CE 380
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Transcript of CE 380
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CE 380
Environmental Science and Engineering
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Assignment
Write on a piece of paper your name and your answer to the following question:
What do environmental engineers do?
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Environmental Engineering(Section 1.1)
In general:
The application of scientific and engineering principles to minimize the adverse effects of human activity on the environment and to safeguard human health and welfare
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Assignment
Write on the same piece of paper your answer to the following question:
Why do you need to know this stuff?
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Course Organization
Solid Waste
Hazardous and Radioactive Waste
Air
Noise Pollution
Water
WastewaterSustainability
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Sustainability
Primary Chapter: 1
Supplemental Chapter: 17
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Sustainability
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Assignment – Due Fri.
Answer the following questions.
1.What is sustainability?
2.How does it pertain to civil engineering?
3.What are the potential pros and cons of integrating sustainability into projects/policies?
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Water, Part 1
Primary Chapter: 10
Supplemental Chapters: 3, 9
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WATER QUANTITY & SOURCES
Section 10.1
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Water on Earth
Total Water Supply
Fresh Water Supply
Salt Water Supply
Available Fresh Water Supply
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Potable Water Sources
Deep Wells
Shallow Wells
Intakes
Springs
Fresh and Saline
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U.S. Water Use
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U.S. Water Withdrawalsin 2005
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WATER QUALITYSections 9.1 – 9.2
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Exercise
Water, water everywhere but which drop can you drink?
Would you drink this?
What about it makes it seem okay or not?
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REVIEW: LAWS AND REGULATIONS
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The Process
Public concern and/or a recognition of link between cause and effect
Law
Regulations
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Federal Government
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DRINKING WATER LEGISLATION
Section 9.3
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Activity - 1
Where can promulgated (final) federal laws and regulations be found?
A.Federal Register
B.Code of Federal Regulations
C.Washington Times
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Activity - 2
What is the primary law regulating drinking water treatment?
A.Safe Drinking Water Act
B.Clean Water Act
C.Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
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Activity - 3
What are the differences between primary and secondary standards?
A.Enforceability
B.Purpose
C.Size of plant covered
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No Reported Violations
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DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
Section 10.2
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Drinking Water Treatment
Primary goal: Prevention of disease
Secondary goals: Good taste, odor, and color Low hardness Meet irrigation and fire protection needs
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Processfor POTWs
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Intake
Horizontal Centrifugal Pump
Surge Tank
Screw 30
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General Water Treatment
Conventional
Vs.
Advanced
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SOFTENINGSection 10.2.1
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Why?
Why do we soften water?
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Why?
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What?
What is hardness?
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How?
How do we soften water?
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Units
How do we get to from mg/L of ions to mg/L as CaCO3?
± = ?37
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Example
Find total hardness (in mg/L as CaCO3) of water containing:
Ca2+ = 80 mg/L, Mg2+ = 30 mg/L,
Pb2+ = 160 mg/L, Fe 3+ = 50 mg/L
Na+ = 72 mg/L, K+ = 6 mg/L
Cl- = 100 mg/L, SO42- = 201 mg/L,
HCO3- = 165 mg/L
pH = 7.5 38
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Units (Section 3.1.2)
ppm vs. mg/L
1 ppm is equivalent to 1 minute in:
a) 1 day
b) 2 years
c) 6 weeks
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Approximations and Sig Figs(Section 3.2)
Consider:
Problem 3.26 (p. 108) Problem 3.27 (p. 108) Problem 3.29 (p. 108)
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Reminder Hints for Quantitative Problems
Write down the general equation. Write down your units throughout! And use
them to come up with your final units. Be reasonable with sig figs. Ignore irrelevant data. If your answer doesn’t make sense, check. If
your check gives you the same answer, state why it doesn’t make sense.
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More on Total Hardness
TH = CH + NCH
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Calculating Alkalinity
CO2
CO2(aq) + H2O H+ + HCO3
-
H+ + CO3
2-
Limestone(CaCO3)
+ Ca2+
H+ + OH-
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Alkalinity
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Example
Find carbonate and noncarbonate hardness of water containing:
Ca2+ = 80 ppm, Mg2+ = 30 ppm,
Pb2+ = 160 mg/L, Fe 3+ = 50 mg/L
Na+ = 72 ppm, K+ = 6 ppm
Cl- = 100 ppm, SO42- = 201 ppm,
HCO3- = 165 ppm
pH = 7.5
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Reminder
Calculate TH and ALK.
Determine CH.
Calculate NCH.
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Example
Find the speciation of the hardness of water containing:
Ca2+ = 80 mg/L, Mg2+ = 30 mg/L,
HCO3- = 165 mg/L
pH = 7.5
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Reminder
Calculate 1. CCH.
2. CNCH
3. MCH
4. MNCH Check your calculations!
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Lime-Soda Softening
Hard Water
Lime and/or Soda Ash
Mixing Flocculation
Sedimentation
RecarbonationSoft Water
CO2
Sludge
Sedimentation
Sludge 49
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Lime-Soda Softening
CO2:
CO2 + 1 Ca(OH)2 1 CaCO3 + H20CCH:
Ca(HCO3)2 + 1 Ca(OH)2 2 CaCO3+ 2 H2OCNCH:
CaSO4 + 1 Na2CO3 1 CaCO3 + Na2SO4
MCH:
Mg(HCO3)2 + 1 Ca(OH)2 1 CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2 H2O
MgCO3 + 1 Ca(OH)2 1 Mg(OH)2 + 1 CaCO3 MNCH:
MgSO4 + 1 Na2CO3 MgCO3 + Na2SO4
MgCO3 + 1 Ca(OH)2 1 Mg(OH)2 + 1 CaCO3 50
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Excess Lime
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If we’re trying to take calcium out of the water, why do we add lime, which is a calcium-based chemical?
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Example – Softening
Component mg/L CO2 8.8 as CO2
Ca2+ 70 Mg2+ 9.7 Na+ 6.9 ALK 115 as CaCO3
SO42- 96
Cl- 10.6
To solubility limits with 90% quicklime, 90% soda ash
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Example continued
Component mg/L EW meq/L CO2 8.8 as CO2 22 0.40 Ca2+ 70 20 3.50 Mg2+ 9.7 12.2 0.80 Na+ 6.9 23 0.30 ALK 115 as CaCO3 50 2.30 SO4
2- 96 48 2.00 Cl- 10.6 35.5 0.30
First: Determine TH
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Ca2+
HCO3- SO4
2-
Mg2+ Na+
Cl-
CO2
0 3.5 4.3 4.6 meq/L
Example continued
Second: Determine speciation
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Example continued
Component meq/L Lime Soda Ash
CO2 0.40 0.4 0 CCH 2.3 2.3 0 CNCH 1.2 0 1.2 MCH 0 0 0 MNCH 0.8 0.8 0.8 Excess 1.25 1.25
Total 4.75 2.0
Third: Determine chemical amounts (Section 3.1.3)
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Assumptions
ALWAYS clearly state you are making an assumption and what that assumption is.
Examples: Assume purity = 98%
Assume generation = 4.2 lb/c/d
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Example continued
Component meq/L Ca2+ 3.50 Mg2+ 0.80 Lime 4.75 Soda ash 2.0 Residual Ca2+ hardness 0.6 Residual Mg2+ hardness 0.2
Fourth: Determine sludge quantity
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Split Treatment - LS Softening
Plant Influent
Lime and/or Soda Ash
Mixing Flocculation
SedimentationSoft Water
Sludge
Hard Water
To Rest of Treatment
Soft Water
Recarbonation
CO2
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Selective Ca2+ Removal
If Mg2+ ≤ 40 mg/L as CaCO3
(maximum Mg hardness)
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Examples
Can selective Ca2+ removal be used if all the hardness is Ca2+ and Mg2+?
1. TH = 210 mg/L as CaCO3
Ca2+ = 120 mg/L as CaCO3
2. TH = 180 mg/L as CaCO3
Ca2+ = 138 mg/L as CaCO361
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Example Continued
TH = 180 mg/L as CaCO3
Ca2+ = 138 mg/L as CaCO3
Mg2 + = 42 mg/L as CaCO3
Calculate the amount of quicklime and soda ash required in meq/L if you (1) remove the Mg2+ and (2) leave the Mg2+ (selective Ca2+ removal). Assume ALK = 105 mg/L as CaCO3 and CO2 = 20 mg/L as CaCO3.
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Other Benefits of LS Softening
Removal of other metals, arsenic, & uranium Reduction of solids, turbidity, & TOC Inactivation of bacteria & viral removal Prevention of corrosion Removal of excess fluoride
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Ion Exchange Softening
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Softening
Softening reaction:
Na2R + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR + 2 Na(HCO3)
Regeneration reaction
CaR + 2 NaCl Na2R + CaCl2
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Example
An ion exchange water softener has 0.1 m3 of ion-exchange resin with an exchange capacity of 57 kg/m3. The occupants use 2,000 L of water per day. If the water contains 280.0 mg/L of hardness as CaCO3 and it is desired to soften it to 85 mg/L as CaCO3, how much should be bypassed? What is the time between regeneration cycles?
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MIXINGSection 3.1.2
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Mixing
Rapid Mix Tank
Fine Air Diffusers
Parshall Flume
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Design EquationDesign Equation: Hydraulic Retention Time (Section 3.1.4)
Q
Vt
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In-Class Activity
A 0.5-MGD water treatment plant will use one flash mixer designed for a 1-minute retention time. Determine the diameter of the mixer. Assume the water depth will equal 80% of the diameter.
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SOLIDS REMOVALSections 10.2.2 and 10.2.3
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Coagulation and Flocculation(Section 10.2.2)
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Flocculator
Horizontal Shaft Type
Vertical Shaft Type
Baffled Flow Type 73
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Solids by Size(Section 9.1.3)
Classification Diameter (mm)
Dissolved < 0.000 001
Colloidal 0.000 001 - 0.001
Suspended 0.001 - 0.1
Particulate > 0.1
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Coagulation & Flocculation
Al -13 Polycation
Fe-12 Polycation75
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Chemical Name Chemical Formula Primary Coagulant Coagulant Aid
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3 · 14 H2O X
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4 · 7 H2O X
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 · 9 H2O X
Ferric chloride FeCl3 · 6 H2O X
Cationic polymer Various X X
Calcium hydroxide (Lime) Ca(OH)2 X* X
Calcium oxide (Quicklime) CaO X* X
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 X* X
Bentonite Clay X
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 X
Sodium silicate Na2SiO3 X
Anionic polymer Various X
Nonionic polymer Various X
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Sedimentation(Section 10.2.3)
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Sedimentation
Purpose: Remove solids
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Sedimentation: Another View
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Design Equation: Design Equation: Overflow Rate
s
o
A
QvOFR
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In-Class Activity
The detention time and overflow rate for a circular settling basin were determined to be 1.5 h and 0.5 gpm/ft2, respectively. The flow rate will be 250,000 gpd. Calculate the dimensions of the basin.
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In-Class Activity
A 2-MGD water treatment plant will use two rectangular sedimentation basins designed for a 3-hour total detention time. If the basins will be twice as long as wide, what will be their dimensions? What will be the OFR for each basin? Assume the water depth will equal the width.
1.Assume parallel flow.
2.Assume series flow.
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FILTRATIONSection 10.2.4
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Filtration
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Filtration Methods
Gravity Filters
Upflow Filter
Biflow Filter
Pressure Filter 85
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Filtration Mechanisms
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Slow vs. Rapid Sand Filters
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Typical Gravity Filter
Wash-water trough
Underdrain System
Sand, 0.65 m
Gravel, 0.5 m
Freeboard, 0.6 m
0.5 m
Water level during filtering
Water level during backwash
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DISINFECTIONSections 9.1.5 and 10.2.5
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Disinfection
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Activity - 1
Why is drinking water disinfected?
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Activity - 2
Who linked contaminated water to infectious disease?
A. Leonard McCoy
B. John Snow
C. Marcus Welby
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Activity - 3
When was the discovery made?
A. 1600s
B. 1700s
C. 1800s
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Activity - 4
In general, what is an indicator organism and why is it used?
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Size Comparison10 microns
0.05 - 0.1 m
0.5 - 1.5 m
5 m
60 m
Virus
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Sperm95
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Pathogen Removal/Inactivation
Where does this occur in a water treatment plant?
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Activity - 5
What are the options for disinfecting water?
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Activity - 6
What are characteristics of the ideal disinfectant?
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Activity - 7
Adequate disinfection is a balance between which two variables?
A. Concentration and Time
B. Concentration and Flow rate
C. Flow rate and Surface area
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Chlorination
chlorinator
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Chlorine Demand orBreakpoint Chlorination
Chlorine added
Chl
orin
e re
sidu
al
Breakpoint
Chlorine removal by reducing compounds
Chloro-organic and chloramine formation
Chloro-organic and chloramine destruction
Formation of free chlorine
Free Residual
Combined Residual
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In-Class Activity
If 1.5 mg/L of chlorine is being used and the demand is 1.2 mg/L, what is the residual?
For the same plant, if 550,000 gpd is being treated and chlorine will be bought in 1-ton containers, how long will one container last?
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Ultraviolet Light
Hg Vapor
Hg Vapor
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Ozonation
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STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTIONSection 10.3
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Storage and Distribution
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SLUDGE MANAGEMENT
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Sludge Management
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OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONSSection 10.2.6
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Lead
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Membrane Treatment
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Phoenix Proposed WTP
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In-Class Activity
Why would an industrial plant treat incoming potable water?
Why would a resident treat incoming potable water?
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