CDA: May 2008 1

THE CENTRAL DRUG AUTHORITYAND

THE DRUG PROBLEM IN SAA PRESENTATION

TO THEPARLIAMENTARY PORTFOLIO COMMITTEE

ONSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

PART 1

CDA: May 2008 2

CONTENTS

•A NEW DEFINITION OF ADDICTION

•THE NATURE OF THE DRUG PROBLEM IN SA

•THE NATURE OF THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM IN SA

•SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES FOR THE YOUTH

•LINK TO THE CDA MANDATE AND THE NDMP 2006-2011

CDA: May 2008 3

WHAT IS ADDICTION?

• 1918 – A disease affecting a few unfortunates

• 1940’s – The results of sin

• 1980’s on- A chronic relapsing and ultimately fatal illness with no cure other than abstention

CDA: May 2008 4

WHAT IS ADDICTION?

• 2000 – A state of physiological adaptation to the presence of a drug in the body so that the absence of the drug leads to physiological dysfunction which is unpleasant or even life-threatening.

• A syndrome at the centre of which is impaired control over a behaviour with loss of control leading to significant harm.

CDA: May 2008 5

WHAT IS ADDICTION?

• 2006- A chronic condition of the motivational system in which reward-seeking has become out of control and which leads to significant harm (West: 2006)

CDA: May 2008 6

WHAT IS SUBSTANCE ADDICTION?

• A NEW DEFINITION: Substance addiction is chronic, relapsing, out-of-control and significantly harmful reward-seeking behaviour for which there is no cure other than abstention.

CDA: May 2008 7

WHAT IS SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE?

The same as “addiction” only more politically correct.

User-friendly term. Not a denigrating term People now move from “state of addiction” to a

“non-addictive state” or from being ‘dependent’ to being “non-dependent”

Note that one remains an addict or a dependent but one’s state changes.

There is no cure for substance dependence other than life-long abstinence

CDA: May 2008 8

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Cann Op Coke ATS

WorldSA

THE NATURE OF THE DRUG PROBLEM IN SA

% OF POPULATION

CDA: May 2008 9

Cannabis 2.2 Opiates 0.079Cocaine 0.21ATS 0.21

DRUG USERS IN SA IN MILLIONS

PROBLEM USERS 235 777

DIRECT COSTS R10bn pa

CDA: May 2008 10

6%

Risky Drinkers10%

(3.2 m)

Low Risk Drinkers15%

(4.9 m)

Not Currently Drinking(59%)

19.2 million

3-5 Standard Units daily

Cost to the countryRbn 8.7- 17.4 per year

ProblemDrinkers(1.97 m)

THE NATURE OF THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM IN SA

CDA: May 2008 11

Beer 43.3

Sorghum 24.7

Wine 12.3

Brandy 6.5

Other Spirits 4.4

Alco Fruit 3.4

Whisky 2.7

Fort Wine 2.4

Spark Wine 0.3

PERCENTAGE AND TYPE OF RECORDED ALCOHOL

CONSUMED

CDA: May 2008 12

SA’s 10.1 m drinkers EACH drink per year:

196 six-packs of beer, or

62 bottles of spirits, or

220 bottles of wine, or

666 cartons of sorghum beer

TOTAL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL

20.1 L of pure alcohol per head =

Top Ten in the World!

CDA: May 2008 13

THE DRUG PROBLEM:

ADULTS UP CLOSE AND PERSONALTHINK ABOUT:

•Binge Drinkers: 37% plus

•Monday drivers: 10% drunk

•DUI: 7000 deaths per annum

•Drug dealers of 18: R100k per day turnover

•Dependent of 24: R5000 per day

•Link between drug use, HIV/AIDS, TB, violence and crime

•Co-dependents: Bankrupt and destitute

•Heroin dependents: 2% recovery success

•All dependents: 47% plus bipolar

CDA: May 2008 14

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Boys Gr 8 Boys Gr 11 Girls Gr 8 Girls Gr 11

LifetimePast YearPast Month

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONGST ADOLESCENTS

CDA: May 2008 15

THE NATURE OF THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM IN SCHOOLS

DEPENDENT DRINKERS?

RISKY DRINKERS9-35%

LOW RISK DRINKERS31%

ABSTAINERS 40%

THE DRINKERS’ PYRAMID

9 TOTS/1 L WINE/2L BEER DAILY/WEEKENDS

COST TO COUNTRY?

(After Parry)

?

?

CDA: May 2008 16

0

5

10

15

20

25

Cann Mand Coke Heroin

Males

Females

LIFETIME SUBSTANCE USE BY LEARNERS

Youth Risk Behaviour 2002

CDA: May 2008 17

YOUNG SUBSTANCE USERS AND POTENTIAL HARM

•Crime and violence

•Accidents and injuries

•Risky sexual behaviour/unplanned pregnancies/STI’s/HIV and AIDS

•Learning problems

•Mental and physical health problems

CDA: May 2008 18

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Alc Smokers Cann

UsersNon-users

PERCENTAGE OF USER AND NON-USER LEARNERS REPORTING BEING STABBED

Youth Risk Behaviour 2002

CDA: May 2008 19

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Alc Smokers Cann

UserNon-user

PERCENTAGE OF USERS AND NON-USERS REPORTING SEXUAL

INTERCOURSE

Youth Risk Behaviour 2002

CDA: May 2008 20

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Alc Smokers Cann

UsersNon-users

PERCENTAGE OF USERS AND NON-USERS REPORTING

EXPULSION

Youth Risk Behaviour 2002

CDA: May 2008 21

THE DRUG PROBLEM:

THE YOUTH UP CLOSE AND MORE PERSONAL

THINK ABOUT SCHOOLS & YOUNG OFFENDERS:

•Age of Dependence: 12 years and reducing.

•School children: 1 in 2 experimented

•Drug dealers in schools: Target schools

•Increase in injection drug use (IDU)

•HIV/AIDS in prisons linked to IDU

•Tik :42% to 98% level in Cape treatment centres

•SACENDU and ISS: Positive link between drugs and violence

•Drug Disguises: Peanuts; tattoos; sweets; cakes; lollipops

CDA: May 2008 22

SUPPLY DEMAND

PEOPLE SUSCEPTIBLE

TO ADDICTION

EXPERIMENTATION

CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR ADDICTION TO START

CDA: May 2008 23

CDA STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING ADDICTION

DEMAND REDUCTION

HARM REDUCTIONSUPPLY REDUCTION

CDA: May 2008 24

CONCLUSION

• The drug problem in South Africa is extremely serious, with drug usage at twice the world norm, and

• alcohol consumption among the Top 10.• The socio-economic consequences of

this cost the country more than Rbn 20 per year.

• The CDA integrated strategy is incorporated in the National Drug Master Plan.