuMhu‚¡ Nydfpl L$fhp‚p âepkp¡ L$ep® R>¡. A¡ kde¡ Ap¡gdp A‚¡

28

dfpS>¡A ApNm hÝep, A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚p¡ kpd‚p¡ L$ep£ A‚¡ au¾$u A‚¡ AL$uv$su lºdgpAp¡’u dTlb‚u kyfnp L$fu A‚¡ Dçds‚p Cdp‚‚¡ bQpìey„. Ðepf¡ gp¡L$p¡‚¡ Cõgpdu AL$uv$pAp¡‚p Akug (d|mc|s) A‚¡ dS>b|s lp¡hp‚u ÅZ ’C A‚¡ s¡‚p Mfp lp¡hp‚y„ ÅZhpdp„ Apìey„. ""ÅAg l½$p¡ h TlL$g bprsg.'' (lL$ Apìep¡ A‚¡ bprsg ‚pb|v$ ’ey.)

Äepf¡ ‘|h® A‚¡ ‘ïQud‚u L$pauf lºL|$dsp¡‚¡ dfS>Ces‚u Ap spL$s rhi¡ ÅZ ’C A‚¡ Ap¡gdp‚¡ ApV$gp iqL$sipmu Å¡ep. Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp‚p Aep¡Áe l¡syAp¡ ky^u

29

‘lp¢Qhp, ‘p¡sp‚p õhp’® Mpsf s¡d‚p dyL$pbgpdp„ Aphu Nep. s’p ‘p¡sp‚u ‘pep hNf‚u hpsp¡ hX¡$, Dçds A‚¡ Ap¡gdp hÃQ¡ Sy>v$pC ‚pMhp‚u L$p¡rii L$fu. ‘Z R>¡hV¡$ s¡Ap¡‚p b^pS> ‘°eЂp¡ Akam füp. "h dL$ê$ h dL$fëgplp¡ hëgplp¡ Meê$g dpL¡$fu‚.' (ky. Apg¡ Cdfp‚, Ap. 54). ""A‚¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ v$NgbpÆ L$fu A‚¡ Myv$pA¡ âeyqL$s L$fu A‚¡ Myv$p‚u âeyqL$s kh® î¡óW$ R>¡.''

Mf¡Mf, kpQp¡ R>¡ Myv$p‚p¡ hpev$p¡ L¡$ afdpìey„: "h ‚p¡fuv$p¡ AÞ‚dyÞ‚p AgëgTu‚k syTA¡aº qagAT£ h‚S>Aglºd ACçds‚

30

h‚S>Aglp¡dyg hpf¡ku‚.' (k|. L$kk, Ap. 5) ""A‚¡ Adp¡A¡ A¡hp¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$ep£ L¡$,S>¡d‚¡ Tdu‚dp„ L$dÅ¡f L$fu ‚pMhpdp„ Apìep, s¡d‚p ‘f D‘L$pf L$fuA¡ A‚¡ s¡d‚¡ ApN¡hp‚ b‚phuA¡ A‚¡ s¡d‚¡ kdN° Tdu‚‚p hpfkv$pf b‚phu v$CA¡.''

b¡iL$ Cõgpdu auL$ldp„, Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Cëdu dkpA¡g rhi¡ lpg‚p S>dp‚p A‚ykpf, s¡dS> ‚hu ‚hu bpbsp¡ âdpZ¡, QQp® rhQpfZ ’C Q|L$u R>¡. Äepf¡ Ap‘Z¡ AlL$pd‚p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p cpNp¡ ‘f ‚S>f v$p¡X$phuA¡ Ðepf¡ ÅZhp dmi¡ L¡$ L¡$hu fus¡ Cõgpdu auL$l¡ sf½$u L$fu R>¡. Äepf¡

31

riepAp¡‚p lp¥T¡ Cëduepdp„ A‚¡L$ dyíL$¡guAp¡ lsu, Ðepf¡ ‘Z Ap¡gdpA¡ kpQu rhQpfkfZu L$ep® bpv$, E„X$pZ‘|h®L$ dkpA¡g‚¡ kdÆ‚¡, s¡‚p¡ ep¡Áe DL¡$g d¡mìep¡ R>¡. A‚¡ s¡‚¡ vy$r‚ep‚u kdn fS|> L$fu‚¡ kprbs L$fu Apàey L¡$ Cõgpd ^d®dp„ v$f¡L$ dkAgp dpV¡$, v$f¡L$ lpgdp„ A¡L$ lºL$d dp¡S|>v$ R>¡.

Ap‘Z‚¡ dyS>sluv$ dfS>A A‚¡ s¡‚p dyL$ëg¡v$u‚ (sL$guv$ L$f‚pfpAp¡) v$fçep‚, A¡L$ Æhsp¡ ÅNsp¡ k„b^ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. kp’¡ kp’¡ gp¡L$p¡‚p Æh‚dp„, Cõgpdu dyL$Øk ifuAs‚¡ Adgu õhê$‘dp„ Å¡C iL$pe R>¡. Ap

32

b^y lp¡hp‚y Mpk L$pfZ A¡ R>¡ L¡$ riepAp¡‚p AL$uv$p dyS>b CS>s¡lpv$‚p¡ v$fhpÅ¡ Myëgp¡ R>¡. A¡L$ dyS>sluv$ dfS>A‚u kp’¡‚p¡, s¡Ap¡‚p¡ dS>b|s k„b^ s¡Ap¡‚¡ ApNm h^hpdp„ M|b S> dv$v$ê$‘ r‚hX¡$ R>¡.

Äepf¡ Cõgpdu ifuAs‚p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Cëdp¡‚p Crslpk‚p¡ ÅZL$pf, Cõgpdu il¡fp¡‚p Cëdu lp¥TpAp¡ S>¡dL¡$ Ly$ap, ‚S>a, Ly$d, rlëgp, bNv$pv$, lgb, fe, S>bgApdug b¡lf¥‚, rlÅT hN¡f¡... A¡ R>p¡X¡$gp, Cëdu hpfkp‚p¡ Ýep‚‘|h®L$ Aæepk L$f¡ sp¡ s¡‚u kpfu fus¡ kdS>dp„ Aphi¡ L¡$ A¡ QuS> L¡$ S>¡ Ap v$f¡L$

33

lp¥Tpdp„ A¡L$ kdp‚ fus¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ s¡ Ap R>¡:

dTlb¡ A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k.‚u Cëdu rMv$ds.

gp¡L$p¡‚¡ Cõgpd‚u dpAf¡as, kdS> s’p Ap¡mMpZ Ap‘hu, A‚¡ s¡‚p rhi¡ h^ydp„ h^y dprlsu ‘|fu ‘pX$hu. S>¡’u s¡Ap¡‚p Cdp‚ dS>b|s ’pe.

gp¡L$p¡‚p Æh‚dp„ Cõgpd‚¡ A¡ fus¡ Dspfhp¡ L¡$ S>¡’u kdpS>, Cõgpd‚p E„Qp l¡syAp¡ A‚¡ dL$kv$p¡ ky^u ‘lp¢Qu Åe.

34

gp¡L$p¡‚p v$u‚u vy$Þehu dkpA¡g‚p ep¡Áe S>hpbp¡ Ap‘hp, hN¡f¡...

b¡iL$ CfpL$‚p dil|f il¡f, ‚S>a¡ Aifa‚p¡ apmp¡ v$u‚‚¡ a¡gphhpdp„ dlÐh‚p¡ R>¡. Ðep„’u l„d¡ip Cëd‚u qL$fZp¡ aºV$su fl¡ R>¡ A‚¡ vy$r‚ep‚p M|Z¡ M|Zp‚¡ fp¡i‚ L$fsu fl¡ R>¡. Ap il¡f lÅf hfk’u Cëd‚y L¡$ÞÖ R>¡. Äep„’u Ap‘Z‚¡ Cëd¡ auL$l rkhpe, buÅ Cõgpdu Cëdp¡ dmsp füp R>¡ A‚¡ dmsp fl¡i¡. Ap il¡f‚p Crslpk rhi¡ OZu qL$spbp¡ ‘Z gMhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. Ap dyL$Øk il¡f‚p dL$pd A‚¡

35

dfsbp‚p bpfpdp„, CrslpkL$pfp¡ A‚¡ rhÜp‚p¡A¡ ‘Z OZu b^u QQp® rhQpfZp L$fu R>¡ A‚¡ lL$uL$s sp¡ A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Cõgpdu k„õL©$rsA¡ ‘p¡sp‚u b^u S> Mybkyfsu‚¡, Ap il¡fdp„ v$a‚ ’e¡g, ‚bu‚p Cëdu il¡f‚p v$fhpÅ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡‚u‚ lTfs Agu A.k. ‘pk¡’u d¡mhu R>¡. Ap S>ÁepA¡’u A¡ dp¥gp‚u bfL$s’u L¡$ S>¡‚y dybpfL$ Æõd Ap il¡f‚u ip¡cp R>¡, b^pS> Cëdp¡‚¡ sf½$u dmu R>¡.

Ap‘Z‚¡ Ap dyL$Øk il¡f‚u ATds‚p¡ A„v$pÅ¡ Ðepf¡ Aphi¡ Äepf¡ Ap‘Z¡ s¡‚p õ’p‚‚¡ Cëdu kdpS>‚u Ö[óV$A¡ Å¡Ciy„. Alu

36

Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡‚u‚ A.k.‚y„ lfd lp¡hp’u sp¡ s¡‚u aTugs R>¡ S>. A¡ rkhpe Al]’u, A¡hu Cëdu i¿kuesp¡ ‚uL$mu R>¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡‚p¡ Cõgpd‚¡ a¡gphhpdp„ dlÐh‚p¡ apmp¡ füp¡ R>¡. Al] ‘fhfui ‘pd¡g Ap¡gdp, ap¡L$lp, dyS>sluv$p¡‚p Æh‚ ‘f, s¡dS> Al] gMhpdp„ Aph¡g qL$spbp¡ s’p Afbu cpjp‚p Cëdu kprlÐep¡ s’p Ap il¡f‚u Cëdu rMv$dsp¡ ‘f ‚S>f ‚pMsp, Ap‘Z‚¡ Cëdu kdpS>dp„ Ap il¡f‚p DÃQ v$fÄÅ‚u ÅZ ’i¡.

lpg‚p S>dp‚pdp„ ‘Z Ap il¡f Ap b^u aTugsp¡‚u kp’¡ kp’¡,

37

riepAp¡‚u dfS>Ces‚y„ L¡$ÞÖ ‘Z R>¡. Ap dyL$Øk il¡f‚p dfÅAp¡A¡ L$p¡C ‘Z k„Å¡Np¡dp„, ‘p¡sp‚u S>hpbv$pfu‚¡ r‚cphhpdp„ S>fp‘Z ‘pR>u ‘p‚u ‚’u L$fu. v$f¡L$ S>dp‚pdp„ s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp‚p CS>s¡lpv$‚p spÅ amp¡ Dçds‚u kdn ‘¡i L$fsp fl¡ R>¡. S>¡ Ap dTlb‚y„ lL$ lp¡hy, s¡‚p Cëdu ‘pep‚y„ dS>b|s lp¡hy, s¡dS> s¡‚p Mfp Dk|gp¡ ‘f Ap¡gdp‚y„ hapv$pf A‚¡ ‘pb„v$ lp¡hy v$ip®h¡ R>¡. A¡ Dk|g L¡$ S>¡‚p dpV¡$ dpAk|d Cdpdp¡ A.dy.k. A¡ ‘Z, ‘p¡sp‚u Å‚‚u Ly$fbp‚u Ap‘u lsu.

38

AÐepf¡, Al] A¡ dfpS>¡A A‚¡ Ap¡gdpdp„’u A¡L$ dfS>A A‚¡ byTyN® Aprgd¡ v$u‚ s’p dyS>sluv$ lTfs Apesyëgprlg DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC lL$ud (dyØrTëgp¡lºg Apgu)‚p Æh‚ QqfÓ‚¡ hp„QL$p¡ kdn bep‚ L$fhp QpluA¡ R>uA¡.

Ap‘‚p¡ ‚kb (h„ih¡gp¡): Ap‘, k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ Cå‚¡

k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ Agu Cå‚¡ k¥ev$ Aldv$ Cå‚¡ k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ Cå‚¡ k¥ev$ Aldv$ Cå‚¡ k¥ev$ dld|v$ Cå‚¡ k¥ev$ Cb°plud (L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ lL$ud‚p ‚pd¡ díl|f lsp) Cå‚¡

39

Aduf k¥ev$ Agu lL$ud Cå‚¡ Aduf k¥ev$ dyfpv$ sbpsbpC R>¡.

Ap‘‚p¡ ‚kb Cb°plud¡ sbpsbp 1 ky^u ‘lp¢Q¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ CõdpCg¡ v$ubpS> 2 Cå‚¡ Cb°plud¡

1 b^pS> sbpsbpC kpv$ps‚p¡ ‚kb, Cb°plud¡ sbpsbp ky u

‘lp¢Q¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ ip¡lv$pA¡ aM‚p f¡lbf, lºk¥‚ rb‚ Agu‚p L$epddp„ s¡d‚u kp’¡ lsp. 2 CõdpCg¡ v$ubpS>, Cb°plud¡ Ndf‚p afT„v$ R>¡. S>¡d‚¡ d‚kyf¡

AåbpkuA¡ AdyL$ lk‚u kpv$ps‚u kp’¡, CfpL$‚p A¡L$ il¡f lpiduep‚u S>¡gdp„ L¥$v$ L$ep® lsp. s¡Ap¡, rlS>fu k‚ 145 dp„ S>¡gdp„S> iluv$ ’ep. Abyg afS>¡ Cõalp‚u, Aåvy$ëgpl Cå‚¡ d|kp’u qfhpes L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ "d¢ Aåvy$ffldp‚ rb‚ Agu dhpgu’u L¡$ S>¡ kpv$ps¡ lk‚u‚u kp’¡ S>¡gdp„ lsp, ‘|R>ey L¡$ s¡Ap¡ S>¡g‚u k¿suAp¡ ‘f L¡$hu fus¡ kb° L$fsp? sp¡ s¡ S>hpb Ap‘¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ Mf¡Mf kb° L$f‚pf lsp. s¡dp„’u A¡L$ dpZk kp¡‚p dpaL$ lsp¡. L¡$ S>¡V$gy s¡‚¡ ApNdp„ Nfd L$fhpdp„ Aph¡, s¡‚u QdL$ A‚¡ r‚Mpgksp h^su Åe A‚¡ s¡ CõdpCg afT„v$¡ Cb°plud lsp L¡$ S>¡V$gu k¿suAp¡ A‚¡ dyíL$¡guAp¡ s¡d‚p ‘f ‘X$su s¡V$gp¡ s¡d‚u kb°dp„ h^pfp¡ ’sp¡.

40

Ndf3 Cå‚¡ lk‚¡ dykÞ‚p

4 Cå‚¡

Cdpd¡ lk‚ A.k. Cå‚¡ Agu Cå‚¡ Abu spgub A.k. lsp.

Ap‘ dfS>A¡ Apgu L$Ö dlº®d Apesyëgplug DTdp dp¡lku‚ Ag lL$ud‚p dp¡V$p ‚hpkp R>¡. s¡dS>

3 Cb°plud¡ Ndf‚¡ dÞkyf¡ v$hp‚L$u A¡ AdyL$ kpv$ps¡ lk‚u‚u

kp’¡ S>¡gdp„ L¡$v$ L$ep® A‚¡ s¡Ap¡ rlS>fu k‚ 145dp„ iluv$ ’ep. s¡d‚u L$b° Ly$ap‚u ‚ÆL$, ‚S>a‚p fõsp ‘f R>¡ A‚¡ s¡‚u L$b° dil|f R>¡. Abyg afS>¡ Cõalp‚u eüp Cå‚¡ lk‚’u qfhpes L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ Cb°plud, ‘p¡sp‚p Tdp‚pdp„ lTfs fk|g¡ Myv$p k.A.h.’u kyfsdp„ kp¥’u h^pf¡ dyipb¡l lsp. 4 lk‚¡ dykÞ‚p L$fbgpdp„ Cdpd¡ lºk¥‚ A.k. ‚p gíL$fdp„

lsp. S>. Agu AL$bf A.k.‚u ilpv$s bpv$, s¡Ap¡‚¡ Cå‚¡ kpAv$‚p gíL$f ‘f lºdgp¡ L$ep£. S>„N v$fçep‚ s¡Ap¡ OZp T¿du ’ep A‚¡ Æhsp füp. L$fbgp ‘R>u s¡Ap¡ gp„bp kde ky u Æh„s füp. s¡Ap¡ Aprgd, apTug A‚¡ dyÒpL$u lsp. s¡Ap¡‚¡ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡‚u‚ A.k. sfa’u, kv$L$pAp¡‚¡ S>ê$fsd„v$ ky^u ‘lp¡„QpX$hp‚u S>hpbv$pfu dmu lsu.

41

Apesyëgplug DTdp dp¡lku‚ lL$ud, Ap‘‚p hpguv$‚p dpdp lsp.

Ap‘‚p hprgv$¡ dp¡lsfd‚p¡ ‘qfQe:

s¡Ap¡‚y„ ‚pd, k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ Agu Cå‚¡ k¥ev$ Aldv$ lL$ud lsy. s¡d‚p¡ S>Þd rlS>fu k‚ 1329dp„ ’ep¡. s¡Ap¡ A¡L$ dp¡V$p Aprgd A‚¡ byTyN® dyS>sluv$ lsp. s¡dS> auL$l A‚¡ Dk|g‚p v$fk¡ MpfuS>‚p Dõspv$ lsp. s¡Ap¡ ‚S>a¡ Aifa‚u A¡L$ d[õS>v$‚p Cdpd¡ S>dpAs lsp. s¡Ap¡ M|bS> ‚fd õhcph‚p A‚¡ bpA¿gpL$ lsp. kdpS>‚p v$f¡L$ gp¡L$p¡‚u ‚S>fdp„ s¡Ap¡ cfp¡kp‘pÓ

42

A‚¡ dp¡lsfd lsp. kpg¡l A‚¡ bpsL$hp A‚¡ ‘fl¡TNpf lsp. s¡Ap¡ gp¡L$p¡‚u v$fçep‚ kpfu rkasp¡’u dil|f lsp. s¡d‚p Æh‚dp„ L$p¡C‘Z Ås‚u v$¡Mpv$¡Mu L¡$ fuepL$pfu Å¡hp ‚ dmsu. s¡d‚y„ Æh‚ rbgLy$g kpvy$ lsy„.

s¡Ap¡ dlº®d Apesyëgprlg DTdp dp¡lku‚ lL$ud, Apesyëgpl rdTp® lk‚¡ byê$S>fv$u, Apesyëgpl i¥M Aåvy$g lºk¥‚¡ rlëgu‚p ipN}v$ lsp. s¡Ap¡ Apesyëgplug DTdp i¥M dp¡lçdv$ lºk¥‚ Cõalp‚u‚p Dk|g¡ auL$l‚p v$fkdp„ ‘Z rifL$s L$fsp.

43

s¡Ap¡A¡ ‘p¡sp‚p dybpfL$ Æh‚dp„ OZp b^p Aprgdp¡‚u, ‘p¡sp‚p v$fk hX¡$ sfbues L$fu. s¡Ap¡ Cëdu sfbues L$fsp „, A¿gpL$u A‚¡ Cdp‚u sfbues ‘f h^pf¡ Ýep‚ Ap‘sp. s¡Ap¡ Cëd‚u Ö[óV$A¡ E„X$pZ‘|h®L$ rhQpf L$fhpdp„, Qp¡L$kpC A‚¡ TuZhV$‘|h®L$ A‚¡ Mfu fus¡ ‘fMhpdp„, buÅ b^pAp¡’u rbgLy$g AgN lsp. A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k.‚u spgud‚¡ bQphhp A‚¡ s¡‚u sfa gp¡L$p¡‚¡ dpN®v$i®‚ L$fhpdp„, l„d¡ip diN|g fl¡sp lsp.

s¡Ap¡ dlº®d Apesyëgplug DTdp dp¡lku‚ lL$ud‚u dfS>Ces‚p A¡L$

44

‘pep sfuL¡$ lsp. s¡Ap¡A¡, s¡d‚¡ lºÄS>syg Cõgpd i¥M dp¡lçdv$ físu‚u kp’¡, riepAp¡‚u v$fçep‚ ’e¡g L$p¡C TOX$p‚p kdp^p‚ A’£ ‘pL$uõsp‚ dp¡L$ëep lsp. s¡Ap¡ fuepTueps (NrZs), luÞv$kp (c|dusu), leAs (buS>NZus) hN¡f¡... Cëdp¡dp„ dprlf lsp. S>¡‚p L$pfZ¡ ‚S>a‚p Ap¡gdp‚u v$fçep‚ lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp lL$ud¡, s¡Ap¡‚¡ hpfkp‚u bl¡k‚¡ lpg‚p S>dp‚p‚p NrZs‚p L$pev$p A‚ykpf gMhp‚u S>hpbv$pfu kp¢‘u lsu A‚¡ s¡dZ¡ S> dp¥gp Agu A.k. ‚p

45

lfddp„ kQp¡V$ fus¡ A‚¡ TuZhV$‘|h®L$ qL$ågp‚u qv$ip‚¡ ‚½$u L$fu lsu.

s¡d‚u Ap¥gpv$: 1) k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ (L¡$ Ap

qL$spb s¡d‚p rhi¡ gMhpdp„ Aphu R>¡)

2) k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ sL$u

3) k¥ev$ Aåvy$f fTTpL$

4) k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ lk‚

5) k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kpg¡l

s¡d‚p k„‘pv$‚p¡: 1) qL$ågp‚u bl¡k

2) Cõgpdu qv$fld A‚¡ v$u‚pf‚u bl¡k

46

3) ‚hp (NZus‚p) L$pev$pAp¡ âdpZ¡ hpfkp‚u hl¡QZu

4) Thpg‚p kde rhi¡‚u bl¡k (QQp®)

5) Apesyëgplug DTdp i¥M dp¡lçdv$ lºk¥‚ Cõalp‚u‚p Dk|g‚p v$k®‚u sL$fufps (‚p¢^)

6) Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ lL$ud‚p auL$l‚p v$k®‚u sL$fufps (‚p¢^)

7) qL$apesyg Dk|g ‘f lpriep¡ (aºV$‚p¡V$)

8) afpA¡vy$g Dk|g (fkpA¡g) ‘f lpriep¡ (aºV$‚p¡V$)

47

Ap‘‚p Æh‚ ‘f A¡L$ ‚S>f: l. Apesyëgpl k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$

kCv$ sbpsbpC lL$ud‚p¡ S>Þd, ApW$ rTëL$pv$ rlS>fu k‚ 1354 (C.k. 1934) dp„ ‚S>a¡ Aifa‚p A¡L$ Cëdu Mp‚v$p‚dp„ ’ep¡.

Ap‘‚p hpguv$¡ Ap‘‚p Ap dp¡V$p afT„v$dp„ bpm‘Z’u S> Cëd¡v$u‚ lp„rkg L$fhp‚u A‚¡ s¡ fpldp„ ApNm h^hp‚u kgplues A‚¡ gpeL$ps Å¡C, Ðepf¡ v$k hj®‚u Ddfdp„ S> Ap‘‚u Cëdu sfbues L$fhp‚y„ iê$ L$ey¯ A‚¡ Ap‘‚¡ Ap fpldp„ ApNm h^pfhpdp„, iL$e s¡V$gu b^uS> L$p¡riip¡ iê$ L$fu. A¡

48

fus¡ Ap‘‚u A„v$f, A¿gpL$ A‚¡ kpfu rkasp¡‚p buS>‚¡ DNpX$ey A‚¡ ’p¡X$p S> kdedp„ s¡‚y„ ‘qfZpd ‘Z Å¡ey.

L$pfZ L¡$ Ap‘‚p kp¥ â’d Dõspv$ (Ap‘‚p hprgv$¡ dp¡lsfd) ‘p¡s¡ v$f¡L$ ‚¡L$ rkasp¡‚p dprgL$ lsp A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p kpfp A¿gpL$ bpbs¡ dil|f lsp s’p Cëdu A‚¡ CS>s¡lpv$u dfsbp‚u kp’¡ kp’¡ Ap‘dp„ OZu kpv$Nu Å¡hp dmsu, s¡dS> Ap‘ r‚X$f, ‘fl¡TNpf A‚¡ dyMguk lsp. S>¡’u Ap‘‚u Ap b^u ‚¡L$rkaps, ‘p¡sp‚p afT„v$ A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p ipN}v$ (k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$

49

kCv$)dp„ ‘Z Aphu. s¡Ap¡ ‘Z ‘p¡sp‚p hprgv$‚u S>¡d S> buÅ gp¡L$p¡ dpV¡$ ‚d|‚p sfuL¡$ lsp, L¡$ S>¡dp„ v$f¡L$ kpfu QuÅ¡ Å¡hp dmsu lp¡e.

Ap‘‚p hprgv$¡ byTyN®hpf, A¡ kde¡ lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚p DÃQsf Aæepk‚p Dõspv$ lp¡hp R>sp Ap‘‚p’u Npa¡g ‚ füp A‚¡ Ap‘‚¡ CõgpduL$ âp’duL$ rinZ Ap‘sp füp. Ðep„ ky^u L¡$ lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚p Aæepk‚y„ âp’duL$ A‚¡ dpÝerdL$ rinZ Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚p hprgv$ ‘pk¡’u d¡mìey„.

Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚p â’d Dõspv$’u OZp¡ gpc d¡mìep¡. kp’¡ kp’¡ l„d¡ip

50

Cëdu dplp¡gdp„ fl¡hp‚p L$pfZ¡ sf½$u ’C. ‚S>a¡ Aifadp„ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u S>ÁepAp¡ ‘f ’su Cëdu QQp®Ap¡dp„, cpN g¡sp lsp. S>¡dp„ auL$l, Dk|g, Dg|d¡ Ly$fAp‚, lv$uk, f¡Åg, Apv$pb¡ Cõgpdu hN¡f¡... rhi¡ QQp® ’su. Ap b^u Cëdu b¡W$L$p¡‚u Mprkes A¡ lsu L¡$ s¡dp„ Cëd‚u kp’¡ kp’¡ byTyNp£ A‚¡ ‚¡L$ gp¡L$p¡ ‘pk¡’u, s¡lTub¡ ‚ak‚p¡ kbL$ ‘Z dmsp¡. Ap b¡W$L$p¡’u CÞkp‚‚u ê$l ‘pL$ ’su A‚¡ s¡‚p ‚ak‚u sfbues ‘Z ’su. Cdp‚, sL$hp, Tp¡lv$, kb° hN¡f¡ S>¡hu ‚¡L$ rkasp¡ ‘Z CÞkp‚‚¡ dmsu. Ap

51

dS>gukp¡dp„ Cëdu A‚¡ Adgu bÞ‚¡ fus¡ CÞkp‚ ApNm h^sp¡ Å¡hp dmsp¡.

Ap‘‚p S>hp‚u‚p S>dp‚p‚u Mprkes A¡ lsu L¡$ S>hp‚ lp¡hp R>sp byTyN® Aprgdp¡, dfpS>¡A A‚¡ rhÜp‚p¡‚u kp’¡ Ap‘‚u DW$L$ b¡W$L$ lsu L¡$ S>¡Ap¡‚u kp’¡ Ap‘‚p hprgv$‚u v$p¡õsu lsu A‚¡ Aphhp-S>hp‚p¡ k„b„^ lsp¡. S>¡dL¡$, Apesyëgplug DTdp i¥M lºk¥‚ rlëgu 5 L¡$ S>¡ Ap‘‚p Dõspv$ A‚¡ 5

dlº®d Apesyëgplug DTdp i¥M lºk¥‚ rlëgu (S>Þd 1309 haps 1394) s¡Ap¡ A¡L$ aL$ul, aprTg, dyS>sluv$ A‚¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Cëdp¡dp„ dprlf lsp. s¡Ap¡ auL$l A‚¡ Dk|g‚p Dõspv$ lsp. s¡Ap¡ rdfTp ‚pC‚u‚p v$k®dp„ rifL$s L$fsp. s¡Ap¡ M|bS> lp¡riepf lsp, E„X$pZ‘|h®L$ rhQpfhp, s¡lL$uL$, sL$hp,

52

Ap‘‚p ê$lp‚u bp‘ sfuL¡$ lsp A‚¡ Ap‘‚p dpdp, Apesyëgpl k¥ev$ eykya sbpsbpC lL$ud 6 L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ M|bS> bpsL$hp lsp. s¡dS> Apesyëgpl Aëgpdp i¥M dp¡lçdv$

shpTp¡, ifpas¡ ‚ak S>¡hu ‚¡L$ rkasp¡dp„ dil|f lsp. OZp byTyN® Aprgdp¡A¡ Ap‘’u gpc d¡mìep¡ lsp¡. Ap‘‚p¡ v$k ®, lfsp afsp dÖ¡kp sfuL¡$ dil|f lsp¡. L$pfZ L¡$ Ap‘ v$f¡L$ S>Áep ‘f Cëdu bl¡k L$fsp fl¡sp. Ap‘¡ gM¡g qL$spbp¡: A¿Tyg DS>fs¡ Agg hpÆb, dyApdgsyv$v$u‚pf¡ b¡ ATev$¡ rdÞlp¡. Ap‘‚p ipNuv$p£ A¡ Ap‘‚p v$kp£‚¡ g¿ep A‚¡ s¡‚¡ Dfhsyg hyõL$p A‚¡ blºk¡ auL$luèep‚p ‚pd¡ R>‘pìep. 6 lTfs Apesyëgpl k¥ev$ eykya lL$ud (S>Þd 1327 haps

1411) s¡Ap¡ Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ lL$ud‚p dp¡V$p qv$L$fp lsp. s¡d‚u dfS>Cesdp„ Ap‘‚p¡ dlÐh‚p¡ apmp¡ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡‚p¡ Tp¡lv$ A‚¡ sL$hp dil|f lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ ‚S>adp„ v$k£ MpfuS>‚p Dõspv$ lsp. Ap‘‚¡ Ap‘‚p hprgv$ bpv$ dS>fS>Ces L$b|g L$fhp rhi¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey ‘Z lfrNT dfS>Ces‚¡ L$byg ‚ L$fu.

53

spluf i¥M fpTu7

hN¡f¡... S>¡hp byTyNp£ A‚¡ A¡ Aprgdp¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡‚p Ofp¡dp„ Cëdu b¡W$L$p¡ ’su. S>¡dL¡$ dlº®d Apesyëgpl k¥ev$ kCv$ lL$ud 8 , Aëgpdp k¥ev$ blê$g Dgyd

9,

7 i¥M dp¡lçdv$ sprlf, i¥M Aåvy$ëgpl Apg¡ fpTu‚p afT„v$

lsp. (S>Þd 1322 haps 1400) Ap‘ lp¥T¡ Cëdue¡ ‚S>a‚p dyS>sluv$p¡dp„’u A¡L$ lsp. s¡Ap¡ auL$lp¡ Dk|g rkhpe Cëd¡ L$gpd, i¡Af A‚¡ Av$bueps¡ Afbdp„ ‘Z dpl¡f lsp. 8 k¥ev$ kCv$ Cå‚¡ k¥ev$ lºk¥‚ lL$ud (S>Þd 1302 haps

1395) s¡Ap¡ aL$ul, Dk|gu, dyS>sluv$, Aprgd, aprTg, ‚¡L$ A‚¡ ‘fl¡TNpf lsp s¡Ap¡‚p Of ‘f v$ffp¡S> Aprgdp¡ Aphsp S>sp fl¡sp A‚¡ Ðep„ Cëdu QQp® rhQpfZp L$fsp. Ap‘¡ "qL$spbps aug auL$l¡ hg Dk|g' ‚pd‚u qL$spb gMu. Ap‘‚¡ ÓZ afT„v$p¡ lsp. k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ lºk¥‚, k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ sL$u (L¡$ S>¡Ap¡A¡ "Ag Dk|gyg Apçdsp¡ rgg auL$lug dyL$pfu‚' ‚pd‚u qL$spb gMu) A‚¡ iluv$ k¥ev$ Agu. 9 k¥ev$ Agu Cå‚¡ k¥ev$ lpv$u blê$g Dgyd (S>Þd 1314

haps 1380) L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ A¡L$ byTyN® Aprgd A‚¡ aprTg lsp. s¡Ap¡ ‚S>a‚p byTyNp£dp„’u A¡L$ lsp. s¡Ap¡ OZp dil|f lsp. s¡Ap¡ v$f¡L$ gp¡L$p‚u v$fçep‚ dp‚‚ue lsp. s¡Ap¡‚u Cëdu dS>gukp¡dp„ OZp b^p Aprgdp¡, Av$ubp¡ A‚¡ aprTgp¡ lpS>f

54

Apesyëgpl i¥M kpv$uL$ L$pdyku10

, Aëgpdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kpqv$L$ lL$ud, i¥M lpv$u L$fiu 11 , i¥M Aåvy$g lpv$u ldyTu12 hN¡f¡...

’sp. s¡Ap¡ dpl¡ dp¡lf®d rlS>fu k‚ 1380 dp„ haps ‘pçep. Ap‘¡ "Aëgp¡Agp¡Dg dÞTyd au Alhpguk k¥ev$a blê$g Dgyd' ‚pd‚u qL$spb gMu. Ap‘‚¡ Qpf afT„v$p¡ lsp. X$p¡L$V$f k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$, iluv$ k¥ev$ AgpDØu‚, iluv$ k¥ev$ CTTyØu‚ A‚¡ k¥ev$ dlv$u. 10

s¡Ap¡ dyÒpL$u ‘fl¡TNpf A‚¡ byTyN® Aprgd lsp. s¡Ap¡ M|i A¿gpL$ A‚¡ S>bfv$õs ipef lsp. s¡Ap¡A¡ AdyL$ auL$l A‚¡ Dk|g‚u qL$spbp¡ ‘f aºV$‚p¡V$ gMu lsu. s¡d‚p AiApf‚u qL$spb ‘Z dp¥Sy>v$ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ dpl¡ dybpfL¡$ fdTp‚ rlS>fu k‚ 1423 dp„ Ly$ddp„ haps ‘pçep. 11

i¥M lpv$u L$fiu‚p¡ S>Þd rlS>fu k‚ 1343 dp„ ’ep¡. s¡Ap¡ sL$hp, ‘fl¡TNpfu, ‚¡L$ rkaps, kb° A‚¡ AX$Nsp hN¡f¡... QuÅ¡dp„ â¿eps lsp. s¡Ap¡ Tpgudp¡ kpd¡ r‚X$f lsp A‚¡ gp¡L$p¡‚u dyíL¡$gu‚¡ v|$f L$fhpdp„ dp¡Mf¡ lsp. s¡Ap¡ Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ lL$ud, Apesyëgpl lug DTdp k¥ev$ Aåvy$g L$fud Agu Mp‚, Apes yëgplug DTdp MyC, Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ sL$u blê$g Dgyd

55

lTfs Apesyëgprlg DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC ‚S>adp„ ’‚pfu v$f¡L$ Cëdu b¡W$L$p¡dp„ rifL$s afdphsp A‚¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Cëdu dkpA¡g rhi¡ QQp® rhQpfZp A‚¡ bl¡k L$fsp. Ap b¡W$L$p¡ Cëdu lp¡su A‚¡ s¡dp„ dp¡V$p dp¡V$p Aprgdp¡ ‘Z lpS>f fl¡sp s¡’u S> Ap b¡W$L$p¡dp„ L$p¡C‘Z‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚y„ d„sìe L¡$ rhQpfkfZu bep‚ L$fhp‚u tlds ‚ ’su. ‘f„sy Ap‘ ‘p¡sp‚u Cëdu

hN¡f¡... ‚p ipN}v$ lsp. s¡Ap¡A¡ AdyL$ sL$fufps, spAguL$ps A‚¡ auL$lp¡ Dk|g rhi¡ ’p¡X$u qL$spbp¡ gMu R>¡. 12

i¥M Aåvy$g lpv$u ldyTu Aprgd, apTug A‚¡ auL$lu dÖ¡kp‚p Dõspv$ lsp. s¡Ap¡ ‘Z ‘p¡sp‚p kpfp A¿gpL$‚p L$pfZ¡ OZp dil|f lsp. l„d¡ip s¡Ap¡‚p Of ‘f Aprgdp¡ A‚¡ rhÜp‚p¡‚u Ahf S>hf fl¡su.

56

dlpfs A‚¡ lp¡riepfu‚u kp’¡ Cëdu QQp® L$fsp A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u ‚S>f‚¡ bep‚ L$fsp.

Ap‘‚u sfbues A‚¡ spgud bpm‘Z’u S> iê$ ’C lsu. S>¡’u Ap‘ v$f¡L$ Cëdu bl¡k A‚¡ QQp®dp„ E„X$pZ‘|h®L$ A‚¡ kQp¡V$, spfZ ‘¡i L$fsp. S>¡’u Ap‘‚p¡ Cëdu âcph OZp¡ h^pf¡ lsp¡. A¡ S>dp‚p‚p dilŸf Aprgdp¡, Ap‘‚u A„v$f crhóe‚u A¡L$ dlp‚ lõsu‚¡ Å¡sp A‚¡ Ap‘‚¡ OÏ dp‚ Ap‘sp A‚¡ Ap‘‚p¡ Cëdu õhcph v$f¡L$‚p dpV¡$ ÅZusp¡ lsp¡.

57

s¡Ap¡ ‚S>a¡ Aifa‚p lp¥Tp‚u v$f¡L$ dyíL$¡guAp¡ S>¡dL¡$, Ap¡R>u kNhX$sp, A‚¡L$ dykubsp¡ s¡dS> Apr’®L$ dyíL$¡guAp¡13 hN¡f¡dp„ ‘p¡sp‚u S>hpbv$pfuAp¡‚¡ kpfu fus¡ Av$p L$fsp A‚¡ v$f¡L$ dyíL$¡guAp¡‚p¡ kpd‚p¡ L$fsp. Äepf¡ v$u‚ ‘f Msf‚pL$ lºdgpAp¡ ’sp A‚¡ lºdgp L$f‚pfpAp¡dp„ kp¥’u 13

lp¥T¡ Cëduep ‚S>a‚u Apr’®L$ dyíL$¡guAp¡ A¡V$gu lv$¡ lsu L¡$ OZp b^p CfpL$u spgub¡ Cëdp¡A¡ s¡‚p L$pfZ¡ lp¥Tp‚¡ R>p¡X$u A‚¡ kfL$pfu ‚p¡L$fuAp¡‚¡ A‘‚phu A‚¡ s¡dp„ E„Qp lp¡Øp ky^u ‘Z ‘lp¢Ãep. S>¡dp„’u AdyL$ gp¡L$p¡ Apesyëgpl k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ lL$ud‚p ipNuv$p£ A‚¡ Apesyëgpl k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC‚p kp’uAp¡ ‘Z lsp. A¡ kde¡ lp¥Tpdp„ aL$s ’p¡X$pL$S> spgub¡ Cëdp¡ bpL$u füp L¡$ S>¡Ap¡‚y„ Cdp‚ dS>b|s lsy„ A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u v$u‚u S>hpbv$pfu‚¡ Ýep‚dp„ fpMu‚¡ Cëd¡v$u‚ lp„rkg L$fsp füp A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p dL$kv$‚¡ l„d¡ip Ýep‚dp„ fp¿ey„. Apesyëgpl k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ Agu lL$ud OZu hMs lp¥Tp‚p spgub¡ Cëdp¡ A‚¡ Dõspv$p¡ A‚¡ Mpk L$fu‚¡ lL$ud Mp‚v$p‚ ‘f Aph¡g dykubsp¡‚¡ bep‚ L$fsp.

58

dp¡Mf¡, A„N°¡Å¡ A‚¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ r‚d¡gp s¡ Tdp‚p‚p CfpL$ ‘f ‘p¡sp‚p Mpk dpZkp¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ v$u‚ A‚¡ dTlb‚¡ ‚pb|v$ L$fhp CÃR>sp lsp, s¡Ap¡‚u S>„N lr’epfp¡ hX¡$ ‚ lsu, bëL¡$ Nydfpl A‚¡ Mfpb rhQpfp¡ hX¡$ s¡Ap¡ riepAp¡‚p AL$uv$p ‘f QX$pC L$fsp lsp. A¡ S>dp‚pdp„ Ap‘¡ v$u‚‚u rlapTs‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u S>hpbv$pfu NZu A‚¡ d¡v$p‚dp„ Apìep.

s¡ S>dp‚pdp„ lp¥T¡ Cëduep ‚S>adp„ OZu b^u dyíL$¡guAp¡ lsu ‘Z Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚¡ dTlb¡ A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k.‚u rMv$ds dpV¡$ hL$a L$fu v$u^p lsp A‚¡ L$p¡C‘Z dyíL$¡gu A‚¡

59

k¿suA¡ Ap‘‚¡ Ap dL$kv$’u v|$f ‚ L$ep®.

Ap‘ dS>b|s Cdp‚ kp’¡ k¿su A‚¡ ‘f¡ip‚uAp¡‚p O¡fphdp„ ApNm h^sp füp A‚¡ Cëd¡ v$u‚‚¡ lp„rkg L$fhpdp„ A‚¡ s¡‚¡ a¡gphhpdp„ L$p¡C‘Z Ås‚u ‘pR>u ‘p‚u ‚ L$fu.

lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC lL$ud aL$s qL$spbp¡’u dm¡g ÅZL$pfu ‘f Ap^pf ‚ fpMsp bëL¡$ v$f¡L$ Cëdu hps‚¡ Ýep‚‘|h®L$ r‚lpmsp A‚¡ s¡‚p bfpbf lp¡hp L¡$ ‚ lp¡hp rhi¡ M|bS> ip¡^Mp¡m A‚¡ L$p¡rii L$fsp A‚¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Cëdu

60

spfZp¡‚u ‘fõ‘f kfMpdZu L$fu‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚y„ d„sìe Ap‘sp lsp. S>¡’u Ap‘‚u, ‚S>a¡ Aifa‚p kpl¡b¡ ‚Tf gp¡L$p¡dp„ NZsfu ’su A‚¡ Ap‘¡ ‘¡i L$f¡g ‘p¡sp‚u rhQpfkfZuAp¡ ‘p¡sp‚p Dõspv$p¡ L¡$ buÆ qL$spbp¡’u d¡mh¡g ‚ lsu bëL¡$ s¡ ‘p¡sp‚u Ås dl¡‚s¡ d¡mh¡g lsu.

Ap‘‚y„ Cëdu Æh‚: Ap‘‚u ‘fhfui A‚¡ spgud

rhi¡ ÅÎep bpv$ Ap‘‚p Cëdu Æh‚ ‘f ‚S>f L$fuA¡ sp¡ ÅZhp dmi¡ L¡$ A¡ S>dp‚p‚p byTyNp£‚u ‚S>fdp„ ‘Z Ap‘‚p¡ A¡L$ Mpk v$fÄÅ¡ lsp¡. lTfs Apesyëgplug

61

DTdp dp¡lku‚ lL$ud¡ Äepf¡ Ap‘‚u kgplues-gpeL$ps‚¡ Å¡C Ðepf¡ Ap‘ ‘f ‘p¡sp‚u Mpk ‚S>f fpMu A‚¡ l„d¡ip Ap‘‚p Cëdu õhcph‚p hMpZ L$fsp L$pfZ L¡$ ‘p¡sp‚u crhóe‚u ApfTyAp¡-CÃR>pAp¡‚¡ s¡Ap¡, Ap‘‚p Q¡lfpdp„ Å ¡sp. s¡Ap¡ ÅZsp lsp L¡$ Ap k¥ev$ crhóe‚u A¡L$ dlp‚ lõsu b‚hp‚p R>¡ A‚¡ Ap‘‚u D‘f Apesyëgplug DTdp dp¡lku‚ lL$ud‚¡ ApV$gp¡ cfp¡kp¡ lsp¡ L¡$ ‘p¡sp‚u qL$spb "dyõsdkL¡$ Dfhsyg hyõL$p' ‚u bl¡kp¡‚u ep¡Áe fus¡ ¾$dhpf Np¡W$hZu L$fu, Ýep‚‘|h®L$

62

‚S>f L$fu‚¡ R>‘phhp dpV¡$ s¥epf L$fhp‚u S>hpbv$pfu, Ap‘‚¡ kp¢‘u.

Ap‘‚u Cëdu gpeL$ps A¡V$gu lsu L¡$ Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ lL$ud¡ Ap‘‚p Cëdu Ö[óV²$A¡ î¡óW$ lp¡hp‚y„ A‚¡ Ap‘‚p aprTg A‚¡ dyS>sluv$ lp¡hp‚y„ âdpZ Apàey„ lsy„.

Ap‘ Apesyëgplug DTdp dp¡lku‚ lL$ud A‚¡ Apesyëgplug DTdp i¥M lºk¥‚ rlëgu ‘pk¡’u Cëd lprkg L$fhp‚u kp’¡ kp’¡ bÞ‚¡ byTyNp£‚p ‚¡L$ A¿gpL$’u ‘Z apev$p¡ d¡mhsp lsp A‚¡ Ap bÞ‚¡ byTyNp£A¡ Ap‘‚u Cëdu sfbues‚u

63

kp’¡ kp’¡ Ap‘‚¡ Tp¡lv$, sL$hp, ‘fl¡TNpfu, kb° S>¡hu kpfu rkapsp¡‚p¡ kbL$ ‘Z Apàep¡. Mf¡Mf, v$f¡L$ Aprgd dpV¡$ S>ê$fu R>¡ L¡$ s¡ Cëdu d¡v$p‚‚u kp’¡ Adg‚p d¡v$p‚dp„ ‘Z ApNm h^¡. Ap‘‚p¡ Ap‘‚p Dõspv$ lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp i¥M lºk¥‚¡ rlëgu‚p¡ kp’ A‚¡ A¡d‚u Cëdu b¡W$L$p¡dp„ rifL$s L$fhu A‚¡ Ap‘‚p Mpk v$fkdp„ S>hy hN¡f¡ Ap b y Ap‘‚u sf½$u A‚¡ L$pçepbu dpV¡$ gpcv$peu r‚hX$ey. lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC lL$ud ‘p¡s¡ afdph¡

64

R>¡ L¡$: "d¢ dpfp Dõspv$ i¥M lºk¥‚ rlëgu‚u kp’¡ flu‚¡, s¡d‚p’u S>¡ gpc d¡mìep¡ R>¡ s¡ s¡d‚p v$fkdp„ rifL$s L$fu‚¡ dm¡g apev$p’u h^pf¡ R>¡.'

Ap‘‚p¡ dsgbA¡ ‚’u L¡$ Ap‘ ‘p¡sp‚p Dõspv$‚p v$fk‚¡ lgL$p¡ NZsp lp¡e, bëL¡$ Ap‘‚p¡ dsgb A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap‘‚u kp’¡ fl¡hp‚y dlÐh, Ap‘‚p v$fk L$fsp h^pf¡ R>¡.

dlº®d i¥M lºk¥‚ rlëgu Sy>v$u Sy>v$u S>ÁepAp¡ ‘f Ap‘‚p Cëdu v$fÅ rhi¡ A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u, Ap‘‚p rhi¡‚u ApfTyAp¡‚¡ bep‚ L$fsp A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u Cëdu b¡W$L$dp„ h^pf¡ kde,

65

Ap‘‚p dpV¡$ apmhsp L¡$ S>¡dp„ OZp b^p Aprgdp¡ A‚¡ aprTgp¡ lpS>f lsp.

dlº®d i¥M lºk¥‚ rlëgu‚p A¡L$ ipNuv$® L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ "Apesyëgpl k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ lL$ud Dd°dp„ Adpfp’u ‚p‚p lsp ‘f„sy l„d¡ip Cëdu b¡W$L$dp„ QQp® ’‚pf v$f¡L$ rhjep¡ ‘f s¡Ap¡‚u ‘|f¡ ‘|fu ‚S>f lsu A‚¡ Dõspv$‚u hpsp¡‚¡ Adpfp’u S>ëv$u kdÆ g¡sp S>¡‚p L$pfZ¡ Adp¡‚¡ OZu ‚hpC gpNsu.

Ap‘‚p Dõspv$p¡: 1) Ap‘‚p hprgv$¡ byTyN®hpf lTfs

Apesyëgpl k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ Agu

66

sbpsbpC lL$ud. Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚p hprgv$ ‘pk¡’u âp’rdL$ Cõgpdu spgud, Av$bueps, ‚lh, dÞsuL$, bgpNs, Dk|g¡ auL$l hN¡f¡... s¡dS> lp¥Tp‚p DÃQsf Aæepk‚¡ ‘Z Ap‘¡ s¡d‚p’u d¡mìep¡.

2) Ap‘‚p ‚p‚p lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ lL$ud L¡$ S>¡d‚u ‘pk¡’u auL$l‚p OZp b^p cpN‚u spgud d¡mhu A‚¡ s¡d‚p v$fkp¡‚¡ qL$spb‚p ê$‘dp„ g¿ep.

3) Apesyëgplug DTdp i¥M lºk¥‚ rlëgu. Ap‘¡ auL$l A‚¡ Dk|g‚u

67

spgud Ap‘‚u ‘pk¡’u d¡mhu A‚¡ Ap‘‚p v$fkp¡‚¡ ‘Z qL$spb‚p ê$‘dp„ g¿ep.

4) riepAp¡‚p byTyN® Aprgd A‚¡ byTyN® dfS>A lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ Abyg L$prkd MyC‚p Dk|g‚p v$fkdp„ b¡ hfk rifL$s L$fu A‚¡ Ap‘‚p v$fk‚¡ ‘Z g¿ep.

Ap‘‚u sv$fuk A‚¡ Ap‘‚p ipN}v$p¡:

Ap‘¡ lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚p DÃQsf Aæepk‚¡ k„‘|Z® L$ep® bpv$, v$fk Ap‘hp‚y„ iê$ L$ey. rlS>fu k‚ 1388dp„ Ap‘¡ qL$apesyg Dk|g‚p¡

68

v$fk¡ MpfuS> Ap‘hp‚y iê$ L$ey® A‚¡ rlS>fu k‚ 1392 dp„ s¡‚p ‘l¡gp cpN‚p¡ v$fk ‘|fp¡ ’ep¡. Ðepfbpv$ s¡S> hfkdp„ Ap‘¡ Cëd¡ Dk|g‚p¡ qL$apesyg Dk|g rkhpe AgN’u v$fk Ap‘hp‚y iê$ L$ey® A‚¡ Ap rkgrkgp¡ ‘Z rlS>fu k‚ 1399dp„ ‘|Z® ’ep¡. Ðepfbpv$ Ap‘¡ afu hMs Cëd¡ Dk|g‚p v$fk‚¡ ‘l¡g¡’u iê$ L$ep£ A‚¡ Ap‘‚u rNfaspfu ’hp‚p kdeNpmpdp„ ‘Z Ap‘¡ Ap rkgrkgp‚¡ Åfu fp¿ep¡, S>¡ OZp¡ k¿s A‚¡ dykubs‚p¡ kde lsp¡. Ap‘ rlS>fu k‚ 1403 ’u 1411

69

ky^u S>¡gdp„ lsp. Ðepf¡ ‘Z Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚u Cëdu âh©rs‚¡ ‚ R>p¡X$u.

A‚¡ auL$l‚p¡ v$fk Ap‘hp‚y Ap‘¡ rlS>fu k‚ 1390dp„, i¡M AÞkpfu‚u dL$pkub ‚pd‚u qL$spb hX¡$ iê$ L$ey® A‚¡ s¡ v$fk 1392 dp„ k„‘|Z® ’ep¡ Ðepf bpv$ Ap‘¡ Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ lL$ud‚u qL$spb "rdÞlpSy>õkpg¡lu‚' âdpZ¡ auL$l‚p¡ v$fk Ap‘hp‚y„ iê$ L$ey® S>¡ lSy> ky^u Qpgu füp¡ R>¡. Ap‘‚u ApV$gu b^u Cëdu L$p¡riip¡‚p¡ ‚suÅ¡ Ap‘‚p A¡ ipNuv$p£ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡A¡ Ap‘‚p’u Cëdu apev$p¡ d¡mìep¡ A‚¡ Ap‘‚p

70

v$fkdp„ rifL$s L$fu‚¡ v$fS>A¡ CS>s¡lpv$ ky^u ‘lp¢Ãep A‚¡ AÐepf¡ s¡Ap¡‚u NZsfu ‚S>a A‚¡ Ly$d‚p lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚p b¡lsfu‚ Dõspv$p¡dp„ ’pe R>¡.

Ap‘‚p k„‘pv$‚p¡: Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚p lp’¡ gM¡g ‘p¡sp‚p

Dõspv$p¡‚p v$fkp¡ L¡$ S>¡dp„ OZu b^u Cëdu ÅZL$pfuAp¡ dp¡S|>v$ R>¡. A¡ rkhpe Ap‘¡ ‘p¡s¡ ‘Z OZu b^u qL$spbp¡‚y„ k„‘pv$‚ L$ey¯ R>¡. S>¡ Cëdu vy$r‚epdp„ A¡L$ qL$„dsu MÅ‚p¡ R>¡. S>¡ Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡.

1) "Ag dp¡lL$d au Dk|gug auL$l' S>¡ Cëd¡ Dk|g‚p

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bpfpdp„ R>¡ S>¡‚p R> cpN R>¡. ‘l¡gp b¡ cpNdp„ dbpluk¡ AëapT, dygpT¡dps¡ AL$guep‚u bl¡k R>¡ A‚¡ buÅ b¡ cpNp¡dp„ L$sA, Adpfps, bfpAs, A¡lsueps‚u bl¡kp¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ R>¡ëgp b¡ cpNdp„ Cõsuklpb, sApê$T, CS>s¡lpv$ A‚¡ sL$guv$‚u bl¡kp¡ R>¡.

2) "rdõbplºg rd‚lpS>' Ap qL$spb auL$l¡ Cõsuv$gpgu‚p bpfpdp„ R>¡. s¡‚¡ rd‚lpSy>õkpg¡lu‚ ‚pd‚u

72

qL$spb âdpZ¡ gMhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. S>¡‚p 15 cpN AÐepf ky^u ‘|Z® ’C Q|L$ep R>¡.

S>¡dp„ Ap b^u bl¡kp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

qL$spb¡ CS>s¡lpv$,

qL$spb¡ slpfs,

qL$spb¡ kp¥d,

qL$spb¡ Myçk (Ap bl¡k‚¡ Ap‘¡ S>¡gdp„ gMu lsu),

qL$spb¡ dL$pkub¡ dp¡lf®dp h beA.

3) "Ag L$pau au Dk|gug auL$l' Ap qL$spb Dk|g¡ qaL$l rhi¡

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R>¡. Ap qL$spb‚¡ Ap‘¡ S>¡ghpkdp„ gMu lsu. S>¡dp„ Dk|g¡auL$l‚u bl¡kp¡‚¡ V|„$L$dp„ bep‚ L$f¡g R>¡ A‚¡ b¡ cpNdp„ R>p‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

4) "qL$spby‚ aug Dkygug Adguep' Ap qL$spb‚¡ L¥$v$ Mp‚pdp„ gMhpdp„ Aphu A‚¡ s¡ kde¡ Ap‘‚u ‘pk¡ buÆ L$p¡C qL$spb dp¡S|>v$ ‚ lsu. s¡Ap¡ S>¡gdp„ ‘Z Ap qL$spb‚¡ ‘X$phsp. ‘f„sy Tpgudp¡‚¡ Ap‘‚u Ap qL$spb rhi¡ ÅZ ‚ ’pe A‚¡ qL$spb gMhp‚u kÅ Ap‘‚¡

74

‚ ’pe A¡ A’£ s¡‚¡ ‚óV$ L$fhpdp„ Aphu A‚¡ Ap qL$spb AÐepf¡ dp¡S|>v$ ‚’u. (S>¡gdp„ qL$spb gMhp‚u kÅ ap„ku lsu)

5) fkpA¡g¡ i¥M AÞkpfu ‘f rhNshpf aºV$‚p¡V$, S>¡ R> cpNdp„ R>‘php‚u s¥epfudp„ R>¡.

6) qL$apesyg Dk|g ‘f rhNshpf aºV$‚p¡V$, S>¡‚¡ Ap‘¡ Ap qL$spb‚p¡ v$fk Ap‘su h¡mpA¡ gM¡g A‚¡ s¡ 5 cpNdp„ R> ¡.

75

7) qL$spb¡ dL$pkub ‘f aºV$‚p¡V$, Ap qL$spb‚p¡ v$fk Ap‘su hMs¡ gM¡g S>¡‚p b¡ cpN R>¡.

8) sL$fufps¡ dlº®d Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ lL$ud L¡$ S>¡dp„ Ap b^u bl¡kp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. qL$spb¡ r‚L$pl, qL$spb¡ dyTpf¡Ap, qL$spbyg hkues, qL$spbyTTdp‚, qL$spbyg dyTpf¡bp, qL$spbyírifL$s.

9) sL$fufps¡ dlº®d Apesyëgplug DTdp i¥M

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lºk¥‚¡ rlëgu, Dk|g‚u bl¡k rhi¡.

10) sL$fufps¡ dlº®d Apesyëgplug DTdp i¥M lºk¥‚¡ rlëgu, auL$l‚u bl¡k rhi¡.

11) sL$fufps¡ v$fk¡ Apesyëgplug DTdp MyC. (v$fk‚u ‚p¢ )

12) qL$spbsy‚ dyõsL$uëgsy‚ au MpqfÆg dp¡Apd¡gps, lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp lL$ud Ap qL$spb‚¡ aºfks dmhp ‘f ‘|Z® L$fi¡.

13) "f¡kpgsy‚ Adguep' S>¡dp„ Cbpv$s A‚¡ dp¡Apd¡gps

77

rhi¡ Ap‘‚p ashpAp¡ dp¡Sy>v$ R>¡. Ap qL$spb ÓZ cpNdp„ "rdÞlpSy>õkpg¡lu‚' ‚pd¡ R>p‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

14) d‚prkLy$g lÄS>¡ hg Ddfpl.

15) f¡kpgsy‚ dp¡hÄS>¡lsy‚ gug dyNsf¡bu‚.

16) f¡kpgsy‚ dp¡hÄS>¡lsy‚ gu‚ dp¡bëg¡Nu‚. Ap qL$spb lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚p spgub¡Cëdp¡ dpV¡$ R>¡. S>¡‚p¡ apfku A‚¡ Dv|$®dp„ sfS|>dp¡ ’C Q|L$ep¡ R>¡.

17) dfS>Ces¡ v$u‚u‚p bpfpdp„ b¡ hMs bep‚ L$f¡g S>¡‚¡

78

qL$spb‚u kyfsdp„ R>p‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

18) "dyfi¡vy$g dyNsfub' Ap qL$spb‚¡ Ap‘¡ N¥f Cõgpdu v$¡ip¡dp„ fl¡sp dp¡Ad¡‚u‚ dpV¡$ ‘p¡sp‚p ashp dyS>b gMu R>¡.

19) "auL$lºg L$Tp' S>¡dp„ L$Tphs (Þepe)‚p ‚hp dkpA¡g‚u Cõsuv$gpgu bl¡k R>¡.

20) "au fulpbug AL$uv$p' Ap qL$spbdp„ Ap‘ A‚¡ Å¡X®$‚‚p A¡L$ Aprgd kp’¡ AL$uv$pAp¡ rhi¡ ’e¡g QQp®Ap¡‚¡ gMu R>¡. S>¡‚p ÓZ cpN R>¡.

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21) L$p¡çàeyV$f A‚¡ CÞV$f‚¡V$‚p auL$lu dkpA¡g.

22) auL$lºg Cõsu‚kpMy gbifu.

23) AlL$pdyg auL$luep S>¡ Ap‘‚u sp¥Tulºg dkpA¡g R>¡. S>¡‚p¡ apfku A‚¡ Dv|$®dp„ sfS|>dp¡ ’C Q|L$ep¡ R>¡.

24) "Ag asphp' Ap qL$spbdp„ Ap‘‚¡ ‘|R>hpdp„ Aph¡g Sy>v$p Sy>v$p rhjep¡ ‘f khpgp¡‚p S>hpbp¡ R>¡. S>¡‚p¡ apfkudp„ sfS|>dp¡ ’C Q|L$ep¡ R>¡ A‚¡ s¡‚p¡ ‘l¡gp¡ cpN R>p‘hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡.

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25) f¡kpgsy‚ shÆluesy‚ A¡gg dp¡Ad¡‚u‚ au S>dlºfues¡ ApTfbpeÅ‚ h L$aL$pT. S>¡‚p¡ ApTfu cpjpdp„ sfS|>dp¡ ’ep¡ R>¡.

26) f¡kpgsy‚ shÆluesy‚ A¡gp lºS>ÅS>¡ bersëgplug lfpd.

27) f¡kpgsy‚ aug Dkygues¡ hg AMbpfuepl.

28) f¡kpgsy‚ shÆluesy‚ gug dp¡Ad¡‚u‚ au NugNu h ‚Nf.

Ap‘‚u rNfaspfu A‚¡ S>¡ghpk:

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lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ lL$ud Äepf’u lp¥T¡ Cëduep ‚S>adp„ v$pMg ’ep Ðepf’u S> Dçds¡ Cõgpd‚u k¿suAp¡ A‚¡ dyíL$¡guAp¡’u ÅZL$pf ’ep A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u Ås‚¡ v$f¡L$ dyíL$¡guAp¡‚p¡ kpd‚p¡ L$fhp s¥epf L$fu A‚¡ Nydfpl, s¡dS> Mp¡V$p rhQpfp¡ s’p Tpgud lpL$udp¡‚u kpd¡ dyL$pbgp¡ L$fhp‚¡, ‘p¡sp‚u S>hpbv$pfu kdS>sp lsp. Ap S>hpbv$pfu‚¡ kpfu fus¡ r‚cphhp dpV¡$ Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚u âh©rsAp¡ iê$ L$fu. Ap‘ ‚S>a¡ Aifa‚u v$f¡L$ Cëdu b¡W$L$p¡, dS>gukp¡, dl¡augp¡dp„ rifL$s

82

afdphsp A‚¡ Cõgpd‚p Mfp AL$uv$pAp¡‚¡ gp¡L$p¡‚u kdn bep‚ L$fsp.

A¡V$g¡ S> Ap‘ "S>dpAsyg Ap¡gdp' ‚pd‚u L$d¡V$u L¡$ S>¡ lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ lL$ud‚u v$¡Mf¡M l¡W$m lsu, s¡‚p kæe bÞep A‚¡ s¡dp„ Ap‘‚p¡ kpfp¡ apmp¡ fl¡sp¡ A‚¡ s¡ L$d¡V$u‚p v$f¡L$ W$fph‚¡ R>‘phhpdp„ A‚¡ hl¡Qhpdp„ Ap‘ dv$v$ê$‘ ’sp.

C.k. 1963dp„ Äepf¡ Aåvy$õkgpd Apfua, fpóV²$‘rs bÞep¡ A‚¡ N¥f¡ Cõgpdu L$pev$p L$p‚|‚‚¡ CfpL$ ‘f Qgphhp dpNsp¡ lsp¡ Ðepf¡

83

Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ lL$ud, s¡‚p Ap L$pd‚p¡ rhfp¡^ L$ep® A‚¡ A¡L$ g¡V$fdp„ gp¡L$p¡‚¡ dS>b|f L$fu‚¡ N¡f Cõgpdu L$pev$pAp¡‚¡ d‚phhp‚u, d‚pC L$fu. A¡ g¡V$fdp„ lõspnf L$f‚pfpAp¡dp„’u A¡L$ Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC lL$ud ‘Z lsp.

Äepf¡ "rlTb¡ bAk' ‚pd‚p A¡L$ Tpgud N°y‘¡ CfpL$ D‘f L$pb| d¡mìep¡ A‚¡ Ðep„‚u lºL|$ds, s¡d‚p lp’dp„ Aphu Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ gp¡L$p¡‚¡ X$fphhp ^dL$phhp dpV¡$ L$p¡C‘Z L$pfZhNf A‚¡ Mp¡V$p blp‚p hX¡$ gp¡L$p¡‚¡ rNfaspf L$fhp iê$ L$ep® A‚¡

84

AdyL$‚¡ s¡dp„’u L¡$v$ L$ep®, AdyL$‚¡ dpfu ‚p¿ep A‚¡ AdyL$‚¡ ap„ku Ap‘u.

A¡ kde¡ OZp b^p gp¡L$p¡‚¡ Mbf ‚ lsu L¡$ Ap Tpgud gp¡L$p¡ L¡$ S>¡ CfpL$ ‘f lpL$ud ’ep R>¡. s¡Ap¡‚p¡ l¡sy v$u‚‚¡ ‚pb|v$ L$fhp‚p¡ R>¡. ‘f„sy Ap‘‚¡ Ap hps‚p¡ ¿epg Aphu Nep¡ lsp¡ A‚¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡‚p L$pdp¡’u, Ap‘ Ap hps‚¡ bfpbf kdÆ Q|L$ep lsp S>¡’u Ap‘ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u S>ÁepAp¡ ‘f, v$f¡L$ Cëdu b¡W$L$p¡dp„, s¡ gp¡L$p¡‚p b|fp dL$kv$‚¡ dpZkp¡‚u v$fçep‚ bep‚ L$fsp. Ap‘‚u ApV$gu kdS>iqL$s A‚¡ sL®$‚¡ Å¡C‚¡ s¡ Tdp‚p‚p

85

byTyNp£‚¡ ‘Z ApïQe® ’sy A‚¡ kdekf gp¡L$p¡‚¡ Q¡shsp fl¡hp‚p L$pfZ¡, s ¡ hqX$gp¡ ‘Z Ap‘‚¡ Apv$f cph Ap‘sp.

A¡ S>dp‚p‚u CfpL$‚u kfL$pf¡ Ap‘‚¡ C.k. 1968 ’u CfpL$‚u bplf S>hp‚u d‚pC L$fu lsu. Ap‘‚¡ L$p¡C‘Z S>ÁepA¡ kaf L$fhp‚u fÅ ‚ lsu. aL$s C.k. 1974 dp„ Ap‘‚¡ lS> L$fhp dpV¡$ CfpL$‚u bplf S>hp fÅ dmu A‚¡ Ðepfbpv$ kØpd‚u lºLy$ds‚p A„s ky^u Ap ‘pb„v$u Ap‘ ‘f lsu.

C.k. 1977 dp„ kØpd kfL$pf¡ L$fbgpdp„ Cdpd¡ lºk¥‚ A.k.‚u

86

ATpv$pfu ‘f ‘pb„v$u gNpX$u. CfpL$‚p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p il¡fp¡’u Qpgu‚¡ L$fbgp Aph‚pfp Tìhpfp¡‚¡ rTepfs‚u d‚pC L$fhpdp„ Aphu A‚¡ A¡ dpV¡$ ‘p¡guk‚¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p lr’epfp¡ S> ¡dL¡$ sp¡‘, l¡guL$p¡àV$f, hN¡f¡... ‚u kp’¡ dp¡L$gu L¡$ S>¡’u s¡Ap¡ Cdpd¡ lºk¥‚ A.k. ‚p Tìhpfp¡‚¡ fp¡L$u iL¡$. Apesyëgpl dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ lL$ud‚¡ Äepf¡ Ap hps‚u ÅZ ’C Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ r‚X$fsp A‚¡ dS>b|s Cdp‚‚u kp’¡ ‘p¡sp‚p ’p¡X$p ipNuv$p£‚u kp’¡ ‚S>a’u Qpgu‚¡ L$fbgp S>hp r‚L$ýep. fõspdp„ Dc¡gu ‘p¡guk sfa rbgLy$g Ýep‚ Apàep hNf

87

s¡Ap¡ ApNm hÝep R>¡ A‚¡ L$fbgp ky^u ‘lp¢Qu A‚¡ Cdpd¡ lºk¥‚ A.k.‚u rTepfs L$fu.

CfpL$‚u kfL$pf‚¡ Äepf¡ Ap hps‚u ÅZ ’C Ðepf¡ s¡ OZp b^p Qpgu‚¡ S>‚pfp Tìhpfp¡‚¡ L$Ðg¡Apd L$fhp, OZp b^p‚¡ rNfaspf L$fhp A‚¡ AdyL$‚¡ ap„kuA¡ gV$L$php‚p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$ep£. A¡ Afkpdp„ S> Ap‘‚p¡ L$p¡C A¡L$ kp’u L¡$ S>¡ Tpgudp¡‚p Cfpv$pAp¡‚¡ ÅZsp¡ lsp¡, s¡‚¡ Mbf Ap‘u L¡$ Ap‘‚y ‚pd ‘Z A¡ guõV$dp„ R>¡ S>¡‚¡ rNfaspf L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡. S>¡’u Ap‘ ‘p¡sp‚p afT„v$p¡‚u kp’¡ ‘p¡sp‚y Of R>p¡X$u‚¡ A¡L$ M„X$¡fdp„ Ry>‘u

88

fus¡ fl¡hp gpÁep. S>¡’u s¡Ap¡ A‚¡ s¡d‚p afT„v$p¡ s¡ Tpgudp¡‚p if’u kyfrns flu iL¡$. s¡d‚u Ap S>Áep‚¡ Ap‘‚u ThÅ (‘[Ђ) rkhpe L$p¡C‘Z ÅZsy ‚ lsy„. Åk|kp¡‚u ‚S>fp¡’u Ry>‘pC‚¡ s¡Ap¡ Al] Aphsp A‚¡ Ap‘‚u dygpL$ps g¡sp. Ap‘‚u Ap Ry>‘u fus‚p Æh‚‚p¡ A„s Ðepf¡ Apìep¡ Äepf¡ rNfaspf ’e¡g Tìhpfp¡dp„’u AdyL$‚¡ ap„ku A‚¡ bpL$u‚p‚¡ Dd°L¥$v$‚u kÅ Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu A‚¡ Ap L¡$k‚u apCg‚¡ b„^ L$fhpdp„ Aphu.

C.k. 1979dp„ kØpd dgD‚, Aldv$ lk‚ AgbL$f (‘|h®

89

fpóV²$‘rs)‚¡ lV$phu‚¡ ‘p¡s¡ fpóV²$‘rs‚p ‘v$ ‘f bmS>bfu’u L$åÅ¡ d¡mìep¡. vy$r‚ep‚u L$pauf A‚¡ Tprgd lºL|$dsp¡A¡ s¡‚p¡ kp’ Apàep¡. S>¡’u s¡ A¡ b^pAp¡‚p b|fp dL$kv$p¡‚¡ ‘|fp L$f¡ L¡$ S>¡‚¡ s¡‚p ‘l¡gp‚p gp¡L$p¡ ‘|fp ‚ L$fu iL$ep lsp. s¡‚p lp’dp„ kÒpp Apìep bpv$ gp¡L$p¡ ‘f v$bph hÝep¡ A‚¡ CfpL$uAp¡ ‘f Tyëd‚p ‘lpX$p¡ s|V$ep. Mpk L$fu‚¡ lp¥T¡ Cëduep ‚S>a‚p Ap¡gdp‚u D‘f sp¡ dykubsp¡ A‚¡ dyíL$¡guAp¡‚u hjp® ’C. s¡hp k¿s kde¡ ‘Z Ap‘ lp¥T¡ Cëduepdp„ füp A‚¡ lp¥Tp‚¡ s’p Ðep„‚p spgub¡ Cëdp¡‚¡ A¡L$gp ‚

90

R>p¡X$ep. v$f¡L$ ‘f¡ip‚uAp¡‚p¡ kpd‚p¡ L$ep£ A‚¡ dTlb¡ A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k. s’p Cõgpdu k„õL©$rs‚¡ Mpsf, ‘p¡sp‚u Å‚‚¡ ‘Z v$ph ‘f gNpX$u A‚¡ lp¥Tp‚u A¡L$ Y$pg kdp‚ AX$N fus¡ Dcp füp A‚¡ vy$íd‚p¡‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚p ‚p‘pL$ Cfpv$pAp¡dp„ L$pçepb ’hp’u fp¡L$ep.

A¡ Afkpdp„ Cfp‚dp„, Cõgpdu ¾$p„rs Aphu A‚¡ kØpd¡ Cfp‚ ‘f lºdgp¡ L$ep£. CfpL$-Cfp‚‚u S>„N iê$ ’C. Äepf¡ S>„Ndp„ Cfp‚ sfa’u lºdgpAp¡‚p S>hpb dmhp gpÁep A‚¡ kØpd‚¡ h^pf¡ k¥r‚L$p¡‚u S>ê$f S>ZpC Ðepf¡ s¡Z¡ bNv$pv$dp„ "Ag

91

dp¡Asdê$g Cõgpdu AíiAbu' ‚pd‚p¡ âp¡N°pd fpMhp‚y rhQpey¯ L¡$ S>¡dp„ CfpL$‚p A‚¡ CfpL$‚u bplf‚p Aprgdp¡‚¡ v$phs L$fu A‚¡ s¡Ap¡ ‘pk¡’u, S>„Ndp„ rifL$s L$fhp rhi¡‚p¡ ashp¡ d¡mh¡ S>¡’u kØpd‚p gíL$fdp„ k¥r‚L$p¡‚p¡ h^pfp¡ ’pe A‚¡ Cfp‚ ‘f s¡ rhS>e d¡mhu iL¡$ A‚¡ v$¡Musu hps R>¡ L¡$ Ap L$pd dpV¡$ s¡‚¡ lp¥T¡ Cëduep ‚S>a‚p Ap¡gdp‚u S>ê$f lsu L¡$ s¡Ap¡ ‘Z Ap âp¡N°pddp„ rifL$s L$f¡ A‚¡ Ap fus‚p¡ ashp¡ Ap‘¡ A‚¡ Mpk L$fu‚¡ Mp‚v$p‚¡ lL$ud‚p Aprgdp¡‚u L¡$ S>¡d‚p¡ Cëdu v$fÄÅ¡ ‘Z bg„v$ lsp¡ A‚¡ gp¡L$p¡‚u

92

v$fçep‚ s¡Ap¡ ifpas‚u Ö[óV$A¡ â¿eps lsp. CfpL$‚u A„v$f A‚¡ CfpL$‚u bplf bÞ‚¡ S>ÁepA¡ s¡ Ly$Vy„$b‚y„ ‚pd lsy„.

Ap âp¡N°pddp„ Ap Ly$Vy„$b‚p A¡L$ kæe‚u lpS>fu ‘Z kØpd‚p dpV¡$ A¡L$ kpfu dv$v$ lsu. s¡ Qplsp¡ lsp¡ L¡$ Ap âp¡N°pd‚u ApN¡hp‚u lL$ud Mp‚v$p‚‚p A¡L$ kæe‚¡ kp¢‘¡ A‚¡ s¡d‚p’u Qpl¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ Ap gX$pCdp„ kØpd‚p¡ kp’ Ap‘¡ A‚¡ Cfp‚u Cõgpdu ¾$p„rs‚¡ ‚pb|v$ L$fhpdp„ s¡‚u dv$v$ L$f¡ A‚¡ kp’¡ kp’¡ Aprgdp¡‚u A¡L$ L$d¡V$u‚¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Cõgpdu v$¡ip¡

93

sfa dp¡L$g¡ A‚¡ s¡Ap¡dp„’u L$p¡C Ap âp¡N°pddp„ rifL$s L$f¡.

Ap Mp‚v$p‚ ‘f v$hpb h^sp¡ Nep¡. L$epf¡L$ X$fphsp, ^dL$phsp A‚¡ L$epf¡L$ ^dL$uAp¡ Ap‘u‚¡ Ap âp¡N°pddp„ Aphhp‚u v$phs Ap‘sp.

Ap Ly$Vy„$b¡ L$epf¡ ‘Z Tpgud kØpd‚¡ kp’ ‚ Apàep¡. CfpL$‚u A„v$f Ap‘ A‚¡ Ap‘‚p kNpìlpgpAp¡ s¡‚p¡ rhfp¡ L$fsp A‚¡ CfpL$‚u bplf flu‚¡ lTfs Apesyëgpl k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ bpqL$f lL$ud s¡‚p¡ rhfp¡^ L$fsp.

Äepf¡ s¡ Ap Mp‚v$p‚‚p A¡L$ dpZk‚¡ ‘Z Ap âp¡N°pddp„ lpS>f

94

’hp s¥epf ‚ L$fu iL$ep¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ ‚S>a‚p ‘p¡guk L$duí‚f‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p A¡L$ Mpk dpZk‚u kp’¡ lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lku‚ lL$ud‚p qv$L$fp lºÄS>syg Cõgpd k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ fTp‚p Of ‘f dp¡L$ëep A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚u kp’¡ Ap ‘¥Npd dp¡L$gpìep¡ L¡$ ""kØpd ‘p¡s¡ sdp¡‚¡ Ap âp¡N°pddp„ rifL$s L$fhp‚u v$phs Ap‘u R>¡. A‚¡ sdpfp ‚ Aphhp‚y„ L$p¡C L$pfZ‚¡ dpÞe ‚lu fpM¡ A‚¡ sdpfu N¡flpS>fu‚¡ s¡ ‘p¡sp‚u kp’¡‚u vy$íd‚u kdp‚ NZi¡.''

‘f„sy k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ fTp L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ OZp blpvy$f A‚¡ r‚X$f lsp s¡Ap¡

95

Qp¡¿Mu ‚p ‘pX$u v$u^u A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚pdp„’u L$p¡C‚p ‘Z lpS>f ‚ ’hp rhi¡ s¡‚¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡. kØpd‚p dpZkp¡‚¡ Nyõkp¡ Apìep¡ A‚¡ ^dL$uAp¡ Ap‘hp‚y„ iê$ L$ey¯. ‘f„sy k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ fTp s¡‚p S>hpbdp„ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ sy spfu ApV$gu b^u L$p¡riip¡ kp’¡ "f¡su‚¡ ‘L$ph¡ R>¡.' Ap Afbu cpjp‚u A¡L$ L$l¡hs R>¡ S>¡‚¡ ‚L$pdu L$p¡riip¡ L$f‚pf rhi¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kØpd‚p dpZkp¡ r‚fpi ’C‚¡ Ap‘‚p Of‚u bplf Apìep R>¡ A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p kfv$pf‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u Akamsp‚u ÅZ L$fu.

96

A„sdp„ Ap âp¡N°pd ’ep¡ A‚¡ s¡‚y„ L„$C Mpk ‘qfZpd ‘Z ‚ Apìey„. âp¡N°pd‚p b¡ AW$hpqX$ep ‘R>u kØpd ‘p¡s¡ lL$ud Mp‚v$p‚‚u rNfaspfu‚p¡ lºL$d Apàep¡. S>¡’u A¡ âp¡N°pddp„ s¡Ap¡‚u N¡flpS>fu‚p¡ bv$gp¡ gC iL¡$. Ap Mp‚v$p‚‚y„ dil|f lp¡hp A‚¡ gp¡L$p¡‚u v$frdep‚ s¡‚y dp‚‚ue lp¡hp‚p L$pfZ¡, kØpd‚¡ h^pf¡ Nyõkp¡ Aphsp¡ lsp¡ A‚¡ A„sdp„ 10/05/1983 dp„ Ap Mp‚v$p‚‚p OZp b^p kæep¡‚¡ rNfaspf L$fu A‚¡ S>¡gdp„ dp¡L$ghpdp„ Apìep.

lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC

97

lL$ud, Ap‘‚p hpguv$, cpCAp¡ A‚¡ afT„v$p¡ ‘Z Ap rNfaspfudp„ ipdug lsp. S>¡gdp„ Ap‘‚¡ OZu sL$guap¡ Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu. OZp gp¡L$p¡‚¡ ap„ku Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu ‘f„sy Myv$p‚p gyÐap¡ L$fd’u Ap‘‚u Å‚ bQu NC A‚¡ Ap‘ vy$íd‚p¡‚p if’u kyfrns füp. ’p¡X$p kde bpv$ Ap‘ S>¡g‚p dplp¡g’u ÅZL$pf ’pe R>¡ A‚¡ buÅ b^p L¡$v$uAp¡‚¡ kb° A‚¡ Myv$p ‘f cfp¡kp¡ fpMhp A‚¡ s¡‚u dfÆ ‘f fpÆ fl¡hp‚u ‚kuls L$fu A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚¡ ‚pDçduv$ ’hp’u bQpìep A‚¡ S>¡gdp„S> sakuf¡ Ly$fAp‚‚p¡ v$fk iê$ L$ep£. A¡ kde¡ Ap‘‚u ‘pk¡

98

L$p¡C qL$spb ‚ lsu. aL$s A¡L$ ‚p‚y A‚¡ blº S|>‚y Ly$fAp‚ ifua lsy„. Ap hps‚u ÅZ kØpd‚p gp¡L$p¡‚¡ ’C R>¡ A‚¡ s¡Ap¡ Ap‘‚u apCgdp„ Ap hps‚¡ ‚p¡V$ L$fu. kØpd‚p lºL$d âdpZ¡ S>¡gdp„ v$u‚u âh©rs L$fhp‚u kÅ, ap„ku lsu. S>¡’u Ap‘ Ap v$fk‚¡ R>p¡X$hp ‘f dS>b|f ’ep ‘f„sy S>¡g‚p rk‘pluAp¡‚u ‚S>fp¡’u Ry>‘pC‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u Cëdu b¡W$L$p¡‚¡ iê$ fpMu. A‚¡ v$f¡L$ v$u‚u dy‚pk¡bs S>¡dL¡$ rhgpv$s, ilpv$s kde¡ s¡Ap¡ sL$fuf L$fsp A‚¡ S>hp‚p¡‚¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ ‘Z s¡Ap¡‚u kp’¡ S>¡gdp„ lsp, A¡ dS>gukp¡dp„ aTpA¡g A’hp

99

L$kuv$pAp¡ ‘X$hp‚y„ L$l¡sp. Ap fus¡ s¡Ap¡ S>¡gdp„ ‘Z v$u‚u L$pdp¡‚¡ A„Åd Ap‘sp.

Ap‘‚p¡ AbyNyf¥bdp„ S>¡ghpk: C.k. 1985 dp„ kØpd‚p

dpZkp¡ Ap‘‚¡, Ap‘‚p Ly$Vy„$buS>‚p¡ kp’¡ bNv$pv$‚u S>¡gdp„’u Aby Nyf¥b ‚pd‚u A¡L$ Msf‚pL$ A‚¡ cep‚L$ S>¡gdp„ dp¡L$ëep. s¡ S>¡gdp„ gC S>hp ‘l¡gp Ap‘‚p Mp‚v$p‚‚p 16 kæep¡‚¡ iluv$ L$fhpdp„ Apìep. A¡ S>¡g A¡V$gu cep‚L$ lsu L¡$ s¡‚p ‚pd‚¡ kp„cmu‚¡ CfpL$u ^°yS>hp gpNsp. s¡ S>¡gdp„ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p cpN lsp. S>¡dp„’u AdyL$ cpNp¡ A¡hp lsp

100

L¡$ S>¡ rbgLy$g ‘¡L$ lsp. Äep„ L$p¡C‚u kp’¡ lmhp dmhp‚u fÅ ‚ lsu. s¡dp„ S>¡ L¡$v$u‚¡ gC S>hpsp¡ s¡ Qp¡½$k ‘Z¡ Ðep„’u bplf r‚L$mhp’u ‚pDçduv$ ’C S>sp¡. lL$ud Mp‚v$p‚‚p kpv$ps‚¡ s¡hp Msf‚pL$ cpNdp„ fpMhpdp„ Apìep lsp. Sy>v$p Sy>v$p b¡ rhcpNdp„ s¡Ap¡‚¡ L¥$v$ L$fhpdp„ Apìep lsp, A¡ fus¡ L¡$ Ap‘kdp„ A¡L$buÅ rhi¡ L„$C ‘Z ÅZL$pfu ‚ dm¡.

Aphp k¿s kde¡ ‘Z Ap Ly$Vy„$b‚p kæep¡A¡ ‘p¡sp‚u Cëdu âh©rsAp¡‚¡ ‚ R>p¡X$u A‚¡ lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$

101

kCv$ sbpsbpCA¡ Ap S>¡gdp„ ‘p¡sp‚p kp’uAp¡‚¡ v$fk Ap‘hp¡ iê$ L$ep£. S>¡gdp„‚p¡ Ap cpN rbgLy$g Ry>‘pA¡gp¡ lsp¡ S>¡’u Ap cpNdp„ S>¡g‚p rk‘pluAp¡‚u Ahf S>hf rbgLy$g Ap¡R>u lsu A‚¡ Ap rkhpe S>¡g‚p Ap cpNdp„, L¡$v$uAp¡‚u v$fçep‚, A¡L$Ås‚u budpfu a¡gpA¡gu lsu. S>¡‚p L$pfZ¡ ‘Z rk‘pluAp¡ Ap cpNdp„ Ap¡R>p Aphsp A‚¡ Äepf¡ Aphsp Ðepf¡ ‘p¡sp‚p dp¡Y$pAp¡ ‘f ê$dpg bp„^u‚¡ Aphsp. Apd, S>¡gdp„ Ap‘‚¡ Cëdu L$pdp¡ L$fhp‚u A¡L$ kpfu sL$ dmu.

102

S>¡gdp„ Ap‘‚u Cëdu A‚¡ v$u‚u âh©rsAp¡:

lL$ud Mp‚v$p‚dp„‚p AdyL$ kæep¡, L¡$v$ ’hp ‘l¡gp Ap‘‚p v$fk¡ MpqfS>dp„ rifL$s L$fsp lsp A‚¡ Ap‘‚p ipN}v$ lsp. S>¡’u Ap‘¡ auL$l A‚¡ Dk|g‚p v$fk¡ MpfuS>‚u iê$Aps L$fu A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚ ¡ v$fk Ap‘hp‚y iê$ L$ey.

s¡dS> v$f¡L$ v$u‚u dy‚pk¡bps A‚¡ v$u‚u - dTlbu s¡lhpfp¡‚u spfuMp¡dp„ Ap‘ s¡Ap¡‚u v$fçep‚ sL$fuf L$fsp A‚¡ Cëdu hpsp¡‚¡, s¡dS> Ap‘‚¡ ‘|R>hpdp„ Aph¡g khpgp¡‚p S>hpb Ap‘sp.

103

Ap‘¡ s¡ kdeNpmpdp„ AdyL$ qL$spbp¡ ‘Z gMu R>¡. S>¡ Ap dyS>b R>¡.

(1) "v$hfsy‚ au s¡lTub¡ Cëdug Dkyg' S>¡‚¡ Ap‘¡ ApTpv$ ’ep bpv$ k„‘|Z® L$fu A‚¡ s¡‚¡ "Ag L$pau aug Dk|g'‚p ‚pd¡ R>p‘hpdp„ Aphu.

(2) "qL$spbyg Myçk' Ap qL$spb auL$lu Cõsuv$gpgu R>¡ S>¡dp„ Ap‘¡ Ap‘¡g v$fk, bl¡kp¡‚¡ gMhpdp„ Aphu.

(3) "qL$spby‚ au dbpl¡kug Dk|gug Cëduep' Ap qL$spb‚¡ Ap‘¡ ‘p¡s¡ ‘p¡sp‚u epv$iqL$s dyS>b gMu lsu. ‘f„sy L$pfZ L¡$, S>¡gdp„ qL$spb

104

gMhp‚u kÅ ap„ku lsu. S>¡’u kØpd‚p dpZkp¡, S>¡g‚u sgpiu g¡hp Aph¡ s¡ ‘l¡gpS> Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚p lp’¡ s¡ qL$spb‚¡ ‚óV$ L$fu ‚pMu.

(4) qL$spby‚ au kufsuÞ‚bu k.A.h. h ACçdp A.dy.k. Ap qL$spb‚¡ ‘Z Ap‘¡ s¡ kde¡ ‘p¡sp‚u ‘pk¡ L$p¡C qL$spb ‚ lp¡hp‚p L$pfZ¡ ‘p¡sp‚u epv$iqL$s‚u dv$v$ hX¡$ gMu. ‘f„sy Äepf¡ Ap‘‚¡ kØpd‚p dpZkp¡‚p Aphhp‚u ÅZ ’C, Ðepf¡ s¡‚¡ ‘Z Ap‘¡ ‚pb|v$ L$fu ‚pMu.

S>¡gdp„ Ap‘‚u kpdpÆL$ âh©rsAp¡:

105

S>¡g‚p¡ dplp¡g A‚¡ Ðep„‚y hpsphfZ OÏ Mfpb lsy„. Ðep„ ep¡Áe fus¡ õhÃR>sp ‚ lp¡hp‚p L$pfZ¡, L¡$v$uAp¡‚u v$fçep‚ A‚¡L$ Ås‚p Q¡‘u fp¡N a¡gpe¡gp lsp. L¡$v$uAp¡‚u lpgs A¡ lsu L¡$ ‚ s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp‚p bpg bÃQpAp¡ rhi¡ L„$C ÅZsp lsp, ‚ s¡Ap¡‚p bpg bÃQpAp¡‚¡ s¡d‚p rhi¡ L„$C Mbf lsu. A¡ b^p L¡$v$uAp¡‚u v$fçep‚ AdyL S>hp‚p¡ ‘Z Å¡hp dmsp L¡$ S>¡Ap¡‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p dp-bp‘’u Sy>v$p L$fhpdp„ Apìep lsp. s’p AdyL$ TCa gp¡L$p¡ ‘Z lsp L¡$ S>¡Ap¡‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p bpg bÃQpAp¡’u Sy>v$p L$fhpdp„ Apìep lsp. s¡Ap¡ OZu b^u

106

dyíL$ugp¡‚u kp’¡ budpf ‘Z lsp. Äepf¡ s¡ b^p L¡$v$uAp¡’u kØpd‚p dpZkp¡ Üpfp ‘yR>‘fR> L$fhpdp„ Aphsu Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡‚¡ dpf dpfhpdp„ Aphsp¡ s’p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p kp^‚p¡ hX¡$ s¡Ap¡‚¡ ‘uX$p Ap‘hpdp„ Aphsu. A¡ b^u ‘uX$pAp¡ A‚¡ Y$p¡f dpf‚¡ kl‚ L$fhp¡, S>hp‚p¡ dpV¡$ ‘Z iL$e ‚ lsp¡. A¡ S>hp‚p¡ L¡$ S>¡‚p¡ L$p¡C Ny‚p¡l ‚ lsp¡. L„$C L$pfZ hNf s¡Ap¡ Ap Tprgdp¡‚p lp’¡ gpNu Nep lsp L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ aL$s Tyëd L$fhp‚y ÅZ¡ R>¡.

A¡ S>¡gdp„ L¡$v$uAp¡‚¡ A¡hp dykubs‚p kde¡ Aphp b^p Tyëdp¡‚¡ kl‚ L$fhp A‚¡ s¡‚p ‘f kb° L$fhp

107

dpV¡$ A¡L$ A¡hp kp’u‚u S>ê$f lsu L¡$ S>¡ bp‘‚u S>¡d dpepmy lp¡e A‚¡ Ap b^u dykubsp¡dp„ s¡‚¡ qv$gpkp¡ Ap‘sp¡ lp¡e A‚¡ s¡‚p A¡L$gp‘Zp‚¡ v|$f L$fsp¡ lp¡e. Ap DZ‘‚¡ lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC lL$ud¡ ‘|fu L$fu A‚¡ L¡$v$uAp¡‚p s|V¡$gp qv$gp¡ dpV¡$ dfld bÞep. Ap‘ rbdpf L¡$v$uAp¡‚u Mbf ‘|R>sp fl¡sp A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚y Ýep‚ fpMsp, Å¡L¡$ S>¡gdp„ CgpS> dpV¡$ L$p¡C X$p¡L$V$f ‚ lp¡sp. rbdpfuAp¡ A‚¡ T¿dp¡ gp„bp kde¡ Ap‘p¡Ap‘ MÐd ’C S>sp. buÅ AdyL L¡$v$uAp¡‚u kp’¡ r‚fps¡ b¡ku‚¡ hpsQus L$fsp S>¡’u

108

s¡Ap¡‚p qv$g‚p¡ cpf lmhp¡ ’pe. S>hp‚p¡ kp’¡ hpsQus L$fu‚¡, s¡Ap¡‚p Cfpv$p‚¡ dS>b|s L$fsp A‚¡ s¡d‚u d½$dsp‚¡ h^pfsp. L$p¡C‘Z L¡$v$u‚¡ L„$C ‘Z dyíL¡$gu Aphsu sp¡ Ap‘ s¡‚¡ v|$f L$fhp‚u L$p¡rii L$fsp.

Ap fus¡ hfkp¡ rhsu Nep ‘R>u kØpd‚p gp¡L$p¡A¡ L$p¡C L$pfZp¡kf S>¡g‚p Ap rhcpN‚¡ L¡$ S>¡dp„ lL$ud Ly$Vy„$bu‚p kæep¡ lsp, ’p¡X$u Ry>V$ Ap‘u A‚¡ L$epf¡L$ L$epf¡L$ ‘p¡sp‚p Ly$Vy„$buS>‚p¡ kp’¡ dygpL$ps‚u fÅ Ap‘u. Äepf¡ Apesyëgpl dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ lL$ud‚p kNpìlpgpAp¡ Ap‘‚¡ dmhp Aphsp Ðepf¡ Ap‘ s¡Ap¡‚u

109

kp’¡ h^pf¡ âdpZdp„ v$hp, ‘p¡ipL$, Mpf¡L$ hN¡f¡... d„Nphsp S>¡’u s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp‚u kp’¡ kp’¡ buÅ b^p L¡$v$uAp¡‚u S>ê$fsp¡‚¡ ‘Z ‘|fu L$fu iL¡$. Ap‘‚p kNpìlpgpAp¡ Ap b^u QuÅ¡‚¡ OZu b^u dyíL¡$guAp¡‚u kp’¡ S>¡g ky^u ‘lºQpX$sp A‚¡ L¡$v$uAp¡‚u b‚u iL¡$ s¡V$gu dv$v$ L$fsp. Ap‘ ‘p¡sp‚p A¡ Ly$Vy„$buS>‚p¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp‚u kp’¡ S>¡gdp„ lsp s¡Ap¡‚¡ buÅ L¡$v$uAp¡‚u kp’¡ kpfp A¿gpL$ hX¡$ hs®hp‚u cgpdZ L$fsp A‚¡ A¡L$buÅ‚u dv$v$ L$fhp rhi¡ L$l¡sp A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚y Ýep‚ fpMhp dpV¡$ L$l¡sp.

110

lÆ ‘Z Ap‘‚u kp’¡ S>¡gdp„ fl¡gp AdyL$ kp’uAp¡ A¡ kde‚p b‚php¡‚¡ epv$ L$f¡ R>¡ A‚¡ S>hp‚p¡ dpV¡$ bep‚ L$f¡ R>¡ A‚¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ ‘f iy„ rhÐey! A‚¡ A¡ kde¡ Apesyëgpl dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ lL$ud¡ s¡Ap¡‚p¡ L¡$V$gp¡ kp’ Apàep¡!!

lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC lL$ud Aby Nyf¥b ‚pd‚u S>¡gdp„ A¡ k¿s qv$hkp¡dp„ ‘p¡sp‚p afT„v$p¡‚¡ L$l¡sp L¡$ "Ap‘Zp S>¡gdp„ Aphhp‚p¡ Å¡ L„$C apev$p¡ ‚ lp¡e rkhpe A¡ L¡$ Ap‘Z¡ buÅ b^p L¡$v$uAp¡‚u kp’¡ flu‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚p Nd‚¡ Ap¡R>p¡ L$fu

111

iL$uA¡ A‚¡ s¡d‚p vy$:Mdp„ s¡Ap¡‚p cpNuv$pf b‚u iL$uA¡ sp¡ ApV$gyS> Ap‘Zp dpV¡$ L$pau R>¡.'

‘yR>‘fR> kde¡ Ap‘‚p¡ kb°: CfpL$dp„ L¡$v$uAp¡‚¡ ‘|R>‘fR> kde¡

Sy>v$p Sy>v$p sfuL$pAp¡’u CÅ ‘lp¢QpX$hpdp„ Aphsu S>¡’u s¡‚u ‘pk¡’u ‘p¡sp‚u CÃR>p dyS>b bep‚ d¡mhu iL¡$. Apesyëgpl lL$ud ‘p¡s¡ ‘Z Aphp sfuL$pAp¡’u kyfrns ‚ füp A‚¡ Ap‘‚¡ S>¡gdp„ rhrh^ fus¡ CÅ ‘lp¢QpX$hpdp„ Aphsu A‚¡ Ap‘‚¡ dpf dpfhpdp„ Aphsp¡.

Mpk L$fu‚¡ C.k. 1991 dp„ kØpd‚p¡ S>dpC L¡$ S>¡‚y ‚pd "L$pdug

112

suL$fusu' lsy, S>¡‚¡ Ap S>hpbv$pfu kp¢‘hpdp„ Aphu lsu A‚¡ s¡ S>¡gdp„ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u fus¡ L¡$v$uAp¡ ‘f AÐepQpf L$fsp¡. s¡Z¡ Ap‘‚¡ MybS> ‘f¡ip‚ L$ep®. Ap‘‚¡ b‚u iL¡$ s¡V$gu L$p¡riip¡ hX¡$ CÅ ‘lºQpX$u ‘f„sy Ap‘‚u kb° A¡V$gu lsu L¡$ s¡‚¡ lpf dp‚hu ‘X$u A‚¡ L$l¡hy ‘X$ey L¡$ "spê$ ifuf OÏ ‚bmy R>¡ ‘R>u ip dpV¡$ sy Adpfp L$l¡hp âdpZ¡ bep‚ ‚’u Ap‘sp¡. S>¡’u s‚¡ Alu’u Ry>V$L$pfp¡ dm¡.'

S>¡ fus¡ Ap‘ kb° L$fsp A‚¡ Aëgpl ‘f cfp¡kp¡ fpMsp s¡ fus¡ buÅ L¡$v$uAp¡‚¡ ‘Z Ap dykubs ‘f kb°‚u cgpdZ L$fsp A‚¡ A¡ b^u

113

dyíL¡$guAp¡‚¡ c|gphhp dpV¡$ Ap‘ L¡$v$uAp¡ kp’¡ lku dÅL$ L$fsp, s¡Ap¡‚¡ lkphsp A‚¡ tlds fpMhp‚y L$l¡sp. gp¡L$p¡ Äepf¡ Ap‘‚¡ Å¡sp L¡$ Ap‘ ‘f ‘Z s¡Ap¡‚u dpaL$ AÐepQpf ’C füp R>¡ A‚¡ s¡Ap¡ tlds ‚’u lpfsp. S>¡’u gp¡L$p¡‚p Cfpv$pAp¡ ‘Z dS>bys ’sp. Ap‘‚u Ap hps‚u Akf L¡$v$uAp¡ ‘f A¡V$gu ’C L¡$ hfkp¡ rhshp R>sp s¡ b^p A¡ b‚php¡‚¡ epv$ L$f¡ R>¡ A‚¡ buÅAp¡ dpV¡$ bep‚ L$f¡ R>¡.

A„sdp„ L$p¡C dõg¡ls‚p L$pfZ¡ CfpL$‚u kfL$pf 5 rTëL$pv$ rlS>fu k‚ 1411 dp„ OZpb^p gp¡L$p¡‚¡

114

ap„ku Ap‘hp bpv$, bpL$u bQ¡gp L¡$v$uAp¡‚¡ ApTpv$ L$ep® ‘Z ApTpv$u kde¡ ‘Z Ap‘ ‘f‚p v$bphdp„ L$du ‚ ’C. CfpL$‚u kfL$pf¡ Ap‘‚¡ dS>b|f L$ep® L¡$ Ap‘ riepAp¡‚u dfS>Ces‚¡ L$b|g L$f¡ A‚¡ Ðepfbpv$ s¡Ap¡‚p L$l¡hp ‘°dpZ¡ A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚u CÃR>p dyS>b Adg L$f¡. ‘f„sy Ap‘ lfrNT s¡ is®‚¡ dpÞe ‚ fpMu A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚¡ Qp¡¿Mu ‚p ‘pX$u. s¡Ap¡‚¡ ÅZ lsu L¡$ s¡Ap¡‚u is®‚¡ dpÞe ‚ fpMhu, s¡ dyiL¡$guAp¡‚¡ Apd„ÓZ Ap‘hp kdp‚ R>¡. Ap‘ ‘p¡sp‚u Ås‚¡ v$f¡L$ dykubsp¡‚p¡ kpd‚p¡ L$fhp s¥epf L$fu A‚¡ õ‘óV$sp’u A¡gp‚

115

L$ey¯ L¡$ "riepAp¡‚u dfS>Ces Tpgud lºL|$ds’u rbgLy$g AgN R>¡.'

ApTpv$u ‘R>u CfpL$‚u kfL$pf¡ Ap‘ ‘f Sy>v$u Sy>v$u ‘pb„v$u gNpX$u S>¡dL¡$, Ap‘‚u qL$spbp¡‚¡ R>p‘hp, Ap¡gdp‚¡ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u S>ÁepAp¡ ‘f sbguN A’£ dp¡L$ghp, gp¡L$p¡‚u Apr’®L$ dv$v$ L$fhp, s¡dS> L$p¡C‘Z v$u‚u L$pdp¡‚¡ A„Åd v$¡hp‚u, Ap‘ ‘f k¿s ‘pb„v$u lsu A‚¡ Ap b^p L$pdp¡‚u Qp¡¿Mu d‚pC lsu. Ðep„ ky^u L¡$ ib¡ Sy>çdp‚p Ap‘ Cdpd¡ lºk¥‚ A.k.‚p lfd‚p kl¡‚dp„ S>dpAs ‚dpT ‘X$phsp s¡‚u ‘Z Ap‘‚¡ d‚pC L$fhpdp„ Aphu (Ap‘

116

v$f ib¡ Sy>çdp‚p L$fbgp S>sp„ A‚¡ Ðep„ ‚dpT¡ S>dpAs L$pA¡d L$fsp).

ApV$gu b^u ‘pb„v$uAp¡ kp’¡ ‘Z Ap‘ ‚S>a¡ Aifadp„ ‘p¡sp‚u S>hpbv$pfuAp¡‚¡ Ry>‘u fus¡ Av$p L$fsp. lÅfp¡ ersdp¡ A‚¡ b¡hpAp¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡‚p dv$p£‚¡ iluv$ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡g. s¡Ap¡‚u Apr’®L$ dv$v$ L$fsp A‚¡ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u S>ÁepA¡ Aprgdp¡‚¡ såguN A’£ dp¡L$gsp.

C.k. 2001 dp„ (kØpd‚u lºL|$ds‚p A„s‚p A¡L$ hfk ‘l¡gp) Ap‘ CgpS> dpV¡$ CfpL$‚u bplf Nep. Ðep„‚p OZp b^p dp¡Ad¡‚u‚ Ap‘‚¡ afu ‘pR>p CfpL$ ‚ S>hp

117

rh‚„su L$fu, Mpk L$fu‚¡ Äepf¡ Ad¡fuL$p‚p lºdgp‚p¡ ce lsp¡ ‘f„sy Ap‘¡ lfrNT s¡‚¡ L$b|g ‚ L$ey¯ A‚¡ afu ‘pR>p ‚S>a‚p lp¥Tp‚u rlapTs dpV¡$ CfpL$ Apìep. Ap‘¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡‚p S>hpbdp„ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ Ap‘‚¡ CfpL$ ‚ S>hp‚y L$l¡sp, afdpìey„ L¡$ "Å¡ lº„ CfpL$ ‚ ÅD sp¡ iL$e R>¡ L$¡ OZp b^p dp¡Adu‚p¡ ‚pDduv$ ’C S>i¡, lp¥T¡ Cëduep ‚S>a‚¡ ‘Z OÏ ‚yL$kp‚ ’pe A‚¡ gp¡L$p¡ rhQpfi¡ L¡$ lº„ A¡L$ aºfks‚u sgpidp„ lsp¡ L¡$ S>¡‚¡ d¡mhu‚¡ lº„ CfpL$uAp¡‚¡ dykubsdp„ R>p¡X$u‚¡ s¡d‚p’u v|$f ’ep¡

118

A‚¡ A¡‚p L$pfZ¡ buÅ gp¡L$p¡ ‘Z lp¥Tp‚¡ A‚¡ CfpL$‚¡ R>p¡X$hp gpNi¡.'

Ap‘ ‘f Tpgud lºL|$ds‚p¡ OZp¡ v$bph füp¡ A‚¡ Ap lºL|$ds¡ ‘p¡sp‚p ApMfu qv$hkp¡dp„ ‘Z Ap‘‚p’u Qpüy L¡$ Ap‘ lºL|$ds‚p¡ kp’ Ap‘sp ‘p¡sp‚y A¡L$ bep‚ Ap‘¡. ‘f„sy Ap‘¡ s¡‚p¡ AõhuL$pf L$ep£ A‚¡ A„sdp„ s¡ Tpgud lºL|$ds‚p¡ A„s Apìep¡.

Ap‘‚u dfS>Ces: Ap‘, ‘p¡sp‚u S>hp‚u’u S> v$fk

A‚¡ bl¡kdp„ díN|g lsp. Ap‘

119

v$fk ‘Z Ap‘sp A‚¡ qL$spbp¡ ‘Z gMsp. Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚u b^u L$p¡riip¡‚¡ lp¥T¡ Cëduep ‚S>a‚p S>hp‚p¡‚u Cëdu ÅZL$pfu‚¡ h^pfhp dpV¡$ L$pd¡ gNpX$u. lp¥T¡ Cëduepdp„ Ap‘‚¡ Ap‘‚p Cëdu dfsbp‚p L$pfZ¡ gp¡L$p¡ Ap¡mMsp A‚¡ ÅZsp L¡$ Ap‘ lp¥Tp‚p byTyN® Aprgdp¡dp„’u A¡L$ R>¡. Ap‘ Cëdu âh©rsAp¡‚u kp’¡ kp’¡ kb° A‚¡ A¿gpL$‚p ‚d|‚p lsp. Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚u ‘|fu L$p¡riip¡ hX¡$ lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚u OZu rMv$ds L$fu R>¡.

Apesyëgplug DTdp MyC‚u haps bpv$, gp¡L$p¡ v$u‚u dkpA¡gdp„ Ap‘‚p sfa fS|> L$fsp. A‚¡ OZp

120

b^p Aprgdp¡ A‚¡ dp¡Adu‚p¡A¡ Ap‘‚¡ dfS>Ces L$b|g L$fhp rhi¡ rh‚„su L$fu Ðep„ ky^u L¡$ CfpL$‚u bplf‚p Aprgdp¡A¡ A‚¡ dfpS>¡A¡ ‘Z Ap‘‚¡ dfS>Ces L$b|g L$fhp rhi¡ L$üy„.

Ap‘¡ kdpS>, lp¥T¡ Cëduep A‚¡ dfS>Ces‚u v$fçep‚‚p k„b^‚¡ dS>b|s b‚phhp‚u OZu L$p¡riip¡ L$fu füp R>¡ A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u dfS>A sfuL¡$‚u S>hpbv$pfu‚¡ kpfu fus¡ r‚cphu füp R>¡. s¡ Å¡e‚¡ riepAp¡‚¡ CÐdu‚p‚ ’pe R>¡ L¡$ lp¥T¡ Cëduep A‚¡ dfS>Ces s¡Ap¡‚p v$u‚ A‚¡ vy$q‚ep dpV¡$ Adp‚sv$pf R>¡.

121

s¡Ap¡ l„d¡ip Dk|g¡ v$u‚, AlL$pd¡ auL$lu s’p A¿gpL¡$ Cõgpdu, S>¡‚¡ Aprgdp¡‚u A¡L$ ‚õg¡ buÆ ‚õg ‘pk¡’u hpfkpdp„ d¡mìey R>¡. s¡dS> S>¡‚¡ Ly$fAp‚ s’p kyÞ‚s hX¡$ lp„kug L$fhpdp„ Apìey R>¡. s¡‚p ‘f M|bS> spL$uv$ L$fsp. s¡Ap¡ Ap b^u QuÅ¡‚u rlapTs L$fhp‚u A‚¡ L$p¡C‘Z k„Å¡Np¡dp„ s¡‚¡ ‚ R>p¡X$hp‚u cgpdZ L$fsp.

Ap‘¡ A¡ S>dp‚pdp„ dfS>Ces‚¡ L$b|g L$fu L¡$ Äepf¡ vy$r‚ep‚p v$f¡L$ M|Zpdp„ dp¡Adu‚p¡ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u dyíL¡$guAp¡dp„ lsp. Ap‘¡ Ap dp¡V$u S>hpbv$pfu‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p rif¡ gu^u S>¡’u

122

Ap‘ ‘Z buÅ dfpS>¡A‚u kp’¡ v$u‚¡ Cõgpd‚u h^ydp„ h y rMv$ds L$fu iL¡$.

lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚u rMv$ds: l„d¡ip lp¥T¡ Cëduep vy$íd‚p¡‚u

‚S>fdp„ füp¡ R>¡. lp¥Tp‚u kpd¡ OZp b^p auЂpAp¡ s’p vy$íd‚p¡‚p L$phÓpAp¡ A‚¡ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u ‘f¡ip‚uAp¡ lsu. S>¡’u s¡‚u S>hpbv$pfu ‘Z OZu h^pf¡ lsu. lTfs Apesyëgplug DTdp k¥ev$ dp¡lçdv$ kCv$ sbpsbpC lL$ud, lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚p spgub¡ Cëdp¡‚u ‘fhfui ‘f blº h^pf¡ Ýep‚ Ap‘sp L¡$ s¡Ap¡ Cëd‚u kp’¡ kp’¡ sL$hp, ‘fl¡TNpfu

123

A‚¡ A¿gpL¡$ Cõgpdu‚¡ ‘Z lp„qkg L$f¡. lpgdp„ k¡L$X$p¡ spgub¡ Cëd R>¡ L ¡$ S>¡Ap¡ Ap‘‚u ‚S>f l¡W$m Cëdu ‘fhfui ‘pdu füp R>¡ A‚¡ AÐepf¡ s¡Ap‚u b^uS> S>ê$fsp¡, Ap‘‚u v$¡Mf¡M l¡W$m ‘|fu ‘pX$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Cëd lp„rkg L$fhp S>¡ QuÅ¡‚u S>ê$fs lp¡e R>¡. s¡‚u Ap‘ spgub¡ Cëdp¡ dpV¡$ ìehõ’p L$f¡ R>¡ A‚¡ v$f dlu‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚¡ A‘psp MQ®dp„ ‘Z Ap‘¡ h^pfp¡ L$ep£ S>¡’u s¡Ap¡‚¡ L$p¡C‘Z Ås‚u Apr’®L$ dyíL¡$guAp¡‚p¡ kpd‚p¡ ‚ L$fhp¡ ‘X¡$. Ap‘¡ lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚p spgub¡ Cëdp¡ dpV¡$ A¡L$ ‘¥Npd bplf ‘pX$ep¡ S>¡dp„ s¡Ap¡‚¡ ’p¡X$u ‚kulsp¡

124

L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. S>¡dp„’u AdyL$‚¡ Adp¡ Alu fS|> L$fuA¡ R>uA¡.

Ap‘¡ syëgpb‚¡ L$f¡g ‚kulsp¡:

(1) sL$hp‚y„ Ýep‚ fpMu kdpS> dpV¡$ ‚d|‚p b‚p¡:

Ap‘ hpf„hpf spL$uv$ L$f¡ R>¡ A‚¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L¡$ Aprgd¡v$u‚ dpV¡$ sL$hp M|bS> S>ê$fu R>¡. S>¡’u s¡Ap¡, gp¡L$p¡ dpV¡$ ‚d|‚p b‚u iL¡$ A‚¡ gp¡L$p¡ s¡Ap¡‚u D‘f cfp¡kp¡ L$fu iL¡$ A‚¡ s¡d‚p ‘f CÐd¡‚p‚ fpMu iL¡$ A‚¡ sL$hp‚p L$pfZ¡S> Myv$p’u h^ydp„ h y ‚ÆL$ ’C iL$pe.

125

Ap‘ ‘p¡sp‚p ashpdp„ A¡L$ hps ‘f h^pf¡ cpf d|L¡$ R>¡ "dfS>A¡ sL$guv$dp„ S>¡ Av$pgs‚u is® R>¡ s¡ buÅ gp¡L$p¡‚u Av$pgs S>¡dL¡ Nhpl, Cdpd¡ S>dpAs, hN¡f¡...’u AgN R>¡.'

s¡Ap¡ ApNm afdph¡ R>¡ L¡$ "dfS>A¡ sL$guv$‚u Av$pgs M|bS> h^pf¡ lp¡hu Å¡CA¡. A¡ fus¡ L¡$ s¡ ‚p‚p dp¡V$p v$f¡L$ Ny‚plp¡’u v|$f fl¡. Å¡ L$epf¡L$ ‚ak‚y Aep¡Áe L$l¡hy dpÞey A’hp i¥sp‚¡ hkhkp¡ L$ep£ A‚¡ s¡‚p’u Ny‚pl ’C Åe sp¡ s¡‚¡ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ s¡ syfs„S> Myv$p‚u

126

bpfNpldp„ dpau Qpl¡ A‚¡ sp¥bp L$f¡.'

sprgb¡ Cëdp¡‚¡ Ap‘¡g ‘¥Npddp„ s¡Ap¡ sL$hp‚p dlÐh‚¡ buÆ fus¡ v$ip®h¡ R>¡ A‚¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L¡$ "Aprgd¡v$u‚ dpV¡$, buÅ Apd gp¡L$p¡ L$fsp sL$hp‚u fuApes L$fhu h^pf¡ S>ê$fu R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ AlL$pd¡ ifC A‚¡ s¡‚u v$gugp¡ A¡L$ kdp‚ ‚’u. iL$e R>¡ L¡$ Cdp‚ TCa lp¡hp‚p L$pfZ¡ L¡$ sL$hp‚p ‚ lp¡hp‚p L$pfZ¡ ‚ak‚p L$l¡hp âdpZ¡ A’hp ‘p¡sp‚u CÃR>p dyS>b A¡lL$pd¡ ifC‚¡ bep‚ L$fu b¡k¡. Ðep„ ky^u L¡$ Aprgd¡ v$u‚‚¡ v$u‚‚p bpfpdp„ h^pf¡ ÅZL$pfu

127

lp¡hp’u s¡ Apkp‚u’u A¡L$ Ly$i„L$p‚¡ v$gug sfuL¡$ ‘¡i L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. buÆ bpSy> L$pfZ L¡$ Aprgd¡ v$u‚ gp¡L$p¡‚u ‚S>fdp„ cfp¡kp‘pÓ lp¡e R>¡ S>¡’u Aprgd¡ v$u‚ dpV¡$ aL$s sL$hp R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ s¡‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p ‚ak‚p Aep¡Áe L$l¡hp âdpZ¡ Qpghp’u fp¡L$u iL¡$ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ sL$hp hX¡$ s¡ Apkp‚u’u Ly$i„L$p‚¡ Mfu v$gugp¡’u Sy>v$p L$fu iL¡$ R>¡ A‚¡ L$epds‚p qv$hk¡ s¡ Myv$p‚u bpfNpldp„ S>hpb Ap‘u iL¡$.'

(2) Cëdu L$pdp¡dp„ E„X$p¡ rhQpf L$fp¡:

Cëdu L$pdp¡dp„ Dsphm ‚ L$fhu A‚¡ L$p¡C ‘Z dkAgp‚p¡ DL¡$g

128

d¡mhhp dpV¡$ ‘|f¡‘|fu L$p¡rii L$fhu A‚¡ E„X$pZ‘|h®L$ rhQpf L$fhp¡ S>¡’u dTlb¡ A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k. ‚u spgudp¡ rbgLy$g kpdpÞe A‚¡ lgL$u ‚ v$¡MpC Aph¡ s’p ‚pb|v$ ‚ ’C iL¡$. Mpk L$fu‚¡ Aprgd¡ v$u‚ dpV¡$ Ap hps S>ê$fu R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ s¡‚u S>hpbv$pfu Cõgpdu kpluÐep¡dp„’u v$f¡L$ dkAgpAp¡‚p S>hpbp¡ d¡mhhp‚u R>¡. Ap bpbs¡ Ap‘ lp¥T¡ Cëduep‚p sprgb¡ Cëdp¡‚¡ ‚kuls L$fsp afdph¡ R>¡ L¡$ "b^p sprgbp¡ dpV¡$ S>ê$fu R>¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ v$gug A‚¡ byflp‚ ‘¡i L$fhp dpV¡$ L$p¡riip¡ L$f¡. A¡hu v$gug L¡$ S>¡‚¡ L$epds‚p qv$hk¡

129

Myv$p‚u bpfNpldp„ ‘¡i L$fu iL$pe A‚¡ s¡ dpÞe fpM¡. A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚¡ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ rbgLy$g ‘pep hNf‚u hpsp¡, gp¡L$p¡‚¡ fpÆ L$fhp dpV¡$‚u hpsp¡ s’p ‘p¡sp‚p d‚‚u hpsp¡ L¡$ S>¡ Cëdu ‚ lp¡e s¡‚p’u ‘fl¡T L$f¡.'

(3) kpfp A¿gpL$‚¡ A‘‚php¡: lTfs fkyg¡ Myv$p k.A.h. A‚¡

s¡Ap¡‚p Alg¡b¥s A.dy.k.‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p dpV¡$ ‚d|‚p b‚phu‚¡ kpfp A¿gpL$ A‘‚phhp‚u cgpdZ L$fsp afdph¡ R>¡ L¡$ "Aprgd¡v$u‚‚¡ Å¡CA ¡ L¡$ s¡ lTfs fk|g¡ Myv$p k.A.h. A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚p Alg¡b¥s A.dy.k. ‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p dpV¡$ ‚d|‚p b‚ph¡. L$pfZ L¡$

130

s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp‚p ApV$gp E„Qp dfsbp‚u kp’¡ ‘Z dp¡Adu‚p¡‚p¡ A¡ls¡fpd Åmhsp, cg¡ ‘R>u s¡ dp¡Adu‚‚u Apr’®L$ õ’usu ‚bmu lp¡e. s¡Ap¡‚p lL$‚y„ Ýep‚ fpMsp A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p kpnuAp¡‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚u kp’¡ kpê$ hs®‚ L$fhp rhi¡ L$l¡sp A‚¡ L$epf¡e s¡Ap¡‚p lL$‚u ‘pdpgu ‘f, fpÆ ‚ lsp A‚¡ S>¡ L$p¡C s¡Ap¡ (dp¡du‚p¡)‚p lL$‚¡ ‘pdpg L$fsy sp¡ s¡Ap¡‚¡ lfrNT dpa ‚ L$fsp.'

(4) S|>‚u L¡$mhZu A‚¡ gp¡L$p¡ kp’¡‚p k„b^‚¡ Åmhp¡:

S|>‚u L¡$mhZu ‘f bpL$u fl¡hy, A‚¡ L$p¡C‘Z Ås‚p rhQpf hNf,

131

hfkp¡ S|>‚p fusfuhpÅ¡ ‘f bpL$u fl¡hy. A¡ b y R>p¡X$u‚¡ ApS>‚p S>dp‚p âdpZ¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ ‚hu ‚hu V¡$L$‚p¡gp¡Æ vy$r‚epdp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ A‚¡ s¡‚¡ L$pfZ¡ vy$r‚ep A¡L$ ‚p‚p NpdX$p S>¡hu b‚u NC R>¡. A¡ fus¡ L¡$ vy$r‚ep‚p L$p¡C‘Z M|Zpdp„ b¡ku‚¡, buÅ L$p¡C‘Z õ’m rhi¡‚u ÅZL$pfu Apkp‚u’u d¡mhu iL$pe R>¡. Aphp kde¡ Aprgd¡v$u‚ dpV¡$ S>ê$fu R>¡ L¡$ s¡ Aphu b^u QuÅ¡ hX¡$ buÅ gp¡L$p¡‚u kp’¡ l„d¡ip k„L$mpe¡g fl¡ A‚¡ ‚hu ‚hu V¡$L$‚p¡gp¡Æ hX¡$ gp¡L$p¡‚¡ v$u‚ sfa bp¡gph¡ A‚¡ Cõgpd‚¡ kpfu fus¡ s¡Ap¡‚u kdn ‘¡i L$f¡. A‚¡ lpg‚p sfuL$p âdpZ¡ gp¡L$p¡ kp’¡ ìehlpf

132

L$f¡. lp, Ýep‚ fpMp¡ Ap b^u QuÅ¡‚¡ v$u‚dp„ v$pMg ‚ ’hp v$¡ A‚¡ s¡‚p hX¡$ Cõgpd‚p dkpA¡g‚¡ kdS>hp‚u L$p¡rii ‚ L$f¡ S>¡’u v$u‚ ‚pb|v$ ‚ ’C Åe L¡$ s¡dp„ L$p¡C Ås‚p¡ a¡fbv$g ‚ Aphu Åe.

Ap‘ Ap hps sfa Ýep‚ v$p¡fsp afdph¡ R>¡ L¡$ "riepAp¡‚¡ Nh® L$fhp dpV¡$ A‚¡ buÅ aufL$pAp¡ kdn ‘p¡sp‚y dp’y EQy„ L$fhp dpV¡$ Ap S> bk R>¡ L¡$, s¡Ap¡ AlL$pd A‚¡ Myv$pA¡ Ap‘¡g afdp‚p¡‚u ep¡Áe fus¡ ÅmhZu L$fu iL$ep A‚¡ s¡‚¡ v$f¡L$ auЂp akpv$’u kyfnus fpMu iL$ep A‚¡ s¡ A¡lL$pd‚¡, Äep„ Ðep„’u ‚lu bëL¡$ s¡‚p ep¡Áe õ’p‚¡’u d¡mhsp

133

füp A‚¡ v$f¡L$ syap‚p¡‚u kpd¡ AX$N fus¡ Dcp flu iL$ep.'

(5) AL$uv$pAp¡‚u ÅmhZu L$fp¡:

AL$uv$pAp¡‚¡ kprbs L$fu‚¡ ‘¡i L$fhp, s¡‚u v$f¡L$ bl¡k‚¡ E„X$pZ‘|h®L$ bep‚ L$fhu s¡dS> Sy>v$p Sy>v$p i„L$pAp¡‚p¡ S>hpb Ap‘hp¡ L¡$ S>¡ Cõgpdu rhQpf kfZu‚p rhfp¡^dp„ R>¡. Ap‘¡ OZp b^p Aprgdp¡‚¡ AL$uv$pAp¡ rhi¡ QQp® rhQpfZp L$fhp‚u v$phs Ap‘u A‚¡ i„L$pAp¡‚p S>hpb Ap‘hp rhi¡ L$üy„. Ap

134

S>hpbv$pfu‚¡ Ap‘¡ ‘p¡s¡ ‘Z ‘p¡sp‚p qif¡ gu^u A‚¡ Mp¡V$u rhQpfkfZu A‚¡ Sy>v$p AL$uv$pAp¡ s’p Cõgpd ‘f ’‚pfp i„L$pAp¡‚p Ap‘¡ rhõspf’u S>hpbp¡ Apàep R>¡. S>¡‚p¡ OZp¡ apev$p¡ ‘Z ’ep¡ R>¡. v$p.s. Ap‘‚u A¡L$ qL$spb L¡$ S>¡‚y ‚pd "au f¡lpbug AL$uv$p' R>¡. S>¡dp„ Ap‘‚p’u AL$uv$pAp¡ rhi¡‚p ‘|R>hpdp„ Aph¡g khpgp¡‚p S>hpbp¡ R>¡.

s¡huS> fus¡ Ap‘¡ AdyL$ rbv$Asp¡ L¡$ S>¡ kdpS>dp„ a¡gpC flu lsu s¡‚p¡ ep¡Áe v$gugp¡ hX¡$ rhfp¡^ L$ep£. v$p.s. AdyL$ gp¡L$p¡ A¡ fus‚p¡ v$php¡ L$fsp L¡$ s¡Ap¡ Cdpd¡ Tdp‚p A.k. ‚p Mpk

135

dpZkp¡ R>¡. A’hp L$l¡sp L¡$ Adp¡ A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k. sfa’u dp¡L$ghpdp„ Apìep R>uA¡. A’hp AdyL$ gp¡L$p¡ L ¡$ S>¡Ap¡ Cdpd¡ lºk¥‚ A.k. s’p l. Aåbpk A.k. ‚u Tful‚p shpa‚¡ lS> sfuL¡$ NZsp hN¡f¡... Aphu b^u rbv$Asp¡‚p¡ Ap‘¡ k¿s rhfp¡^ L$ep£ A‚¡ gp¡L$p¡‚¡ ku^p fõsp ‘f Qpghp‚u v$phs L$fu. s¡dS> Ap‘¡ V$uhu‚p AdyL$ Mfpb L$pe®¾$dp¡ A‚¡ AdyL$ gp¡L$p¡‚p Mfpb hs®‚‚u ‘Z dyMpg¡as L$fu A‚¡ s¡‚p¡ Akf ‘Z ’ep¡.

Ap‘‚u kpdprS>L$ âh©rsAp¡:

136

Ap‘ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p v$¡ip¡dp„ hksp riepAp¡‚p¡ Mpk Mepg fpMsp. Mpk L$fu‚¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ Cëdu L¡$ÞÖ’u OZp vy$f R>¡. A‚¡ v$u‚u dplp¡g ‚ lp¡hp‚p L$pfZ¡ OZu dyíL$¡gp¡dp„ R>¡. Ap‘ ‘p¡sp‚p bep‚ A’hp ‘¥Npd hX¡$ s¡Ap¡‚¡ kgpl k|Q‚ Ap‘sp fl¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡‚p AL$uv$pAp¡ rhi¡‚p khpgp¡‚p S>hpb Ap‘sp fl¡ R>¡. Ap‘¡ NugNus, ApTfbpeÅ‚, L$aL$pT, ‘pL$uõsp‚, AaOp‚uõsp‚ hN¡f¡ S>ÁepAp¡‚p dp¡Ad¡‚u‚‚‚¡ ‘¥Npdp¡ dp¡L$gu‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚u dyíL¡$guAp¡‚¡ v|$f L$fu R>¡.

137

vy$r‚ep‚p dykgdp‚p¡‚¡ Ap‘‚p¡ ‘¥Npd:

Ap‘, vy$íd‚p¡‚p Cõgpd‚u ‚pb|v$u‚p âepkp¡‚p¡ dyL$pbgp¡ L$fhp, vy$r‚ep‚p dykgdp‚p¡‚¡ A¡L$sp sfa v$phs Ap‘¡ R>¡. A‚¡ Ap‘, gp¡L$p¡‚¡ Cõgpd‚u Mpsf A¡L$ ’hp‚u cgpdZ L$fsp afdph¡ R>¡ L¡$ "v$f¡L$ dykgdp‚p¡‚u S>hpbv$pfu R>¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ Cõgpd‚u rMv$ds dpV¡$ Ap‘kdp„ A¡L$ ’C‚¡ fl¡ A‚¡ Cõgpd‚p buÅ aufL$pAp¡‚u kp’¡ AL$g A‚¡ Cëd kp’¡ kpê$ hs®‚ L$f¡, ‚ vy$íd‚u A‚¡ ‘n‘ps hX¡$. l„d¡ip Cõgpd‚u cgpC rhi¡ rhQpfhy Å¡CA¡.

138

Ap‘Zu A¡L$sp A‚¡ ‘fõ‘f kpê$ hs®‚ A¡ Cõgpd‚u kp¥’u dp¡V$u rMv$ds R>¡.'

Ly$fAp‚, ‚bu k.A.h. A‚¡ Alg¡b¥s A.dy.k.’u sdõkyL$ (k„b„^):

Ap‘ ‘p¡sp‚p fp¡Æ„v$pÆh‚dp„ Ly$fAp‚‚u rsgphs‚¡ OÏ dlÐh Ap‘¡ R>¡. l„d¡ip Äepf¡ ’p¡X$u aºfks dmsu Ðepf¡ Ap‘ s¡dp„ Ly$fAp‚‚u rsgphs L$fsp. s¡dS> Ap‘ r‚edus fus¡ lv$uk‚u s’p Crslpk‚u qL$spbp¡‚y„ hp„Q‚ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap‘‚p bep‚dp„ l„d¡ip Ap‘Z‚¡ Apesp¡, lv$ukp¡ s’p dpAk|du‚ A.dy.k. ‚y„

139

Æh‚ QqfÓ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Ap‘‚¡ ‘|R>pe¡g A¡L$ khpg‚p S>hpbdp„ Ap‘ Msubp¡ A‚¡ TpL$ufp¡‚¡ Ly$fAp‚, ‚lSy>g bgpNpl, kluaA¡ kÄÅv$uep A‚¡ s¡‚p S>¡hu buÆ cfp¡kp‘pÓ qL$spbp¡ ‘f cpf d|L$hp‚u ‚kuls L$f¡ R>¡.

A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k.’u dp¡låbs:

Ap‘‚u kufsdp„ S>¡ QuS> rbgLy$g kpa, Ap‘Zu ‚S>fdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ Ap‘‚u Alg¡b¥s A.dy.k. A‚¡ Mpk L$fu‚¡ Cdpd¡ lºk¥‚ A.k. kp’¡‚u dp¡låbs R>¡. Ap‘ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u dy‚pk¡bsp¡dp„ dS>gukp¡‚¡ bf‘p L$f¡

140

R>¡ A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u TCau lp¡hp R>sp„ lSy> ‘Z Ap‘ dp¡lfddp„ dS>gukp¡ ‘X$u‚¡ Nd d‚ph¡ R>¡. Ap‘ A¡L$ hMs ‘p¡sp‚p CgpS> dpV¡$ g„X$‚ Nep lsp. Ðep„ ‘Z Ap‘¡ ATpv$pfu‚¡ L$pA¡d L$fu A‚¡ A¡lg¡b¥s A.dy.k.‚u epv$‚¡ Æh„s fpMu.

Alg¡b¥s A.dy.k.‚u spgud ‘f Qpghy A‚¡ gp¡L$p¡‚u kp’¡ lmudmu‚¡ fl¡hy:

Ap‘, gp¡L$p¡‚¡ hpAT A‚¡ ‚kuls L$fhp Sy>v$u Sy>v$u dy‚pk¡bsdp„ rdçbf ‘f S>sp A‚¡ sL$fuf afdphsp Ðep„ ky^u L¡$ A¡L$ hMs CgpS> dpV¡$ kufuep S>hp‚y ’ey Ðep„

141

‘Z ‘p¡sp‚u sbues ‚fd lp¡hp R>sp„ Ap‘¡ gp¡L$p¡‚u rlv$pes L$fhp‚y ‚ R>p¡X$ey. Ðep„ ‘Z dS>gukp¡ ‘X$sp A‚¡ Ðep„ Ap‘‚¡ dmhp Aphsp dp¡Adu‚p¡, Ðep„‚p spgub¡ Cëdp¡ hN¡f¡... b^p‚y A¿gpL$u A‚¡ v$u‚u hpsp¡ sfa Ýep‚ v$p¡fphsp A‚¡ dTlb¡ Alg¡b¥s A.dy.k.‚u Mfu Ap¡mMpZ L$fphsp.

kdpS>‚p aL$ufp¡ A‚¡ Nfubp¡‚¡¡ Apr’®L$ klpe:

Ap‘ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u fus¡ Nfubp¡‚¡ Apr’®L$ dv$v$ L$fsp fl¡ R>¡ S>¡dL¡$, CfpL$‚p lÅfp¡ Nfub gp¡L$p¡‚¡ Ap‘

142

v$f drl‚¡ r‚edus fus¡ ’p¡X$u fL$d Ap‘sp fl¡ R>¡.

v$u‚u Cdpfsp¡‚y„ bp„^L$pd: kØpd‚p S>dp‚pdp„ OZu b^u

v$u‚u S>ÁepAp¡ ‘f Ýep‚ ‚ Ap‘hp‚p L$pfZ¡ s¡ Mfpb ’C lsu. ‘f„sy Ap‘¡ s¡‚¡ Apbpv$ L$fu A‚¡ s¡‚¡ fu‘¡f]N A’hp ‚h¡kf’u s¡‚y„ bp„^L$pd L$fpìey. S>¡dL¡$ d[õS>v$¡ kl¡gp‚u S>Áep s’p CfpL$ A‚¡ kufuep‚u Sy>v$u Sy>v$u S>ÁepAp¡ ‘f d[õS>v$p¡ b‚phu hN¡f¡...

Aprgdp¡‚¡ såguN A’£ dp¡L$ghp:

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Ap‘‚u v$u‚u âh©rsAp¡dp„’u A¡L$ L$pd, Aprgdp¡‚¡ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u S>ÁepAp¡ ‘f såguN A’£ dp¡L$ghp‚y R>¡. riepAp¡ S>¡ S>ÁepAp¡ ‘f hk¡ R>¡, Ðep„ Ap‘, Aprgdp¡‚¡ dp¡L$gsp fl¡ R>¡. S>¡dL¡$, ‘pL$uõsp‚, luÞvy$õsp‚, AaOp‚uõsp‚, kufuep, Cfp‚ s¡dS> CfpL$‚p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p il¡fp¡. s¡dS> Ap‘ AdyL$ dl¡ê$d S>ÁepAp¡ ‘f v$u‚u Cëdu L¡$ç‘p¡ ‘Z gNph¡ R>¡. S>¡’u gp¡L$p¡‚y Cõgpd âÐe¡‚y op‚ h ¡ A‚¡ Alg¡b¥s A.dy.k. ‚p dTlb‚p¡ ‘°Qpf ’pe.

vy$r‚ep‚p dTlbu A‚¡ Cëdu k¡ÞV$fp¡’u k„‘L®$ kp^hp¡:

144

Ap‘‚p L$pdp¡dp„’u A¡L$ Ap R>¡ L¡$ Ap‘ eyfp¡‘ s’p Ad¡fuL$p s¡dS> buÆ b^u S>ÁepAp¡ ‘f‚p Cëdu k¡ÞV$fp¡‚p k„‘L®$dp„ R>¡. Ap‘ s¡Ap¡‚¡ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u qL$spbp¡ dp¡L$gsp fl¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡‚p khpgp¡‚p S>hpbp¡ Ap‘sp fl¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡‚u Cëdu dyiL$¡guAp¡‚¡ v|$f L$fsp fl¡ R>¡. s¡dS> Sy>v$u Sy>v$u dy‚pk¡bsp¡ ‘f Ap‘ ‘p¡sp‚p bep‚p¡ A‚¡ ‘¥Npdp¡‚¡ Ðep„ dp¡L$gsp fl¡ R>¡. S>¡’u Ðep„‚p gp¡L$p¡ ‘p¡sp‚p dfS>A’u h^pf¡ k„b^dp„ flu iL¡$ A‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p Cëdu khpgp¡ s¡d‚p’u ‘|R>u iL¡$. Ap fus¡ Ap‘ Ðep„ fl¡sp dp¡Adu‚p¡‚u Cëdu S>ê$fsp¡‚¡ ‘|fu L$fsp fl¡ R>¡

145

A‚¡ v$u‚u, A¿gpL$u spgud‚¡ s¡Ap¡ ky^u ‘lp¢QpX$sp fl¡ R>¡ A‚¡ Ap L$pd’u gp¡L$p¡‚¡ OZp¡ apev$p¡ ’ep¡ R>¡.

Ap‘¡ gp¡L$p¡‚u kp’¡ h^pf¡ k„‘L®$dp„ fl¡hp dpV¡$ CÞV$f‚¡V$dp„ ‘p¡sp‚u h¡bkpCV$ ‘Z Mp¡gu R>¡. S>¡dp„ OZu b^u Cõgpdu QuÅ¡ R>¡. A¡ kpCV$ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u Afbu, IÁgui, Dv|$® hN¡f¡... cpjpdp„ R>¡. Ap‘ Ap fus¡ ‘Z dL$sb¡ Alg¡b¥s A.dy.k.‚u rMv$ds L$fu füp R>¡.

Cõgpdu v$¡ip¡dp„ Qpgu fl¡gp lpg‚p b‚php¡ A„N¡ Ap‘‚p d„sìep¡:

146

lpg‚p dykgdp‚p¡‚u ‘qf[õ’rs‚¡ Ýep‚dp„ fpMu‚¡ s’p dykgdp‚p¡‚u kdn Aphu fl¡gp MsfpAp¡‚¡ Å¡C‚¡ Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚p rhQpfp¡‚¡ ìeL$s L$ep® R>¡. S>¡dp„’u AdyL$‚¡ Al] bep‚ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡.

(1) qagõsu‚uAp¡‚¡¡ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp‚p hs‚‚¡ bQphhp ‘p¡sp‚p vy$íd‚p¡‚p¡ dyL$pbgp¡ L$f¡ A‚¡ Ly$v$k il¡f‚¡ s’p ‘p¡sp‚p v$¡i‚u buÆ S>ÁepAp¡‚¡ ApTpv$ L$fph¡.

(2) g¡b‚p‚‚p dykgdp‚p¡ A‚¡ Ðep‚p gp¡L$p¡‚p¡ lL$ R>¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp‚p v$¡i‚u v$qnZ cpN‚u S>du‚p¡‚¡ CTfpCg‚p L$åTpdp„’u

147

‘pR>u d¡mh¡. A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚u S>du‚ ‘fs d¡mhhp bv$g dybpfL$bpv$ Ap‘hpdp„ Aph¡.

(3) AaOpr‚õsp‚dp„ riepAp¡ ‘f ’sp Aps„L$hpv$u lºdgpAp¡’u Ap‘¡ ‘p¡sp‚u ‚pfS>Nu ìeL$s L$fu R>¡.

(4) ‘pL$uõsp‚dp„ riepAp¡ ‘f ’sp Aps„L$hpv$u lºdgp ’hp‚p L$pfZ¡ Ap‘¡ Ðep„‚u kfL$pf’u riepAp¡ dpV¡$, kyfnp‚u dp„NZu L$fu A‚¡ Ap‘‚¡ s¡‚p S>hpbdp„ Ðep‚u kfL$pf sfa’u s¡Ap¡‚u kyfnp‚u Mpsfu ‘Z Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu.

(5) rlS>fu k‚ 1416 dp„ hlpbuAp¡A¡, CÞX$p¡‚¡riep dpV¡$ A¡L$

148

ep¡S>‚p b‚phu S>¡’u L$p¡C‘Z Mp¡V$u sp¡ldsp¡ hX¡$ riepAp¡‚¡ L$pauf L$lu A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚¡ L$Ðg L$f¡. ‘f„sy A¡ kde¡ Ðep„‚p A¡L$ Apgud¡ v$u‚¡ (Aåvy$ffldp‚ hluv$) riepAp¡ ‘f‚u A¡ sp¡ldsp¡‚¡ ‚L$pfu L$pY$u A‚¡ hlpbuAp¡‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚p Cfpv$pdp„ L$pçepb ’hp’u fp¡L$ep. Äepf¡ Ap‘‚¡ Ap hps‚u ÅZ ’C Ðepf¡ Ap‘¡ A¡L$ ‘Ó hX¡$ s¡ Aprgd‚¡ kÞdp‚us L$ep® A‚¡ s¡Ap¡ Apcpf dpÞep¡.

(6) C.k. 1990 ‚u Apk‘pk kfL$pf‚¡ Ap‘¡ A¡L$ k„v$¡ip¡ Apàep¡. S>¡dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap hps ‘f cpf d|L$ep¡ L¡$ ip dpV¡$ s¡Z¡ AdyL$ riepAp¡‚¡ L$p¡C

149

L$pfZ hNf rNfaspf A‚¡ L¥$v$ L$ep® R>¡? (dTlb¡ Alg¡b¥s A.dy.k. ‚p AdyL$ vy$íd‚p¡A¡ Ðep„‚u kfL$pf kp’¡ dmu‚¡ Ap ‘Ngy cey® lsy). Apesyëgpl i¥M dp¡lçdv$ d¡lv$u içk¡, Ap ‘¥Npd ‘lp¢QpX$hpdp„ OZu dv$v$ L$fu lsu.

(7) CÆàs‚p Cõgpdu k¡ÞV$f AgATlf‚p dyasuA¡ S>¡ riepAp¡‚p rhfp¡^dp„ bep‚ Apàey A‚¡ s¡Ap¡‚¡ L$pauf NÎep A¡ bv$g Ap‘¡ OZu ‚pfpS>Nu ìeL$s L$fu A‚¡ Ap‘¡ Apesyëgpl içk‚¡ s¡‚u ‘pk¡ dp¡L$ëep A‚¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ riep ‘f gNpX¡$g sp¡ldsp¡‚p S>hpb Apàep

150

A‚¡ s¡ dyasu‚¡ ‘p¡sp‚y Ap bep‚ ‘pRy> g¡hp ‘f dS>b|f L$ep® A‚¡ afu Aphy ‚ ’hp rhi¡ spL$uv$ L$fu.

(8) AdyL$ v$¡ip¡‚u Cõgpd rhfp¡^u hpsp¡‚p Ap‘¡ S>hpb Apàep A‚¡ s¡dp„ A¡ gp¡L$p¡‚¡ Cõgpd‚p ‚pd¡ Mp¡V$p L$pdp¡ L$f‚pf A‚¡ kpQp dykgdp‚p¡ hÃQ¡ saphs fpMhp‚u cgpdZ L$fu.