CCNA REPORT ON PROJECT WAN

8/10/2019 CCNA REPORT ON PROJECT WAN

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project that dissertation/project report entitledRouter RIP done by Manoj

Kumar is an authentic work carried out by him at CMC Limited under my guidance. The matter

inputted in this project work has not been submitted earlier for the award of any degree to best

of my knowledge and belief.

Date:

H.O.D Name:


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UNDER GUIUDANCE

HCL CAREER DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

PATHANKOT


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CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASOCIATE

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

OF HIMACHAL PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

HAMIRPUR

BY

Manoj Kumar (CS-4287)

SHAHPUR, KANGRA (H.P.)


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Introduction to the

Trainee

Student name : Manoj Kumar

College name : HIET Shahpur

Roll no : CS-4287

Semester : 5th

Branch : CSE

Training period : From: 23rdJune, 2013

To: 3rdAugust, 2013


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Preface

Vocational training plays a very important role in the engineering course of the student because

this helps him/her in gaining tremendous knowledge & experience as he /she can learn about the

bundle of things which cant be learn in campus, so these Vocational training schedules are

added in the course by various universities. The duration of our training is 6 weeks after 4th

semester.

Manoj Kumar


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ENTRANCEHard workGradual progress and second year. Thats how I have reached thislevel and now I stand at the two years which I have spent in this college.

Training is agglomeration of the theoretical and practical and technical concepts, which enhancesour skills in the field of technology.No academic endeavor can be single handedly accomplished our sincere gratitude is the staff ofHCL CDC for their kind assistance and provision of our training.We sincerely acknowledge our thanks to the teachers for their guidance and motivationthroughout the training and project work.We would also like to record our gratitude to Mr. Varider for giving us a chance for a successfultraining here.

Last, but not the least, I would like to thanks all our companions for their help which was inabundance

Manoj Sharma


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TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENTSIntroduction .1.1 History1.2 Courses

Literature Review2.1 Networking Essentials2.2 Network Architecture2.3 Networking Topology2.4 Networking Hardware

3. CISCO Certified Network Associate..3.1 Router3.2 Lan card3.3 OSI Model3.4 Router Configuration3.5 IP Routing3.6 LAN Switching3.7 Access Control List

4. Project Methodology.......4.1 Router 14.2 Router 24.3 Router 3

5.Result and Conclusion..ResultProject Review


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Introduction to Organization

HCL Info Systems Limited

HCL Infosystems Ltd., a listed subsidiary of HCL, is an India-based hardware and systems

integrator. It has a presence in 170 locations and 300 service centres throughout India. Its

manufacturing facilities are based in Chennai, Pondicherry and Uttarakhand. It is headquartered

at Noida.

History

With its origins in 1976, HCL Infosystems Ltd is one of the pioneers in the Indian IT market.

HCL Peripherals (a unit of HCL Infosystems Ltd.), founded in the year 1983, is a manufacturer

of computer peripherals in India of Display Products, Thin Client solutions, Information and

Interactive Kiosks and a range of Networking products & Solutions. HCL Peripherals has two

Manufacturing facilities, one in Pondicherry (Electronics) and the other in Chennai

(Mechanical). The company has been given ISO: 27001 certifications.

HCL ERC (Enterprise Response Center) was started to give outstanding support to its customers,at Pondicherry, in 2007. It has grown and team of domain experts working in it.

The company operates under three primary segments namely Computer Systems and related

products and services, Telecommunication & Office Automation and Internet and related

services.

Computer Systems and related products and services

Telecommunication & Office Automation

Internet and Related Services

HCL Infosystems is ranked #1 in IDC-Dataquest Customer Satisfaction Survey 2011, third year

in a row. DQ-IDC ranks the company #2 Domestic ICT company. It has been selected as

Business Super brands of India by the Super Brands Council. The company has been awarded


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with the CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) Maturity Level 5 certification for its

Jaipur Development centre in 2011.

The 35 year old enterprise, founded in 1976, is one of India's original IT garage start ups. Its

range of offerings span R&D and Technology Services, Enterprise and Applications Consulting,

Remote Infrastructure Management, BPO services, IT Hardware, Systems Integration and

Distribution of Technology and Telecom products in India. The HCL team comprises 88,000

professionals of diverse nationalities, operating across 31 countries including 500 points of

presence in India. HCL has global partnerships with several leading Fortune 1000 firms,

including several IT and Technology majors.

Courses

Fig 1.1 Courses offered at HCL

Networking courses

HCE (HCL CERTIFIED ENTERPRISE ENGINEER)

In Today is IT scenario, there is a huge requirement of IT professionals with a firm grasp of

Hardware and Networking Concepts. With the role of an IT professional not restricted to one


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technology alone, the industry requires one to have all-round knowledge of computer hardware

& networking concepts and technologies. The average salaries of such network professionals

which have done a complete course range to more than $90,000 per annum. The course is a great

value addition to the candidates who have completed their graduation in Applied Sciences and

Engineering, and IT field.

Taking into consideration the Industry requirements HCL has come up with an Industry Ready

Course known as HCEE (known as HCE+). The various course contents are-

Course Contents & Unique Features

i. Basic Hardware and Server Technology.

ii. Advanced Networking and Security.

iii. System Engineering on Microsoft Technologies.

iv. Networking Technology & Devices.

v. Linux Administration & Security

vi. Service Desk Institute.

vii. Advanced Storage Technology.

HCNE (NETWORK ENGINEER)

With roles of an IT professionals not just constrained to one technology only, Industry demands

people to have al-round knowledge of Computer Hardware and Networking Concepts ranging to

various Technologies. The average salaries of such network professionals which have done acomplete course range to more than $90,000 per annum.

The course creates great job prospects for the candidates who have a keen inclination towards

making their career in managing IT Infrastructure along with their graduation such that when

they complete the course with graduation they are industry ready and the most sought after

professionals.

Course Contents & Unique Features

Taking into consideration the Industry requirements HCL has come up with an Industry Ready

Course known as HCE plus. The various course contents are:

i. Basic Hardware and Server Technology

ii. Advanced Networking and Security

iii. System Engineering on Microsoft Technologies

iv. Networking Technology & Devices


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v. Linux Administration & Security

vi. Notebook Technology.

vii. Wireless Network Administration.

HCSA (SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR)

With the role of an IT professional not restricted to one technology alone, the industry requires

one to have all-round knowledge of computer hardware & networking concepts and technologies

The average salaries of such network professionals which have done a complete course range to

more than $90,000 per annum. The course creates great job prospects for the candidates who

have a keen inclination towards making their career in managing IT Infrastructure along with

their graduation such that when they complete the course with graduation they are industry ready

and the most sought after professionals.

HCSP (SYSTEM PROFESSIONAL)

With the role of an IT professional not restricted to one technology alone, the industry requires

one to have all-round knowledge of computer hardware & networking concepts and

technologies. The average salaries of such network professionals which have done a complete

course range to more than $90,000 per annum. The course creates great job prospects for the

candidates who have a keen inclination towards making their career in managing IT

Infrastructure along with their graduation such that when they complete the course with

graduation they are industry ready and the most sought after professionals.


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Fig 1.2 HCL- A Snapshot


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Literature Review

Network Essentials

1.

NetworkingNetworking is the concept of sharing resources and services. A network of computers is a

group of interconnected systems sharing resources and interacting using a shared

communications link. A network, therefore, is a set of interconnected systems with

something to share. The shared resource can be data, a printer, a fax modem, or a service

such as a database or an email system. The individual systems must be connected through

a pathway (called the transmission medium) that is used to transmit the resource or

service between the computers. All systems on the pathway must follow a set of common

communication rules for data to arrive at its intended destination and for the sending and

receiving systems to understand each other. The rules governing computer

communication are calledprotocols. All networks must have the following:

i. A resource to share (resource)

ii. A pathway to transfer data (transmission medium)

iii. A set of rules governing how to communicate (protocols)

The two main reasons for using computer networking are to provide services and to

reduce equipment costs. The following are specific reasons for networking PCs:

i. Sharing files

ii. Sharing printers and other devices

iii. Enabling centralized administration and security of the resources within the

system

iv. Supporting network applications such as electronic mail and database services.

Networks come in all shapes and sizes. Network administrators often classify networks

according to geographical size. The following are the most common size classifications:

Local Area Networks (LANs)

A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and network communication

devices interconnected within a geographically limited area, such as a building or

a campus. LANs are characterized by the following:

They transfer data at high speeds (higher bandwidth).


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They exist in a limited geographical area.

Connectivity and resources, especially the transmission media, usually are

managed by the company running the LAN.

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

A wide area network (WAN) interconnects LANs. A WAN can be located entirely

within a state or a country, or it can be interconnected around the world. WANs

are characterized by the following:

They exist in an unlimited geographical area.

They usually interconnect multiple LANs.

They often transfer data at lower speeds (lower bandwidth).

Connectivity and resources, especially the transmission media, usually are

managed by a third-party carrier such as a telephone or cable company.

Fig 2.1 LAN with WAN

Intranet

An intranet is basically a network that is local to a company. In other words, users

from within this company can find all of their resources without having to go

outside of the company. An intranet can include LANs, private WANs and

MANs.


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Extranet

An extranetis an extended intranet, where certain internal services are made

available to known external users or external business partners at remote

locations.

Internet

An internetis used when unknown external users need to access

internal resources in your network. In other words, your company might have a

web site that sells various products, and you want any external user to be able to

access this service.

2) Network Architecture

The network architecture basically consists of the way the devices are connected to each

other in a network. It is mainly of two types-

i. Peer to Peer Model

Peer-to-peer(P2P) refers to a computer network in which each computer in the

network can act as a client or server for the other computers in the network,

allowing shared access to files and peripherals without the need for a central

server. P2P networks can be set up in the home, a business or over the Internet.

Each network type requires all computers in the network to use the same or a

compatible program to connect to each other and access files and other resourcesfound on the other computer. P2P networks can be used for sharing content such

as audio, video, data or anything in digital format.

ii. Client Server Model

The client/server modelis a computing model that acts as distributed

application which partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a

resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients. Often

clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware,

but both client and server may reside in the same system. A server machine is a

host that is running one or more server programs which share their resources with

clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content

or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers

which await incoming requests.


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Functions such as email exchange, web access and database access are built on

the client/server model. Many business applications being written today use the

clientserver model, as do the Internet's main application protocols, such

as HTTP, SMTP, Telnet, and DNS.

Fig 2.2 Peer to Peer and Client Server Model

3)

Network Topology

Network topologyis the layout pattern of interconnections of the various elements

(links, nodes, etc.) of a computer or biological network. Network topologies may be

physical or logical. Physical topology refers to the physical design of a network

including the devices, location and cable installation. Logical topologyrefers to how data

is actually transferred in a network as opposed to its physical design.

A local area network (LAN) is one example of a network that exhibits both a physical

topology and a logical topology. There are two basic categories of network topologies:

a) Physical topologies- The shape of the cabling layout used to link devices is called

the physical topology of the network. This refers to the layout of cabling, the

locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes and the cabling.

The physical topology of a network is determined by the capabilities of the


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network access devices and media, the level of control or fault tolerance desired,

and the cost associated with cabling or telecommunications circuits.

The basic Physical Topologies are-

Bus Topology

In local area networks where bus topology is used, each node is connected

to a single cable. Each computer or server is connected to the single bus

cable. A signal from the source travels in both directions to all machines

connected on the bus cable until it finds the intended recipient. If the

machine address does not match the intended address for the data, the

machine ignores the data. Alternatively, if the data matches the machine

address, the data is accepted. Since the bus topology consists of only one

wire, it is rather inexpensive to implement when compared to other

topologies. However, the low cost of implementing the technology is

offset by the high cost of managing the network. Additionally, since only

one cable is utilized, it can be the single point of failure. If the network

cable is terminated on both ends and when without termination data

transfer stop and when cable breaks, the entire network will be down.

Star Topology

In local area networks with a star topology, each network host isconnected to a central hub with a point-to-point connection. The network

does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified as a star

network, but all of the nodes on the network must be connected to one

central device. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the

central hub. The hub acts as a signal repeater. The star topology is

considered the easiest topology to design and implement. An advantage of

the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. The primary

disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point

of failure.

Although most networks that are based upon the physical star topology are

commonly implemented using a special device such as a hub or switch as

the central node (i.e., the 'hub' of the star), it is also possible to implement


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a network that is based upon the physical star topology using a computer

or even a simple common connection point as the 'hub' or central node.

Ring Topology

A network topology that is set up in a circular fashion in which data

travels around the ring in one direction and each device on the right acts as

a repeater to keep the signal strong as it travels. Each device incorporates a

receiver for the incoming signal and a transmitter to send the data on to the

next device in the ring. The network is dependent on the ability of the

signal to travel around the ring.

Mesh Topology

The number of connections in a full mesh = n(n - 1) / 2.

The physical fully connected mesh topology is generally too costly and

complex for practical networks, although the topology is used when there

are only a small number of nodes to be interconnected.

The Partially connected type of network topology in which some of the

nodes of the network are connected to more than one other node in the

network with a point-to-point link this makes it possible to take

advantage of some of the redundancy that is provided by a physical fully

connected mesh topology without the expense and complexity required fora connection between every node in the network.

Tree Topology

Tree topology is a combination of Bus and Star topology.

Each node in the network having a specific fixed number, of nodes

connected to it at the next lower level in the hierarchy, the number, being

referred to as the 'branching factor' of the hierarchical tree. This tree has

individual peripheral nodes.

A network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology must have

at least three levels in the hierarchy of the tree, since a network with a

central 'root' node and only one hierarchical level below it would exhibit

the physical topology of a star.

Such a type of network topology is very useful and highly recommended.


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Hybrid Topology

Hybrid topology is a combination of Bus, Star and ring topology.

Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such

a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard

topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example, a tree network

connected to a tree network is still a tree network topology. A hybrid

topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies

are connected. Two common examples for Hybrid network are: Star-Ring

networkand Star-Bus network

Fig 2.3 Basic Network Topologies

b) Logical topologies-The logical topology, in contrast, is the way that the signals

act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network

from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the

devices. For example, the original twisted pair Ethernet using repeater, hubs was a

logical bus topology with a physical star topology layout. Token Ring is a logical

ring topology, but is wired a physical star from the Media Access Unit.

The logical classification of network topologies describes the path that

the datatakes between nodes being used as opposed to the

actualphysicalconnections between nodes.


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4) Networking Hardware

Networking hardwareor networking equipmenttypically refers to devices facilitating

the use of a computer network. Computer networking devicesare units that

mediate data in a computer network. The various Networking devices are-

i. Network interface cards

A network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) is a piece

of computer hardware designed to allow computers to physically access a

networking medium. It provides a low-level addressing system through the use

of MAC addresses.

Each Ethernet network interface has a unique MAC address which is usually

stored in a small memory device on the card, allowing any device to connect to

the network without creating an address conflict. Ethernet MAC addresses are

composed of six octets. Uniqueness is maintained by the IEEE, which manages

the Ethernet address space by assigning 3-octet prefixes to equipment

manufacturers.

Fig 2.4 Network Interface Card (Network and Wireless LAN)

ii. Repeaters and hubs

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal, cleans it of unnecessary

noise, regenerates it, and retransmits it at a higher power level, or to the other side

of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without

degradation. In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required

for cable that runs longer than 100 meters. A repeater with multiple ports is

known as a hub. Repeaters work on the Physical Layer of the OSI model.

Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause

a propagation delay which can affect network communication when there are


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several repeaters in a row. Many network architectures limit the number of

repeaters that can be used in a row (e.g. Ethernet's 5-4-3 rule). Today, repeaters

and hubs have been made mostly obsolete by switches.

Fig 2.5 Hub- 4 Port and 8 Ports

iii. Bridges

A bridgeis used to join two network segments together; it allows computers on

either segment to access resources on the other. They can also be used to divide

large networks into smaller segments. Bridges have all the features of repeaters,

but can have more nodes, and since the network is divided, there is fewer

computers competing for resources on each segment thus improving network

performance.

Fig 2.6 Bridge

iv. Switches

Switches are a special type of hub that offers an additional layer of intelligence to

basic, physical-layer repeater hubs. A switch must be able to read the MAC

address of each frame it receives. This information allows switches to repeat

incoming data frames only to the computer or computers to which a frame is

addressed. This speeds up the network and reduces congestion.

Fig 2.7 Switch


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v. Routers

A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks by

processing information found in the datagram or packet (Internet protocol

information from Layer 3 of the OSI Model). In many situations, this information

is processed in conjunction with the routing table (also known as forwarding

table). Routers use routing tables to determine what interface to forward packets

(this can include the "null" also known as the "black hole" interface because data

can go into it, however, no further processing is done for said data).

Fig 2.8 Router

vi. Firewalls

A firewall is an important aspect of a network with respect to security. It typically

rejects access requests from unsafe sources while allowing actions from

recognized ones. The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in

parallel with the constant increase in 'cyber' attacks for the purpose of

stealing/corrupting data, planting viruses, etc.

Fig 2.9 Overview of Firewall


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Cisco Certified Network Associate or CCNA

1) Router

Router is hardware device, which is used to communicate two different networks. Router

performs routing and path determination. It does not perform broadcast information.

There are two types of routers: -

(i)Hardware Routersare developed by Cisco, HP.

(ii)Software Routers is configured with the help of routing and remote

access. This feature is offered by Microsoft. This feature is by default

installed, but you have to enable or configure it.

Hardware routers are dedicated routers. They are more efficient. But in case of software

routers, it has fewer features, slow performance. They are not very much efficient.

2) Lan Card

LAN card is media access device. LAN card provide us connectivity in the network.

There is a RJ45 (Registered Jack) connector space on the LAN card. RJ45 is used in UTP

cable. There is another led which is also called heartbeat of Lan card. When any activity

occur it may be receiving or transmitting any kind of data. This led start blinking and also

tell us the status of lan card.

LAN Topologies BUS Topology

Cable Type Coaxial

Connector Type BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman), T type, Terminator

CoaxialThick Maximum length500 metersN/w devices 100

CoaxialThin Maximum length185 metersN/w devices 30

Fig 2.23 Coaxial Cable


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Star Topology

Cable type - UTP

Connector type - RJ45

Maximum Length100 meters (with proper color coding)

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

Fig 2.24 UTP

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

Fig 2.25 STP

In case of hub media access method will be CSMA/CD.

Ethernet Family

Speed Base band

10 Base 2 200-meter Coaxial cable

10 Base 5 500-meter Thick Coaxial cable

10 Base T 100 meter Twisted Pair (UTP)

10/100(present) Base TX 100 meter UTP

100 Base T4 100 meter UTP 4 Pairs used

100 Base FX up to 4 kms Fiber Optic

1000(Server) Base TX 100 meter UTP

1000 Base FX up to 10 kms Fiber Optic

10000 Base FX Fiber Optic


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Color

Green Green white

OrangeOrange white

Blue Blue white

BrownBrown white

Green cable has maximum twists.

Pin Configuration

Cross Straight

1 3 1 1

2 6 2 2

3 1 3 3

6 2 6 6

Straight Cable

1 Orange white - Orange white

2 Orange - Orange

3 Green white - Green white

4 Blue - Blue

5 Blue white - Blue white

6 Green - Green

7 Brown white - Brown white

8 Brown - Brown

Cross Cable

1 Orange white - Green white

2 Orange - Green

3 Green white - Orange white

4 Blue - Blue

5 Blue white - Blue white

6 Green - Orange

7 Brown white - Brown white

8 Brown - Brown


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RJ45 Connector

Fig 2.26 RJ45

3) OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model

OSI model is the layer approach to design, develop and implement network. OSI

provides following advantages: -

(i) Designing of network will be standard base.

(ii) Development of new technology will be faster.

(iii) Devices from multiple vendors can communicate with each other.

(iv) Implementation and troubleshooting of network will be easy.

The seven Layers of OSI model are explained as-

i) Application Layer: - Application layer accepts data and forward into the protocol stack.

It creates user interface between application software and protocol stack.

ii) Presentation Layer: -This layer decides presentation format of the data. It also able to

performs other function like compression/decompression and encryption/decryption.

iii)Session Layer: -This layer initiate, maintain and terminate sessions between different

applications. Due to this layer multiple application software can be executed at the same

time.

iv)Transport Layer: - Transport layer is responsible for connection oriented and

connection less communication. Transport layer also performs other functions like

Error checking, Flow Control, Buffering, Windowing

Multiplexing, Sequencing, Positive Acknowledgement, Response

v) Network Layer: - This layer performs function like logical addressing and path

determination. Each networking device has a physical address that is MAC address. But

logical addressing is easier to communicate on large size network.


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Logical addressingdefines network address and host address. This type of addressing is

used to simplify implementation of large network. Some examples of logical addressing

are: - IP addresses, IPX addresses etc.

Fig 2.27 Seven Layers of OSI Model and their Functions

vi)Data Link Layer: -The functions of Data Link layer are divided into two sub layers-


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Logical Link Controldefines the encapsulation that will be used by the NIC to

delivered data to destination. Some examples of Logical Link Control are ARPA

(Ethernet), 802.11, Wi-Fi.

Media Access Controldefines methods to access the shared media and establish

the identity with the help of MAC address. Some examples of Media Access

Control are CSMA/CD, Token Passing.

vii)Physical Layer: - Physical Layer is responsible to communicate bits over the media this

layer deals with the standard defined for media and signals. This layer may also perform

modulation and demodulation as required.

4) Router Configuration

I. Router Access Modes

When we access router command prompt the router will display different modes.

According to the modes, privileges and rights are assigned to the user.

User mode-In this mode, we can display basic parameter and status of the router

we can test connectivity and perform telnet to other devices. In this mode we are

not enable to manage & configure router.

Privileged mode-In this mode, we can display all information, configuration,

perform administration task, debugging, testing and connectivity with other

devices. We are not able to perform here configuration editing of the router.

The command to enter in this mode is enable. We have to enter enable password

or enable secret password to enter in this mode. Enable secret has more priority

than enable password. If both passwords are configured then only enable secret

will work.

Global configuration-This mode is used for the configuration of global

parameters in the router. Global parameters applied to the entire router. For eg: -

router hostname or access list of router.The command Enter in this mode is configure terminal.

II. Line configuration mode

This mode is used to configure lines like console, vty and auxiliary. There are

main types of line that are configured.

(i) Console- Router(config)#line console 0


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(ii) Auxiliary- Router(config)#line aux 0

(iii) Telnet or vty- Router(config)#line vty 0 4

III. Interface configuration mode

This mode is used to configure router interfaces. For e.g:- Ethernet, Serial, BRI

etc.

Router (config) #interface

Router (config) #interface serial 1

IV. Routing configuration mode

This mode is used to configure routing protocol like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF etc.

Router (config) #router []

Router (config) #router rip

Router (config) #router eigrp 10

V. Configuring Password

There are five types of password available in a router

(1)Console Password

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#line console 0

Router(config-line)#password

Router(config-line)#login

Router(config-line)#exit

To erase password do all steps with no command.

(2)Vty Password

Router>enable


Router(config)#line vty 0 4




(3)Auxi li ary Password


Router(config)#line Aux 0


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(4)Enable Password

Router>enable


Router(config)#enable password

Router(config)#exit

(5)Enable Secret Password

Enable Password is the clear text password.

Router>enable


Router(config)#enable secret

Router(config)#exit

(6)Encryption all passwords

All passwords other than enable secret password are clear text password. We

can encrypt all passwords using level 7 algorithms. The command to encrypt

all passwords are-


Router(config)#service password-encryption

VI. Managing Configuration

There are two types of configuration present in a router

(1) Startup Configuration

(2) Running Configuration

Startup configurationis stored in the NVRAM. Startup configuration is used to

save settings in a router. Startup configuration is loaded at the time of booting in

to the Primary RAM.

Running Configurationis present in the Primary RAM wherever we run a

command for configuration; this command is written in the running configuration.

To save confi guration

Router#copy running-configuration startup-configuration


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Or

Router#write

To display runni ng-conf igurationRouter#show running-configuration

To display startup conf igurati on

Router#show startup-configuration

To erase old confi guration

Router#erase startup-configuration

Configuring Host Name


Router#hostname

#exi t or end or /\z

VII. Configuration Interfaces

Interfaces configuration is one of the most important part of the router

configuration. By default, all interfaces of Cisco router are in disabled mode. We

have to use different commands as our requirement to enable and configure the

interface.

Configuring IP, Mask and Enabling the Interface


Router(config)#interface

Router(config-if)#ip address

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#exit

To conf igure I nterface description



Router(config-if)#description

To display interface status

Router#show interfaces (to show all interfaces)

Router#show interface

This command will display following parameters about an interface

1) Status


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2) Mac address

3) IP address

4) Subnet mask

5) Hardware type / manufacturer

6) Bandwidth

7) Reliability

8) Delay

9) Load ( Tx load, Rx load)

10) Encapsulation

11) ARP type (if applicable)

12) Keep alive

Configuring secondary IP

Router#config terminal


Router(config-if)#IP address 192.168.10.5 255.255.255.0

Router(config-if)#IP address 192.168.10.18 255.255.255.0 secondary

Router(config-if)#no shutdown (to enable the interface because they

always shutdown)


Router#show run (to display secondary IP)


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To display commands present i n history

Router#show history

To display history size

Router#show terminal

VIII. Configuring Banners

Banners are just a message that can appear at different prompts according to the

type. Different banners are: -

Message of the day (motd)-This banner appear at every access method.

5) IP Routing

When we want to connect two or more networks using different n/w addresses then we

have to use IP Routing technique. The router will be used to perform routing between the

networks. A router will perform following functions for routing.

I. Path determination

The process of obtaining path in routing table is called path determination. There

are three different methods to which router can learn path.

Automatic detection of directly connected networks.

Static & Default routing

Dynamic routing

II.

Packet forwardingIt is a process that is by default enable in router. The router will perform packet

forwarding only if route is available in the routing table.

III. Static Routing

In this routing, we have to use IP route commands through which we can specify

routes for different networks. The administrator will analyze whole internetwork

topology and then specify the route for each n/w that is not directly connected to

the router.

Steps to perform static routing

-

a. Create a list of all n/w present in internetwork.

b. Remove the n/w address from list, which is directly connected to n/w.


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c. Specify each route for each routing n/w by using IP route command.

Router(config)#ip route

Next hop IP it is the IP address of neighbor router that is directly

connected our router.

Static Routing Example: -

Router#conf ter

Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.10.2

Advantages of static routing

a. Fast and efficient.

b. More control over selected path.

c. Less overhead for router.

Disadvantages of static routing

a. More overheads on administrator.

b. Load balancing is not easily possible.

c. In case of topology change routing table has to be change

manually.

IV. Default Routing

Default routing means a route for any n/w. these routes are specify with the help

of following syntax: -

Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

To display routing table

Router#show ip route

To check all the in terf ace of a router

Router#show interface brief

V.

Dynamic Routing

In dynamic routing, we will enable a routing protocol on router. This protocol will

send its routing information to the neighbor router. The neighbors will analyze the

information and write new routes to the routing table.

The routers will pass routing information receive from one router to other router

also. If there are more than one path available then routes are compared and best


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path is selected. Some examples of dynamic protocol are: -RIP, IGRP, EIGRP,

and OSPF

Configuring RIP

Router#conf ter

Router(config)#router rip

Router(config-router)#network


Router(config-router)#exit

Example- Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0

Router(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0

Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.0

175.2.0.0 via 172.16.0.6

VI. Configuring IGRP

Router(config)#router igrp (165535)




VII. Link State Routing

This type of routing is based on link state. The router will send link state

information to the all neighbors. Link state information from one neighbor is also

forwarded to other neighbor.

Each router will maintain its link state database created from link state

advertisement received from different routers.


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The router will use best path algorithm to store the path in routing table.

Problems of Link State Routing

The main problems of link state routing are: -

High bandwidth consumption.

More hardware resources required that is processor and memory (RAM)

The routing protocols, which use link state routing are: -

a. EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

Features: -

Cisco proprietary

Hybrid protocol

Link State

Distance Vector

Multicast Updates using

Address 224.0.0.10

Support AS

Support VLSM

Automatic Route Summarization

Unequal path cost load balancing

Confi guring EIGRP: -

Router(config)#router eigrp




b. OSPF Terminology

Router ID-Router ID is the highest IP address of router interfaces. This id

is used as the identity of the router. It maintains link state databases. The

first preference for selecting router ID is given to the Logical interfaces. If

logical interface is not present then highest IP of physical interface is

selected as router id.


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Backup Designated Router-This router will work as backup for the

designated router. In BDR mode, it will receive all information but do not

forward this information to other non-DR router.

Confi guring OSPF-

Router#conf ter

Router(config)#router ospf

Router(config-router)#network area

Router(config-router)#network area


Wild MaskComplement of subnet mask

Example 255.255.255.255

- 255.255.192.0 subnet mask

0.0.63.255 wild mask

Example of OSPF Routing-

Router(config)#router ospf 33

Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.32 0.0.0.3 area 0

Router(config-router)#network 200.100.100.64 0.0.0.31 area 0


6) LAN Switching

Ethernet switches are used in LAN to create Ethernet n/ws. Switches forward the traffic

on the basis of MAC address. Switches maintain a Mac Addresse table in which mac

addresses and port no.s are used to perform switching decision. Working of bridge and

switch is similar to each other.

Classif ication of switches

Switches are classified according to the following criteria: -

Types of switches based on working: -

Store & Forward-This switch receives entire frame then perform error checking

and start forwarding data to the destination.


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Cut through-This switch starts forwarding frame as soon as first six bytes of the

frame are received.

Fragment-free-This switch receives 64 bytes of the frame, perform error checking

and then start forwarding data.

Adaptive cut-through-It changes its mode according the condition. If it see there

are errors in many frames then it changes to Store & Forward mode from Cut

through or Fragment-free.

Types of switches based on management: -

Manageable switches

Non-Manageable switches

Semi-Manageable switches

Types of switches based on OSI layer: -

Layer 2 switches (only switching)

Layer 3 switches (switching & routing)

Types of switches based on command mode (only in Cisco): -

IOS based

CLI based

Type of switches based on hierarchical model: -

Core layer switches

Distribution layer switches

Access layer switches

Qual iti es of switch

- No. of ports

- Speed of ports

- Type of media

- Switching or wire speed or throughputBasic Switch Admini stration

IOS based switches are similar to the routers. We can perform following function on

switches in a similar manner as performed on router.

(1) Access switch using console

(2) Commands to enter & exit from different mode


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(3) Commands to configure passwords

(4) Manage configuration

(5) Backup IOS and configuration

(6) Configuring and resolving hostnames

(7) Managing telnet

(8) Configuring CDP

(9) Configuring time clock

(10) Configuring Banners

(11) Command line shortcuts and editing shortcuts

(12) Managing history

(13) Configure logging

(14) Boot system commands

Following function and options are not similar in router and switch.

(1) Default hostname is Switch

(2) Auxiliary port is not present

(3) VTY ports are mostly 0 to 15

(4) By default interfaces are enabled

(5) IP address cannot be assign to interfaces

(6) Routing configuration mode is not present

(7) Interface no. starts from 1

(8) Web access is by default enabled

(9) Configuration registry is not present in similar manner

(10) Flash memory may contain multiple files and startup-configuration is also

saved in flash

Configuring I P and Gateway on switch

We can configure IP address on switch for web access or telnet IP address

is required for the administration of the switch. If we have to access switch

from remote n/w then we will configure default gateway in addition to IP

address.

IP address is assigned to the logical interface of switch with following

command:-


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Switch(config)#interface vlan 1

Switch(config)#IP address

Switch(config)#no sh

Switch(config)#exit

Configuring Gateway

Switch(config)#ip default-gateway

Switch(config)#exit

Breaking Switch Password

1. Power off switch press mode button present in front of switch then

power on the switch.

2. Keep mode button press until Switch: prompt appears on console.

3.

In switch monitor mode, type following commands: -

flash_init

load_helper

rename flash:config.text flash:

dir flash:

boot

4. After booting switch will prompt to enter in initial configuration

dialog. Enter no here and type.

Switch>enable

Rename flash: Flash:config.text

Configure memory

Change password and save config. Then copy run start_config.

Logical Segmentation of Network

To perform logical segmentation, we have to create VLAN in the network. With the help

of VLAN, we can logically divide the broadcast domain of the network.

VLAN (Virtual LAN)-VLAN provides Virtual Segmentation of Broadcast Domain in the

network. The devices, which are member of same Vlan, are able to communicate with

each other. The devices of different Vlan may communicate with each other with routing.

So that different Vlan devices will use different n/w addresses. Vlan provides following

advantages: -


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(1) Logical Segmentation of network

(2) Enhance network security

Creating port based Vlan

In port based Vlan, first we have to create a Vlan on manageable switch then we have to

add ports to the Vlan.

Commands to create Vlan

Switch#config ter

Switch(config)#vlan [name ]

Switch(config)#exit [optional]

Or

Switch#vlan database

Switch(vlan)#vlan [name ]

Switch(vlan)#exit

Commands to conf igur e ports for a Vlan

By default, all ports are member of single vlan that is Vlan1. we can

change vlan membership according to our requirement.

Switch#conf ter

Switch(config)#interface

Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan

Switch(config-if)#exit

Commands to conf igur e mul tiple ports in a vlan

Switch#config ter

Switch(config)#interface range

Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan


Example: - Suppose we want to add interface fast Ethernet 0/10 to

0/18 in vlan5

Switch#config ter

Switch(config)#interface range fastethernet 0/1018

Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 5



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To Di sable web access in switch

Switch#config ter

Switch(config)#no ip http server

To display mac address table

Switch#show mac-address-table

Vlan Mac address type ports

20 00-08-a16-ab-6a-7b dynamic fa0/7

To Di splay Vlan and port membership

Switch#show vlan

Trunking

When there are multiple switches then we have to use trunk links to connect one switch

with other. If we are not using trunk links then we have to connect one cable from each

vlan to the corresponding vlan of the other switch.

Switches will perform trunking with the help of frame tagging. The trunk port will send

data frames by adding a Vlan id information to the frame, at the receiving end vlan id

information is removing from the end and according to the tag data is delivered to the

corresponding vlan.

Configuring Trunking-In cisco switches all switch ports may be

configured in three modes-Trunk desirable (default), Trunk on, Trunk off.

Switch#conf ter


Switch(config-if)#switchport mode

Switch(config-if)#exit on off desirable

To conf igure Vlans allowed on Trunk - By default all Vlans are allowed

on Trunk port. We can add/remove a particular Vlan from trunk port with

following command

Switch#config ter


Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan all

To display trunk interfaces

Switch#show interface trunk


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Switch#show interface trunk

I nter Vlan Communication

After creating Vlans, each Vlan has own broadcast domain. If we want communication

from one Vlan to another Vlan then we need to perform routing. There are three methods

for inter vlan communication.

Inter Vlan using multi-interface router

In this case, we have to connect one interface of router in each Vlan. This

interface will act as gateway for the corresponding vlan. Each Vlan has to use

different n/w addresses. Data from one Vlan to another Vlan will travel by router.

Configuration on Router

Router#config ter

Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

Router(config-if)#no ip address

Router(config-if)#no sh


Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0.1

Router(config-if)#encapsulation dot1q 1

Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0



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Configuration on Core switch

a. Configure switch as VTP server

b. Create Vlans

c. Configure interface connected to router as Trunk

d. Configure interfaces connected to other switches as trunk (if

required)

Configuration on D istri bution layer switches

a. Configure switch as VTP client

b. Configure required interface as Trunk (optional)

c.

Add ports to Vlan

Configuration on Pc

Configure IP and Gateway

To configure ports for forwarding mode directly

Switch#config ter


Switch(config-if)#switchport host

7) Access Control List


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ACL are the basic security feature that is required in any network to control the flow of

traffic. Most of time our network may have servers and clients for which traffic control is

required.

We can also use ACL to classify the traffic. ACLs are used in features like QOS (Quality

of Service), Prioritize traffic and interesting traffic for ISDN. Classification Access

Control List: -

Types of ACL based on Protocol: -

(1) IP Access Control List

(2) IPX Access Control List

(3) AppleTalk Access Control List

Types of ACL based on F eature: -

(1) Standard ACL

(2) Extended ACL

Types of ACL based on Access mode: -

(1) Numbered ACL

(2) Named ACL

Types of ACL based on Order of r ules: -

(1) Deny, permit

(2) Permit, deny

I P Standard ACL (Numbered)

In Standard ACL, we are only able to specify source address for the

filtering of packets. The syntax to create IP standard ACL are: -

Router#conf ter

Router(config)#access-list

Router(config)#exit

Single pc host 192.168.10.5192.168.10.5

192.168.10.5 0.0.0.0

N/w 200.100.100.0 0.0.0.255

Subnet 200.100.100.32 0.0.0.15

Applying ACL on interf ace


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Router#conf ter


Router(config-if)#ip access-group


Internet

Router(config)#access-list 25 permit 192.168.10.32 0.0.0.31

Router(config)#access-list 25 permit 192.168.10.64 0.0.0.3

Router(config)#access-list 25 permit 192.168.10.68



Router(config)#interface serial 0

Router(config-if)#ip access-group 25 out

I P Standard ACL (Named)

In Numbered ACL editing feature is not available that is we are not able to

delete single rule from the ACL. In Named ACL editing feature is

available.

Router#config ter

Router(config)#ip access-list standard

Router


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Router(config-std-nacl)#

Router(config-std-nacl)#exit

Router#conf ter

Router(config)#ip access-list standard abc

Router(config-std-nacl)#deny 172.16.0.16



Router(config-std-nacl)#permit any


To modif y the ACL

Router#conf ter

Router(config)#ip access-list standard abc

Router(config-std-nacl)#no deny 172.16.0.17


I P Extended ACL (Numbered)

Extended ACL are advanced ACL. ACL, which can control traffic flow on

the basis of five different parameters that are: -

(i) Source address

(ii) Destination address

(iii) Source port

(iv) Destination port

(v) Protocol (layer 3/layer 4)

To display ACL

Router#show access-lists or

Router#show access-list

To display ACL applied on interface

Router#show ip interface

Router#show ip interface

Router#show ip interface Ethernet 0

9) Network Address Translation


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NAT is the feature that can be enable in a Router, Firewall or a Pc. With the help of

NAT, we are able to translate network layer addresses that are IP addresses of packets.

With the help of Port Address Translation, we are also able to translate port no.s present

in transport layer header.

There are two reasons due to which we use NAT: -

(1) Conserve Live IP address-On Internet, there are limited no of IP addresses. If our Pc

wants to communicate on Internet then it should have a Live IP address assigned by our

ISP. So that IP address request will depend on no. of PCs that we want to connect on

Internet. Due to this, there will be a lot of wastage in IP addresses. To reduce wastage, we

can share live IP addresses between multiple PCs with the help of NAT.

(2)NAT enhances the network security by hiding PC & devices behind NAT.

Types of NAT-

Static NAT-This NAT is used for servers in which one Live IP is directly mapped

to one Local IP. This NAT will forward on the traffic for the Live IP to the Local

PC in the n/w.

Dynamic NAT-Dynamic NAT is used for clients, which want to access Internet.

The request from multiple client IPs are translated with the Live IP obtained from

the Pool. It is also called Pool Based Dynamic NAT.

Confi guring NATRouter#conf ter

Router(config)#int serial 0

Router(config-if)#ip nat outside

Router(config-if)#int eth 0

Router(config-if)#ip nat inside


Router(config)#ip nat inside source static 172.16.0.7 200.1.1.3

Router(config)#ip nat inside source static tcp 172.16.0.5 80 200.1.1.4 80

Router(config)#ip nat inside source static udp 172.16.0.6 53 200.1.1.4 53

Router(config)#access-list 30 deny 172.16.0.5


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Router(config)#access-list 30 permit any

Router(config)#ip nat pool abc 200.1.1.8 200.1.1.12 netmask

255.255.255.240

Router(config)#ip nat inside source list 30 pool abc overload

NAT + PAT

Command for Basic NAT

Router(config)#ip nat inside source list 30 interface seen


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Project Methodology

Network Configuration of LAN with WAN

The project is based on the concepts of networking. It includes configuring different network

devices like Router, Switch, Bridge & connecting it with Hubs & PCs by using different types of

connecting wires by allocating the IP Addresses to all the interfaces after the subneting of

network ID. The beauty of configuring network devices is that it helps users access the network

with few constraints like allowing some to access the website but not allowing them to access the

mail server on the internet on private IP address which are otherwise excluded by internet service

provider (ISP).

We have used Routing between the various centers of a Company in different cities. Inter VLANtechnology is used to make work efficient between 2 different departments in one center.

Fig 3.1 Project Screenshot

DESCRIPTION


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We have six different centers of an organization. We have purchased a network id and divide

that network id into number of small network ids by using Variable Length Subnet Mask

(VLSM). We have used six Routers & applied various configuration settings on each router.

On Router4 we have configured NAT with translates private range of IPs into public range.

Extended Access Control List has been applied to Router 3 between Laptop 7 and Network of

Router 4 with Laptop 12 and 13. Telnet service has been denied by the network. Switch 3

connected with Router 2 is used to create Inter VLANs between two different departments of

center in a single city.

Configuration

1. Router 0

%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured for ROUTER0

Router>en

Router#config t

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#hostname Patiala

Patiala(config)#line console 0

Patiala(config-line)#password city

Patiala(config-line)#login

Patiala(config-line)#exit

Patiala(config)#line vty 0 4

Patiala(config-line)#password city

Patiala(config-line)#login

Patiala(config-line)#exit

Patiala(config)#enable password city

Patiala(config)#enable secret city

Patiala(config)#int f0/0

Patiala(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

Patiala(config-if)#no sh

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

Patiala(config-if)#exit

Patiala(config)#int s0/0/0


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Patiala(config-if)# ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0


Patiala(config-if)#clock rate 64000


Patiala(config)#int s0/0/1

Patiala(config-if)# ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0


Patiala(config-if)#clock rate 64000


Patiala(config)#router rip

Patiala(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0

Patiala (config-router)#network 192.168.4.0





Patiala (config-router)# exit

Patiala (config)# router ospf 100

Patiala (config-router)#network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.15 area 0

Patiala (config-router)#network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.15 area 0

Patiala (config-router)#exit

Patiala(config)#exit

Patiala# write

2. Router 3


Router>en

Router#config t


Router(config)#hostname Ludhiana

Ludhiana (config)#line console 0


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Ludhiana (config-line)#password city

Ludhiana (config-line)#login

Ludhiana (config-line)#exit

Ludhiana (config)#line vty 0 4

Ludhiana (config-line)#password city

Ludhiana (config-line)#login

Ludhiana (config-line)#exit

Ludhiana (config)#enable password city

Ludhiana (config)#enable secret city

Ludhiana (config)#int f0/0

Ludhiana (config-if)#ip address 192.168.6.1 255.255.255.0

Ludhiana (config-if)#no sh

Ludhiana (config-if)#exit

Ludhiana (config)#int s0/0/0

Ludhiana (config-if)# ip address 192.168.4.2 255.255.255.0


Ludhiana (config-if)#clock rate 64000



Ludhiana (config-if)#ip address 192.168.7.2 255.255.255.0













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Ludhiana (config)# router eigrp 10

Ludhiana (config-router)# network 192.168.4.0


Ludhiana (config-router)#exit

Ludhiana (config)#router rip

Ludhiana (config)# network 192.168.2.0










Ludhiana (config-router)#exit

Ludhiana (config)#ip access-list extended city

Ludhiana (config)#deny tcp 192.168.6.4 0.0.0.1 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 eq 23

Ludhiana (config)# permit ip any any

Ludhiana (config)#int f0/0

Ludhiana (config-if)# ip access-group city in


Ludhiana (config)#exit

Ludhiana#write

3.

Router 4


Router>en

Router#config t



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Router(config)#hostname Jalandhar

Jalandhar (config)#line console 0

Jalandhar (config-line)#password city

Jalandhar (config-line)#login

Jalandhar (config-line)#exit

Jalandhar (config)#line vty 0 4

Jalandhar (config-line)#password city

Jalandhar (config-line)#login

Jalandhar (config-line)#exit

Jalandhar (config)#enable password city

Jalandhar (config)#enable secret city

Jalandhar (config)#int f0/0

Jalandhar (config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0

Jalandhar (config-if)#no sh

Jalandhar (config-if)#exit


Jalandhar (config-if)#ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0



Jalandhar (config)#int s0/0/0



Jalandhar (config-if)#clock rate 64000





Jalandhar (config-if)# clock rate 64000


Jalandhar (config)#router rip

Jalandhar (config-router)# network 192.168.2.0


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Jalandhar (config-router)#network 192.168.3.0













Jalandhar (config-router)#exit


Jalandhar (config-if)#ip nat inside



Jalandhar (config-if)#ip nat outside

Jalandhar (config)#exit

Jalandhar (config)#ip access-list standard 10

Jalandhar (config)#permit 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.15

Jalandhar (config)# ip nat pool city 202.20.20.3 202.20.20.10 netmask 255.255.255.0

Jalandhar (config)# ip nat inside source list 10 pool city

Jalandhar (config)#exit

Jalandhar#write


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Result and Conclusion

Result

Networking is the concept of sharing resources and services. A network of computers is a

group of interconnected systems sharing resources and interacting using a shared

communications link. The shared resource can be data, a printer, a fax modem, or a service

such as a database or an email system.

The two main reasons for using computer networking are to provide services and to reduce

equipment costs. Networks enable computers to share their resources by offering services to

other computers and users on a network. The following are specific reasons for networking

PCs:

v. Sharing filesvi. Sharing printers and other devices

vii. Enabling centralized administration and security of the resources within the system.

viii. Supporting network applications such as electronic mail and database services.

Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer program began with Windows NT 3.1 and is today one

of the most widely known Microsoft certification programs. It is available for the Platforms

viz., Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003. Microsoft has, in

effect, discontinued the MCSE certifications for future versions of Windows, replacing the

single Platform MCSE award with a plethora of other more narrowly focused certifications.

Each platform MCSE award required passing a different set of examinations. MCSE qualified

individuals will have the ability to provide business solutions by appropriate design and

implementation of the requisite infrastructure. MCSE Certification Program is useful for

Technical Support & Systems Engineers, Technical Consultants, Network and Systems

Analysts and also for regular Software Engineers / Software Professionals.

Project Review

Project is implemented in software called Cisco Packet Tracer. Packet Tracer is a medium

fidelity, network-capable, simulation-based learning environment for networking novices to

design, configure, and troubleshoot computer networks at a CCNA-level of complexity.

Packet Tracer is an integrated simulation, visualization, collaboration, and assessment


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environment. Packet Tracer supports student and instructor creation of simulations,

visualizations, and animations of networking phenomena. Like any simulation, Packet Tracer

relies on a simplified model of networking devices and protocols. Real computer networks,

experienced both in-person/hands-on and remotely, remain the benchmark for understanding

network behavior and developing networking skills.

Conclusion

With help of Packet Tracer we have designed a networking model graphically and virtually.

In practical formulation the design can be easily implemented without any errors and with

complete accuracy. Packet Tracer was created to help address the Digital Divide in

networking education, where many students and teachers lack access to equipment,

bandwidth, and interactive modes of learning networking.

The project is simulated, visualized, collaborated, and assessed for networking. Packet Tracer

allows students to construct their own model or virtual networks, obtain access to important

graphical representations of those networks, animate those networks by adding their own data

packets, ask questions about those networks, and finally annotate and save their creations. It

includes protocols like FTP, SMTP, POP3, PPPoE, VoIP, and BGP. CCNA-related protocols

and technologies include improved models of HTTP, DNS, DHCP, TCP, and IP.

References


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http://www.firewall.cx

Kurose James F and Keith W. Ross : Computer Networking: A Top-Down ApproachFeaturing the Internet, Pearson Education 2005.

Andrew S. Tanenbaum,Computer Networks, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education 2006.

William Stallings,Computer Networking with Internet Protocols and Technology,

Pearson Education 2004.

Important publications in computer networks

Network Communication Architecture and Protocols: OSI Network Architecture 7

Layers Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardware
http://www.firewall.cx/http://www.firewall.cx/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stallingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stallingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stallingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaumhttp://www.firewall.cx/

CCNA REPORT ON PROJECT WAN

Documents

Transcript of CCNA REPORT ON PROJECT WAN