CCOT and COMPARATIVE

BIG IDEASand

Vocab

CONTINUITY in politics and social classes From the earliest civilizations to the

present, political leaders and governments had connections or were directly tied to religion.

Religious leaders were in the elite classes.

Egyptian pharaoh, Mandate of Heaven, Caliph, Akbar made his own religion, Divine Right, Iranian Revolution

"The National Government will preserve and defend those basic principles on which our nation has been built.  It regards Christianity as the foundation of our national morality, and the family as the basis of national life."— Adolf Hitler, Berlin, 1933, first radio address after coming to power

"We believe democracy is an atheist call that idolizes human beings."—Ansar al-Sunnah

CHANGE in politics in the WEST and later in Asia and Africa (1750 to 1914) & (1914-Present)

The RISE OF SECULAR GOVERNMENTS Political structures in some regions were

NO LONGER directly connected to religious institutions.

Governments’ power was not based on religious ideology – but on other ideas such as: Popular sovereignty Military leadership Ability to rule

Causes and ExamplesCauses: Enlightenment (1450-1750) Post-WWs disillusion (1914 to present)

Examples: U.S. government (1770s)

Believing that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God . . . I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their Legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," thus building a wall of separation between Church and State .

Thomas Jefferson

Causes and ExamplesCauses: Enlightenment (1450-1750) Post-WWs disillusion (1914 to present)

Examples: U.S. government (1770s) French governments (1800s) Communist Russia (1918) Turkey (from former Ottoman) (1920s) Communist China (1940s)

Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature. It is the opium of the people. The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is required for their real happiness.

Karl Marx

ECONOMIC CHANGES2000s bce Neolithic Revolution

(agriculture) leads to permanent settlements

200s bce - 400s ce Classical Trade

Classical period saw more trade as classical empires in Mediterranean, India, and China helped foster trade

ECONOMIC CHANGES700s – 1000s ce Islamic Empire1450 – 1750 ce Ottoman,

Safavid, and Mughal Empires Islamic Empire(s) connect Asia,

Africa, Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean – trade increases (pilgrimage)

ECONOMIC CHANGES1450 – 1750s ce European

Expansion Americas, Africa, Asia, Atlantic and

Indian Ocean connections (Columbian Exchange, slave trade)

Europeans begin to dominate trade networks.

More “world” in world trade

ECONOMIC CHANGESLate 1700s to 1900 Industrial

Revolution first in Europe, then US, then Russia and Japan

Manufacturing and commerce became the base of many economies. Political, social, and gender results. The WEST continued to dominate.

ECONOMIC CHANGES19th century Imperialism and

Colonialism World trade increases as Europeans

and US take control of many parts of Africa and Asia.

ECONOMIC CHANGES1900s Consumerism Emphasis on consumer goods in the

economy began in the West.

1930s Global Economic Crisis (between the world wars) Economies of the

West declined with major implications for the dependent economies of Latin America, Africa, & Asia

CONTINUITIES in POLITICS and SOCIAL CLASSES

The military had an important role in the government and politics of regions and empires.

Warriors/military leaders have often been in the elite classes.

Some evidence Classical Civs were all based on expansion and then

dominance through military might or alliances (1st centuries bce to 3rd centuries ce).

Islamic Empire expanded through military conquest. (8th centuries to 11th century).

Mongol armies built the largest land empire in the world (13th century).

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires and Aztec & Inca. (13th to 17th centuries)

The America, French, Haitian (18th), Latin American (19th), and Russian Revolutions (20th) were military based.

Ashoka, Muhammad, Knights, Samurai, Aztec warriors, Chinggis Khan, George Washington, Mao

CONTINUITIES in POLITICS

From the earliest civilizations to the present, the military has had an important role in the government and politics of regions and empires.

HOWEVER, Chinese scholar gentry had power over

the military in times of stability and were in an equivalent social class.

Continuities according to 3rd period “Luxury” goods tended to be a main part of trade – early

civs to present Gold, spices, silk, porcelain

China – exported more than imported (until the 1700s) Ag is the base of most economies Competition improves quality

European weapons US intervention in 1900s Trade benefits the upper class (or merchant) Dependency on the west . . (after 1800s) Capitalism after industrial rev China (1800s) & Japan’s (up to 1800s) chosen isolation

Economic Continuities according to 5th period “Luxury” goods tended to be a main part

of trade – early civs to present Gold, spices, silk, porcelain

Ag is base of economy Gov involved or controlled trade. Economy is improved through expansion Division of labor = social classes. Economic & trade centers near water

routes. Until 19th c – importance slave labor

Economic Continuities according to 6th period Luxury goods important part of regional or

world trade Spice, ivory, silk, precious metals, coffee?

Ag based economies Economy expanded through colonizing or

conquest Specialization of labor Religion and trade Government supported control

SOME AP VOCAB Demographics – make-up of human

populations (ethnic, religious, regional)

Political structure or system – how the government is set up (and its bureaucracy)

Social hierarchy – social class (the caste system was only in India)

SOME AP VOCAB Labor systems – how people work, work

patterns Coercive labor system – forced labor like

slavery or indentured servitude. Elite – upper class

Gender systems – roles of men and women