CC 101 Project work

8/12/2019 CC 101 Project work

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ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING PROJECT CC-101

ByAKHIL GOVIND 108113010)

Aravind J Nair 108113014)B. Akhil 108113017)

C. Vignesh 10811024)


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AIM To design a suitable power generation system for the Palm

Jumeirah Island, United Arab Emirates so as to reduce the currentover-dependence on diesel and thermal sources. This will reduce

the carbon footprint at least by a small extent and could serve as

a model for the future.


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WHAT IS THE PALM JUMEIRAH ISLAND?It is an artificial manmade

island built off the coast

of Dubai to house real

estate, apartments,

hotels, malls, beaches

and other tourist

attractions.

Architecturally the island

is built in the shape of adate palm connected to the main land by a bridge.

The island measures 5 by 5 kilometers and is larger than almost 800

football fields put together.

The current power demand is met by an ABB switching station in

Jebel Ali which

supplies the power tofour smaller switching

islands on the island.

The Palm Islands

consume a lot of

energy and its supply

requires complex

system of power

generation and

transmission to the consumers.


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DETAILS OF THE POWER DEMANDOn an average, the people of the UAE consume 20MWh of energy

per person per year.

The Palm Jumeirah thus will have a consumption of ~ 480 GWh per

year.

Dubai already has a Solar Plant capable of generating 24 GWh per

year.

WHAT DO WE PROPOSE?There is a popular saying that Take care of the small parts, the larger

ones will fall into place.

No hybrid system proposed by our current level of knowledge or

technical skills can generate enough power to meet the demand of

the island.

But small steps taken can reduce the load on coal and diesel power

plant generated power.

The most amazing aspect of the island is its artificial greens and the

marina.

Can we not make these greens greener in the energy sense? There is

a lot of solar energy incident over this part of the world in general.Can a bit of this solar energy not be harvested so as to make this

island more efficient?

The marina is located within the island. High speed boating causes

harm to the aquatic population within the waters. Can a novel system


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not be made over a part of the marina so as to generate power to a

significant part of the consumers?

MEET OUR ALLIES:1.SUN:

Solar energy is the energy harnessed from the sun, in very

simple terms. The working of this conversion of radiant solar

energy into electrical energy is complex.

The earth receives almost 200 PetaWatts of Solar radiation inthe upper atmosphere. Only 70% of this is absorbed by oceans,

land and cloud.

Solar energy can be captured and used in different methods like

photovoltaic cells, solar thermal energy conversion, solar

cookers, solar collectors, etc.

Solar cells convert the light energy to electrical energy making

use of the photoelectric effect. The early solar cells made in

1880s and early 1900s had efficiencies of 4.5 6.0 %. In 2012,

solar cells with efficiencies of the order of 20 30 % have come


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on the market. Research on solar cells and solar energy is still

ongoing and within 10 15 years scientists forecast creation of

solar cells with efficiency as high at 50%.

The biggest shortcoming of usage of solar energy is that it canonly be harnessed effectively within a limited time interval.

Storage of solar energy is another upcoming research field. The

Andosol Solar station in Spain uses molten salt to store the

solar energy and thus can generate electricity when the sun

isnt shining.

The International Energy Agency forecasts that by 2060, solar

energy can provide one third of the earths total energydemand.

2.wind:Wind power is another widely used source to generate

electricity. Since olden times humans have used Wind energy to

perform

mechanical work

and grind flour.

The first wind

turbine to

generate

electricity was

made in 1887 by

James Blyth.

Since then and

especially during

the 1950s, there has been tremendous research on wind


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turbines. Today these are classified as Horizontal Axis turbines

and Vertical Axis turbines. Wind farms are constructed over

large area of land and contain many wind turbines to generate

electricity. Since land is not a readily available asset, there havebeen offshore wind farms as well in favorable areas. The

Lillgrund Offshore Wind farm is located 10km off the coast of

Southern Sweden where wind speeds are almost 10kts and the

maximum capacity of the farm is 110 MW ~ 330 GWh per year.

In case of offshore wind farms, technology has to be improved

on how to bring this power to the main grid.


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INSPIRATIONAL WIND/SOLAR ENERGYPROJECTS FROM OVER THE WORLD:

1)LILLgrund wind farm, Sweden:The Lillgrund Wind farmis located off the coast

of Oresund in Sweden. It

is an offshore wind farm

consisting of 48 turbines

each rated at 2.3 MW, in

an area where windspeeds are of the order

of 10 kts (almost the

same as of Dubai and

Palm Jumeirah).

The wind farm produces 330 GWh per year. The turbines rotors

have a radius of 42 m and a total height of 115 meters from sea

level.

2)LONDON ARRAY:The London Array is the worlds largest Offshore Wind Farm

with maximum

capacity of 1000

MW. The Wind farmis located 20 Km

from the Kent Coast

and consists of 341

3.6 MW turbines.


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3) Mohammed bin Rashid Al MaktoumSolar Park:

It is a 13 MW Solar park

located in the Desert

of Dubai and capable

of producing 24 GWh

of electricity per year.

4)KYOCERA SOLAR PARK:It is a 70 MW power

project located in

Southern Japan. The park

is made on reclaimed landattached to the mainland

and occupies only 1.27 sq.

km of area.

5)Solar ark:The solar ark

is an ark

shaped solar

photovoltaic

power

generation


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facility in the geographical centre of Japan capable of producing

530 MWh of electricity per year.

6)ANDASOL SOLAR PLANT:Andasol solar plant is

the first Parabolic

trough power plant in

Europe. It uses molten

salt mixture of 60%

Sodium Nitrate and

40% Potassium Nitrateto store part of the

heat and when it

cannot harness solar

energy like in the evening, this heat is used to run a turbine.

Thus the number of operational hours almost doubles.


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OUR IDEA:There is an artificial marine located within the island covering a

major part. If an Offshore Wind farm with Horizontal Axis

Turbines can be erected in that area, each with a rating of say 2

MW (and numbering to 20 40 turbines) and assuming total

operational time of 5-10 hours per day (taking into account the

wind patterns as shown by statistics) we can generatean

average of 210 GWh for the Island by the Wind Energy System

Solar energy can only be harnessed between 8.30 a.m to 4.30p.m (almost 8 hours) a day during summertime (~ 200 days an

year). A Solar Park in the desert of Dubai along the lines of the

Rashid Al Makthoum Solar Park can be used to bring in some

more electricity required by the island. If this solar park were to

use the principle of storage of solar energy by molten salt, then

we would get a solar thermal conversion system in the time of

an overcast sky.Furthermore, construction of a solar park using high efficiency

panels on the lines of the Kyocera Solar Park mentioned above

or a structures like the Solar Ark (can be called Solar

dhow(boat) keeping in mind the regional names) can be

constructed at multiple locations. Thus we could get another

100 - 150 GWh of electricity through the solar systems.

Thus we may be able to generate at the maximum 360 GWh out

of the required 480 GWh of energy every year through these

systems resulting in 120 GWh of electricity every year through

conventional sources.


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MODEL OF HOW THE IDEA COULDCHANGE THE FACE OF THE PALMISLANDS HYPOTHETICAL):

WhereThe Black Dots represent the locations in the water where a turbine

could be constructed;

The red dots represent location where a Solar Dhows could be made;

and the brown patches represent location of smaller solar plants on the

island

The Solar Power Plant should be located in the desert and electricity

brought by high voltage switching methods already existent.

The Arrow at the centre represents a possible location for the Palm

Jumeirah Central station which will distribute the load to smaller stations


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HOW TO connect to the grid:There are 4 switching stations on the Palm Jumeirah which receive

power from the main Jebel Ali Station.

The Electricity from the Wind Farm and Solar Dhows should be

transmitted to a central switching station on the trunk. The Electricity

from the Solar Park in the Desert will come along with other

electricity.

COST:This project is highly ambitious and hypothetical based on already

existing methods.

However the cost of such a project should also be taken into

consideration which is where the location of this project triumphs.


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Dubai spends millions of AED per year on real estate and energy

projects. The Sheikh has pledged to increase spending on renewable

sources so as to make Dubai an energy efficient Emirate by 2020.

Thus such an ambitious project will be accepted with both hands.

WHY SOLAR-WIND HYBRID:Dubai (Lat 25.25oN, Long 55oE) is situated within the Solar Belt of the

Earth. The

Arabian

Peninsula lies

in virtually arainless sunny

belt with the

typical solar

radiation

exceeding

6KWh/m2and

80-90% clear skies throughout the year. Thus solar energy is a

preferred choice for renewable energy here also owing to the well

developed technology and ability to spend on costly technology.

Thus Solar energy, which is currently under-utilized, can help power a

significant demand of this location.

Average wind speeds in the Palm Jumeirah are between 8-10 kts.

Cutoff velocity for turbines to work is 7kts. Therefore we can expect

working of turbines for almost 80% of the time. This will not only help

power the energy demand but also add aesthetic beauty to the Palm


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Jumeirah marina. Furthermore only a small area will be required for

the wind turbines.

(Wind data for the Palm Jumeirah)

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR DISADVANTAGES OF SOLARAbundant Energy and almost free

of cost.Expensive to make solar panels

Low pollution. Harnessed only in daytime whenit is sunny (but this can be

overcome by using molten salt tostore the energy)

High availability in the region

ADVANTAGES OF WIND DISADVANTAGES OF WINDFuel cost is zero Requires certain cutoff velocity

for generation of electricity

Each wind turbine takes up only asmall area of land.

Noisy(producing almost sameamount of noise as a car at

100kmph)Wind turbines do not release

green house gases or pollutants.If not erected with strongfoundation, can collapse.


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POLLUTANT EMISSIONS:Wind turbines do not produce CO2 emissions as such. However

construction of Wind Turbines does produce some CO2. Studies have

found that due to usage of wind power, there have been reductions

of emission by .3 to .5 tonnes of CO2 per MWh produced. Moreover

there is a very high net energy gain for a wind turbine measured by

an index called Energy Return based On Investment (EROI).

EROI = Cumulative electricity produced by turbine divided by

cumulative primary energy required to build and maintain turbine

EROI of Wind ranges from 5 to 35 with an average of 33.

Manufacturing of solar cells and panels may cause some emissions.

However this is still lower than that of conventional sources. On an

average, the cadmium telluride emissions caused during

manufacturing of solar panels is 300 times lower than that of coal

powered plants.

A standard solar PV system installed on a rooftop will reduce CO2

emissions by .9 tonnes per year. Thus a diversified solar panel system

as we plan will help reduce many tones of CO2 emissions per year.


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CONCLUSION:The location of Palm Jumeirah is its biggest factor. There are

abundant winds throughout the year, especially along the coast.

Solar energy is abundant over the area, especially in the desert.

The right mix of these two sources in conjunction will reduce the

strain on conventional sources of energy and help reduce CO2

emissions of the UAE.

Such a system can also be implemented in many of the countries in

the Middle East, thereby reducing by a huge factor the strain on fossilfuels in these areas. Cost of such projects is no factor here due to the

high purchasing power of the respective Governments.

Moreover these projects would also generate jobs for many people,

be it in the maintenance of the systems, or electrical engineers, or

mechanical engineers, technicians etc.

CC 101 Project work

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