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Transcript of CCUS
Faisal Al Wahedi & Zin Eddine Dadach
Higher Colleges of Technology
Joint Belarusian-Emirati Scientific Symposium
ADMC, March 17th, 2015
Carbon Capture
Utilization & Storage
Carbon dioxide (26%) is not as strong a greenhouse gas as
water vapor (58%), but it absorbs energy in wavelengths
(8-15 micrometers) that water vapor does not, partially
closing the “water vapor window” through which heat
radiated by the surface would normally escape to space.
What is happening in the atmosphere ?
ELECTRICAL POWER IS VITAL FOR GLOBAL
ECONOMY BUT 80% OF GLOBAL ELECTRICITY IS
STILL FROM COMBUSTION OF FUELS
Main source of CO2 emissions
WORLD ENERGY DEMAND IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE
BY 50% OVER THE NEXT 30 YEARS,
We will continue to depend on combustion of fossil fuels
To prevent the most severe impacts of climate change,
the international community has agreed that global
warming should be kept below 2ºC compared to the
temperature in pre-industrial times. That means a
temperature increase of no more than around 1.2°C
above today's level.
To stay within this ceiling, the scientific evidence shows
that the world must stop the growth in global
greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 at the latest,
reduce them by at least half of 1990 levels (12 BILLION
TONS) by the middle of this century and continue
cutting them thereafter.
CLIMATE ACTION
MARCH 6TH, 2015
11
As energy demand continues to rise, intensive actions
are therefore required to cut CO 2 emissions fast….
Increasing Switching to Wide Implementation
Can be implemented on a large scale.
Potential of storing 236 billion tons of
CO2 globally by 2050.
33% reduction in global CO2 emissions
in 2050 compared to today’s emission
levels (2007)
CARBON CAPTURE & STORAGE
Today’s costs of CCS ranges from US $40 to $80/tCO 2 and may be even higher, depending on technologies and storage site location.
This cost typically includes:
$30-50/tCO2 for capture & compression,
$5-20/tCO2 pipeline transport (100-200 km)
$5-10/tCO2 for injection, storage and monitoring.
The high capital cost of CO2 capture technologies is often cited as a key barrier by the potential CCS developers and investors .
70 to 80% of the operating cost of a CCS plant is due to the large amount of energy needed during the capture of CO 2 using available technologies
OBJECTIVE 2030: Assuming reasonable technology advances, the CCS costs is projected to fall down to some $30 -35/tCO2
CCS COSTS, LIKE OTHER CLIMATE
TECHNOLOGIES, MUST BE LOWERED.
CO2-EOR AS CARBON CAPTURE
UTILIZATION AND STORAGE
It is estimated that some 300–400 million tons of CO2 will be
required for every billion barrels of incremental oil to be recovered.
More Impurities & Higher Global Warming Potential with
Heavier Fuels
NATURAL GAS IS THE PREFERRED FUEL
As a result, flue gas has a percentage of CO2 in flue gas of about 3-3.5% and a high concentration of O2
However, to keep the temperatures in the natural gas
turbine at permissible levels, the combustor has a
typical overall excess air ratio in the range 3 to3.5.
*Winner: Post combustion CO2 capture
Issue: CO2 : 3-15%
---------------------------------
*Build new plants
*Oxygen production expensive (chemical looping and ion transport membranes)
---------------------------------
*Air Separation needs considerable energy
* Corrosion resistant materials
CO2 CAPTURE STRATEGIES
POST COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURE
TECHNOLOGIES
Solvents – aqueous amines and salts
Membranes – polymeric
Biological ( Living organisms- Enzymes)
Solid sorbents – Lime, zeolite, activated
carbon
The only immediately realizable and mature
CO2 capture technology is the chemical
absorption by amine solutions.
ISSUE ABOUT CO2 ABSORPTION BY MEA: CLASSICAL PRIMARY AMINE MEA NEEDS A LARGE
AMOUNT OF HEAT FOR ITS REGENERATION
40-450C 90-1150C
3-10 % CO2
95% CO2
Amine Carbamate
How to reduce heat consumption ?
It is l ikely that advanced amine solvents wil l be used for the first generation of CO2 post-combustion capture because of the advanced state of development of amine absorption.
DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON
CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
10-15 years
MEA
TODAY
.
ADVANCED AMINE SOLVENT : FAST REACTION + LOW ENERGY FOR REGENERATION (low concentration of MEA mixed with high concentration of ter t iary amine ) .
Dr. Larochelle, University of Texas, USA : MEA + (MDEA/PZ) of fers 22% energy savings over the classical MEA.
The hindered amine 2-Amino-2-Methyl -1-Propanol (AMP) is also used by some companies (Mitsubishi ) instead of MDEA .
“ADVANCED AMINE” SOLVENT?
Recently Ionic liquids are introduced as new family of solvents to be tested for CO2 Capture. ILs are salts with melting points below 1000C
Ionic liquids need less energy in the desorber than classical amines (CO2 physically absorbed)
ILs are environmentally -friendly alternatives to amine solvents.
Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs)
Task Specific Ionic Liquids (TSILs) with amine moiety is introduced in the structure to enhance CO 2 absorption.
Inconvenient: Very viscous and have lower rates of absorption than amines.
CO2 CAPTURE BY “IONIC LIQUIDS”
An aqueous amine solution mixed with ionic liquid was proposed and the results are the following:
The energy consumption of the mixed (Ionic liquid + MEA amine) solution in the desorber was 37.2% lower than that of aqueous MEA amine solution alone.
Publication Date: January 2014; American Chemical Society
REDUCING COST OF CO2 CAPTURE :
MIXING AMINES WITH IONIC LIQUIDS
CO2 COMPRESSION FROM CAPTURE
TO STORAGE CONDITIONS
It requires significant power to boost the pressure of CO2 from the
regeneration column pressure (1 Bar) to a pressure suitable for injection of
150 Bars because storage of CO2-EOR is more efficient if CO2 is above its
supercritical conditions (P > 7.4 MPa and T> 300 K).
Compressors Only Compression +
Liquefaction + Pumping
COMPRESSION STRATEGIES
17% energy saving from traditional
compression with compressors.
Many point sources of captured CO2 would not be close
to geological storage facilities. The main forms of
transportation are pipeline & shipping.
TRANSPORT OF CO2
Minimum Miscibility Pressure is the minimum pressure required formiscibility between CO2and the reservoir oil.
MMP depends on reservoir conditions (pressure, temperature, and oil composition).
MMP needs to be determined (Rising Bubble method) for the specific candidate oil field in order to estimate the needed CO2 injection pressure.
CO2- EOR efficiency depends on the minimum
miscibility pressure in the reservoir
Injection Pressure
MMP
Immiscible Flooding: At pressures below MMP,
injected CO2 does not mix with the oil within
the reservoir, but causes the swelling of the oil,
improving mobility and increasing oil recovery.
Miscible Flooding : At pressures above the
MMP, the injected CO2 does mix completely
with the oil to form a low viscosity fluid that
can be easily displaced and produced.
DECIDE BETWEEN MISCIBLE &
IMMISCIBLE CO2-EOR
GLOBAL CO2-EOR PROJECTS
MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE
Miscible process has an estimated additional 10-15% recovery of
OOIP, compared to immiscible displacement process (5-10%).
Asphaltene precipitation is the main concern about miscible
flooding.
MISCIBLE CO2-EOR PROCESS :
WAG INJECTION
Water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection involves alternately
injecting small volumes (0.01–0.04 HCPV) of CO2 and water.
The total amount of CO2 injected usually ranges from 0.2 to 0.6
HCPV. The final drive fluid is water.
Traditionally, CO2-EOR projects have been
designed only to enhance crude oil
production. Amount of CO2 injected
minimized (Cost).
New CO2-EOR Strategies need to use more
CO2 injection wells to be able to store a
larger amount of CO2.
EVOLUTION OF CO2-EOR TECHNOLOGY
“State of the Art” CO2-EOR : The injection of much larger volumes of CO2 at 1.0 HCPV (hydrocarbon pore volume) rather than the smaller (on the order of 0.6 HCPV) volumes used in the past.
STATE OF THE ART CO2-EOR
“Next Generation” CO2-EOR : After using the “State of the Art” CO 2
EOR, the “New Generation” miscible CO2-EOR technique will
Increase Oil Recovery Efficiency and expanding CO2 Storage
Capacity by increasing the volume of CO 2 injected into the oil
reservoir from 1.0 to 1.5 HCPV
NEXT GENERATION CO2-EOR
“Second Generation” CO2-EOR:will target both the main pay zone plus an the underlying residual oil zones (ROZs), with continued CO2
injection into and storage in an underlying saline aquifer, including injecting after completion of oil recovery operations.
“SECOND GENERATION” CO2-EOR:
NEXT GENERATION SECOND GENERATION
CO2-EOR CO2-EOR CO2-STORAGE TOTAL
CO2 STORAGE
(Million Metric
Tons)
32 76 33 109
Storage Capacity
Utilization
22% 53% 23% 76%
Oil Recovery
(million barrels)
92 180 180
NEXT GENERATION VS. SECOND
GENERATION
A cost for CO2 emissions (Carbon Tax) could provide the economic rationale for CCS projects
CCS economic viability could also be based on an business agreement to sell its captured carbon to another company for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
New technologies to reduce the cost.
OPTIONS TO MAKE CARBON CAPTURE
AND STORAGE ECONOMICALLY VIABLE
EXAMPLE OF BUSINESS
AGREEMENT FOR CO2-EOR
One of the largest EOR projects worldwide using
anthropogenic CO2 is the Weyburn project in
Canada,
The CO2 required for EOR is produced at Dakota
Gasification Company’s synthetic fuel plant in
Beulah, North Dakota, USA
The project is expected to produce 122 million
bbls of incremental oil, extending the field life by
20-25 years and increasing the oil recovery to
34% of OOIP (Original Oil In Place).
The risks due to leaks of CO2
from geological reservoirs fall
into two broad categories:
Global risks involve the release
of stored CO2 to atmosphere.
Local risks include hazards for
humans, ecosystems and
groundwater.
It has recently be proposed that
leakages rates of 0.01 % per
year will be establish as the
performance requirement for
geological storage of CO2.
CO2 STORAGE SAFETY:
RISKS FROM LEAKS OF STORED CO2
The engineered bio-
mineralization process
produces biofilm and
mineral deposits that
1) Reduce permeability of
geologic media.
2) Modify geochemistry of
brines to enhance CO2
solubility and mineral
precipitation.
SEALING TECHNOLOGIES TO INCREASE CO2
STORAGE SECURITY
WILL LEAKAGE COMPROMISE CCS AS A
CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION OPTION?
• Fraction retained in appropriately selected
and managed geological reservoirs is
–very likely to exceed 99% over 100
years,
– likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years.
"Likely" is a probability between 66 and
90%, "very likely" of 90 to 99%
Release of CO2 from ocean storage
would be gradual over hundreds of years
LEGAL ISSUES
A rigorous regulatory process that has broad
public and political support will be required if
CO2 is to be sequestered underground on a
large scale
Some sort of international monitoring system
will be needed if countries or companies are
going to engage in international trading of
credits related to sequestration of CO2
CONCLUSION
CAPTURE : COST
The economic viability of CCS on a global scale depends on the price that governments and people put on environmental and ecosystem viability.
STORAGE: SAFETY
Unless it can be proven that CO2 can be
permanently and safely stored over the long
term, the option will be untenable, whatever
its additional benefits.
COST EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO REDUCE CO 2
EMISSIONS IN THE UAE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Faisal Al Wahedi & Zin Eddine Dadach (Higher Colleges of Technology)
Industrial Engineering and Management, 2-4, 1-9, 2013