“CBC Exam Guru”
Transcript of “CBC Exam Guru”
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“CBC Exam Guru”
Head Office: Abohar (Punjab), Helpline No: 78141 – 09600 www.cbcexamguru.in
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“CBC Exam Guru”
Head Office: Abohar (Punjab), Helpline No: 78141 – 09600 www.cbcexamguru.in
CONTENTS
Sr.No Particulars Page No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Agriculture 9
3 Soil 13
4 Agroforestry 21
5 Irrigation 26
6 Food Processing 37
Practice Exercise 51
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“CBC Exam Guru”
Head Office: Abohar (Punjab), Helpline No: 78141 – 09600 www.cbcexamguru.in
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“CBC Institute” Agriculture
Head Office: Abohar (Punjab), Helpline No: 78141-09600 www.cbcexamguru.in Page | 1
Introduction
Share to total imports- 2.95 per cent
(2007-08), 2.74 per cent (2008-09)
Share to total export – 10.23 per cent
(2015-16)
Contribution total Employment-58 per
cent (2015-16)
A record production of 275.68 Million
tonnes of food grains in 2016-17
Contribution to Growth rate in GDP -7.1
per cent (2016-17)
Contribution to GDP -15.35 per cent
(2015-16)
Agricultural Updates
U.P. has highest total fertilizer
consumption.
Maximum production under fruit crop –
Banana
State having maximum area under
irrigation – Punjab
Major source of irrigation in India –
Canal
Maximum area under fruit crops –
Mango
Crop under highest irrigation is 1st –
wheat, 2nd – rice (50 per cent of total
area).
Indian standard ratio for fertilizers has
been assumed to be 4:2:1.
In India, the NPK nutrients ratio being
used is 6.5:2.5:1 as recommended ratio of
4:2:1.
Irrigated area to net sown area highest in
sugarcane (93 per cent) followed by
wheat (85 per cent).
26 per cent of the Indian populations are
under poverty line.
The parameter to group under BPL is:
In urban area – less than 2100 cal/day
In rural area – less than 2400 cal/day
Largest imported fertilizer is potash
(K2O).
Nobel Peace Prize (1970) or ―Green
Revolution‖ awarded to U.S. scientist
Nobel Laureate Dr. Norman Earnest
Borlaug.
First agriculture census in India
conducted in – 1970
Animal husbandry output constitutes
about 30 per cent of the country‘s
agriculture output.
As per national forest policy, for
ecological balance, the forests cover
should be on 1/3rd area (i.e. 33 per cent)
of the country.
Important Days in Agriculture
Date Days
3rd January WTO Foundation Day
2nd February World Wetland Day
28th February National Science Day
15th March Consumer Day
22nd March World Water Day
23rd March World Resources Day
18th April World Heritage Day
24th April Panchyati Ray Day /
Animal Lab Day
1st May Labour Day
22nd May International
Biodiversity Day
1st June World Milk Day
17th June World Day to Combat
Desertification
11th July World Population Day
12th July NABADR Foundation
Day
16th July ICAR Foundation Day
28th September Green Consumer Day
3rd October World Habitat Day/
Animal Day
6th October World Wildlife Day
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15th October Women Farmer‘s Day
16th October World Food Day
3rd December National Agriculture
Education Day
5th December World Soil Day
23rd December Farmer‘s Day (Kisan
Divas)
Important Programmes
(a) Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
(PMFBY) Restructured Weather Based Crop
Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS)
It was launched by Govt. of India in
Kharif 2016.To provide insurance
coverage and financial support to the
farmers in the event of failure of any of
the notified crops as a result of natural
calamities, pest and diseases. In this
schemes, the premium rates to be paid by
farmers are very low 2 per cent of sum
insured for all Kharif crops, 1.5 per cent
for all Rabi crops and 5 per cent for
commercial and horticultural crops. The
schemes are voluntary for States and
available in areas and crops that are
notified by State Governments.
Soil Health Cards Scheme (SHCS)
It was started in February 2015. Soil
Health Card (SHC) is a printed report that
farmer will be handed over for each of his
holdings. SHC will contain the status of
his soil with respect to 12 parameters,
namely N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Bo and
pH, EC, OC. Based on this, the SHC will
also indicate fertilizer recommendations
and soil amendment required for the
farm.
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
It is an initiative to promote commercial
organic production through certified
organic farming in the country. This
scheme was launched by Government of
India in 2015. Under PKVY organic
farming is promoted through adoption of
organic village by cluster approach and
PGS certification. Under PKVY scheme, an
area of 5 lakh acre is targeted to be
covered through 10,000 Clusters of 50
acres each, from the year, 2015-16 to
201718.
(b) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
(PMKSY)
PMKSY decision was taken on 1 July 2015
at the meeting of Cabinet committee on
Economic Affairs (CCEA), headed by the
Prime Minister. The major objectives of
PMKSY are as follows:
Converge investments in irrigation at
the farm level and provide end-to-end
solution
Har Khet Ko Pani: Enhance the physical
access of water on the farm and expand
cultivable area under assured irrigation
Integration of source, distribution,
efficient use of water through
appropriate technology and practice
Enhance adoption of precision-irrigation
and other water saving technologies
under More Crop Per Drop.
Promotion of micro-irrigation in the
form of drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-
guns in the farm (Jal Sinchan)
Enhance recharge of aquifers; promote
sustainable water conservation
Ensure integrated development of
Rainfed areas
Water harvesting, water management
and crop alignment, explore feasibility
of reusing treated municipal waste
water for peri-urban agriculture and
attract greater private investment in
irrigation.
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Neem Coated Urea (NCU)
In January 2015, the Government
allowed the urea produce upto 100 per
cent of production as Neem coated urea.
Further, the Government made it
mandatory to produce at least 75 per
cent of domestic urea as Neem coated.
The current policy is that Government
has mandated all indigenous producers
of urea to produce 100 per cent of urea
as Neem coated urea only.
The scheme being promoted to
regulation the use of urea, enhance the
availability of nitrogen to the crop and
reduce to cost of fertilizer consumption.
Urea coasted with Neem oil is known as
Neem coated urea. Only about 30 to 40
per cent of N2 in the urea is utilized by
the plants. Coating of Neem oil helps in
gradual release of nitrates into soil. This
may work as a bio pesticide.
Primary motive of the Indian
government is to stop the illegal
diverting of highly subsidized urea for
the industrial purpose. Neem coated
urea is unfit for industrial purpose.
Interested Subvention Scheme (ISS)
The interest subvention scheme for
farmers aims at providing short term
credit to farmers at subsidized
interested rate. The policy came into
force with effect from Kharif 2006-07.
The scheme is being implemented for
the year 2017-18. The Government has
earmarked approximately Rs 20,339
crores for interest subvention during
2017-18.
The interest subvention will be given
to Public Sector Bank (PSBs), Private
Sector Banks, Cooperative Banks and
Regional Banks (RRBs) on use if own
funds and to NABARD for refinance to
RRBs and Cooperative Banks.
The interest Subvention Scheme will
continue for one year and it will be
implemented by NABARD and RBI.
Interest Subvention for Short-term Crop
Loans
The Central Government provide
farmers under the interest subvention
scheme to all farmers for short term
crop loan up-to one year for loan up-to
Rs. 3 lakhs borrowed by them during
the year 2017-18.
Under this scheme, the farmers can
avail concessional crop loans of up-to
Rs. 3 lakh at 7 per cent rate of interest.
It also provides for ab additional
subvention of 3 per cent for prompt
repayment within a period of one year
from the date of advance. The scheme
for 2017-18 will help farmers to avail of
short term crop loans up-to Rs. 3 lakh
payable within one year at only 4 per
cent per annum. In case farmers do not
repay the short term crop loan in time
they would be eligible for interest
subvention of 2 per cent as against 5
per cent available above.
The amount of subvention is to be
calculated on the amount of crop loan
from the date of disbursement up to
the date of repayment.
Interest Subvention for Post-harvest Loans
As a measure to check distress sale,
post-harvest loans for storage in
accredited warehouses against
Negotiable Warehouses Receipts
(NWRs) are available for up-to 6
months for KCC holding small &
marginal farmers. The Interest
Subvention Scheme will continue for
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one year and it will be implemented by
NABARD and RBI.
In order to give relief to small and
marginal farmers who would have to
borrow at 9 per cent post-harvest
storage of their produce, the Central
Government has approved an interest
subvention of 2 per cent i.e. and
effective rate of loans up-to 6 months.
(c) Interest Subvention under Deendayal
Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural
Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)
DAY-NRLM has a provision for
interest subvention, to cover the
difference between the Lending Rate of
the banks and 7 per cent, on all credit
from the banks/financial institutions
availed by women SHGs, for a
maximum of 3,00,000 per SHG. This
will be available across the country in
two ways:
In 150 identified districts, banks will
lend to the women SHGs@7 per cent
up to an aggregated loan amount of Rs
3,00,000/-. The SHGs will also get
additional interest subvention of 3 per
cent in prompt payment, reducing the
effective rate of interest to 4 per cent.
In the remaining districts also, DAY-
NRLM complaint women SHGs will
get be registered with SRLMs. These
SHGs are eligible for interest
subvention to the extent of different
between the lending rates and 7 per
cent for the loan up to Rs. 3 lakhs,
subjected to the norms prescribed by
the respective SRLMs. This part of the
scheme will be operationalized but
SRLMs.
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Revolution in Agriculture
Revolution Related to
Green revolution : Food grain production
White revolution : Milk production
Yellow revolution : Oilseeds production
Gray revolution : Manures and Fertilizers
Blue revolution : Egg production/Poultry
Pink revolution : Prawn production
Golden revolution : Fruit production (apple)
Brown revolution : Non-conventional energy source
Black revolution : Bio-fuel (Jatropha) production
Rainbow revolution : Agriculture
Food chain revolution : Food grain production
Evergreen revolution : Reduction in wastage of food grains, fruits and
vegetables
e-Revolution : Use of digital technologies
Second Green Revolution : Protein, Rice, Pulse
Famous Name of Crops
Famous Name Crops
Queen of cereals : Maize
King of cereals : Wheat
Queen of pulses : Pea
King of pulses : Chickpea
Egg plant : Brinjal
Bio energy plant : Jatropha
National fruits of India : Mango
Glory of East : Chrysanthemum
Autumn queen : Chrysanthemum
Wonder tree : Neem
Queen of night : Cestrum nocturnum
King of oilseeds : Groundnut
King of fruits : Mango
Queen of fruit : Pineapple
Poor man‘s fruit : Jackfruit
Poor man‘s meat : Soybean
Wonder crop : Soybean
King of vegetable : Potato
Queen of spices : Cardamom
King of spices : Black Pepper
King of flower crops : Rose
Backbone of America : Maize
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Queen of nut crops : Peanut
Apple of paradise : Banana
Tree of heaven : Coconut
Food of god : Cocoa
Adams fig : Banana
India’s Position in World Agriculture Bank
Total Area : Seventh
Milk : First
Irrigated Area : First
Fruits and Vegetables : Second (first-China)
Population : Second
Oil Seeds : Second
Economically Active population : Second
Total Pulses : First
Total Cereals : Third
Coarse grains : Fourth
Wheat : Second
Rice : Second
Leading States of India (Production Crops)
Agricultural Commodity Top Producer State
Largest Total Food Grains : Uttar Pradesh
Producing state
Largest Apple producing State : Jammu & Kashmir
Largest Guava producing state : Madhya Pradesh
Largest Banana producing state : Tamil Nadu
Largest Rice producing state : West Bengal
Largest Wheat producing state : Uttar Pradesh
Largest Jute producing state : West Bengal
Largest Maize producing state : Andhra Pradesh
Largest Total Spices producing : Andhra Pradesh
State
Largest Vegetables producing : West Bengal
State
Largest Fruits producing State : Andhra Pradesh
Largest Loose Flowers producing : Tamil Nadu
State
Largest Cotton producing state : Gujarat
Largest Oilseeds producing state : Gujarat
Largest Sugar producing state : Maharashtra
Rapeseed & Mustard producing : Rajasthan
State
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Largest Sunflower producing : Karnataka
State
Largest Sugarcane producing : Uttar Pradesh
State
Largest Orange producing state : Punjab
Largest Litchi producing state : Bihar
Largest Brinjal producing state : Odisha
Largest Pineapple producing : West Bengal
State
Recent Famous Years in Agriculture
1980 : Natural Conservation year
2002 : Worst drought year
2003 : International year of freshwater
2004 : International Rice year (Theme: Rice is life)
2005 : Neem Patent year (Patent from USA to India)
2006 : Natural Parthenium control year, International year of Desert and
Desertification
2007 : Potato year, Year of Neem
2008 : Water conservation year/world water year (Theme: More crop per drop)
2009 : Fibre year/Food security & quality year
2010 : International year of Biodiversity & Pulse Year (India)
2011 : International Forest year
2014 : International year of Family Farming
2016 : International year of Pulse (World)
Original Place or Crops
Crops Origin Place
Sunflower : USA
Linseed : Afghanistan
Potato, Tomato : Peru
Maize, Teosinate : Mexico
Rice, Sugarcane : South East Asia
Wheat, Barley, Buckwheat, Gram, Lucerne : South West Asia
Tobacco : America
Soybean, Rapseed and Mustard, Tea : China
Leading State in Production and Area of Crops
Crops State
Paddy production : WB
Paddy area : WB
Paddy productivity : Punjab
Wheat production : UP
State leading in vegetable crops production : WB
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State leading in vegetable crops area : WB
State leading in fruits crops production : AP
State leading in fruits crops area : MH
Fruit crop leading in productivity : Papaya
Fruit crop leading in Production : Banana
Potato production : UP
Onion production : MH
Sugarcane production : UP
Sugarcane productivity : TN
Maize production : Karnataka
Pulse production : MP
Pulse Productivity : Haryana
Oil seed production : MP
Oil seed productivity : TN
Wheat area : UP
Wheat productivity : Haryana
Soybean production : MP
Soybean productivity : AP
Fruit crop leading in Area : Mango
Groundnut production : Gujarat
Groundnut productivity : TN
Tea production : Assam
Mustard production : Raj
Cotton production : MH
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Agriculture
Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. It
includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to
markets. Agriculture provides most of the world's food and fabrics.
Crops
Green plants can synthesise their food by the process of photosynthesis by using inorganic
substances like carbon dioxide, water in the presence of sunlight.
Man and other animals cannot make food by photosynthesis; they need readymade organic food
nutrients like carbohydrates, fats and proteins for their growth and development.
When he same kind of plants are grown in the fields on a large scale to obtain food like cereals,
pulses, vegetables and fruits, is called a crop.
Classification of Crops and their Origin
(a) Classification Based on Seasons
1. Kharif Crops
The Kharif/monsoon crop is sown with the beginning of the first rains in June to July, during
the south-west monsoon season and harvest in the month of October. The term Kharif means
―autumn‖ in Arabic. e.g. Paddy, Maize, Soybean, Sorghum, Groundnut, Cotton, Urd etc.
2. Zaid Crops
The Zaid/summer crop is mainly sown in the month of March and harvested in May. Requires
warm day weather for major growth period and longer day length for flowering, e.g. Paddy,
Groundnut, Moong, Sunflower, Maize, Groundnuts, Watermelon, Pumpkins, Gaurds.
3. Rabi Crops
The Rabi/winter crop or spring harvest crop is sown in the month of November during the
north-east monsoon season and harvest in the month of February. The term Rabi means ―spring‖
in Arabic. e.g. Wheat, Chickpea, Pea, Sunflower, Safflower, Mustard etc.
(b) Classification Based on Special Purpose
1. Competitive Crops: Such crops compete to each other and are unsuitable for intercropping e.g.
two cereals.
2. Arable crops: Crops which are cultivated on ploughed land. They are annual crops and
include cereals, root crops, tobacco, sugarcane, maize and potatoes.
3. Cash Crops: A crop, such as tobacco, grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed or a
crop grown by a farmer primarily for sale to others rather than for his or her own use e.g.
sugarcane, cotton, jute, tobacco etc.
4. Avenue Crops: Such crops are grown along farm roads and fences e.g. Pigeon pea, Glyricidia
sisal etc.
5. Cover Crops: A close-growing crop grown primarily to improve and protect the soil from
erosion through their ground covering foliage and /or rootmats between periods of regular crop
production e.g. Lobia, groundnut, urd, sweet potato, methi etc.
6. Paira/Utera Crops: The seed of succeeding crops like lentil, gram, pea, lathyrus, berseem,
linseed etc. is sown broadcast at 10 to 15 days before harvesting rice crop. This practice saves
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time; money (to be spent on land preparation etc.) utilizes residual fertility. This practice is
common in both upland and lowland rice culture.
7. Energy Crops: An energy crop is a plant grown as a low cost and low maintenance harvest
used to make biofuels, or directly exploited for its energy content e,g, sugarcane, potato, maize,
tapioca.
8. Nurse Crops: A crop of trees (nurse trees), shrubs or other plants introduced to foster or
nourishment of another crops by i.e. shading it, protecting it from frost, insolation or wind. The
widest use of nurse crops is in the establishment of leguminaceous plants such as alfalfa, clover
e.g. Sunhemp in sugarcane, Jowar in cowpea, Rai in pea.
9. Fouling Crops: Such crops whose culture practices allow the infestation of weeds intensively
e.g. direct seeded upland rice.
10. Trap Crops: Trap crops are grown to protect the main cash crop from a certain pest or
several pests. These crops are planted in completely surrounding the main cash crop and prevent
pest attack from all sides of the field through attracting the pest e.g. cotton red bug trapped by
Ladyfinger around cotton.
(c) Classification Based on Cultural Method/Water
1. Irrigated crops: Crops grown with the help of irrigation water. e.g. Chili, sugarcane, Banana,
papaya etc.
2. Rain fed: crops grow only on rain water. e.g. Jowar, Bajra, Mung etc.
(d) Classification Based on Root System
1. Adventitious/Fiber rooted: The crops whose roots are fibrous shallow & spreading into the
soil. e.g. Cereal crops, wheat rice etc.
2. Tap root system: The main root goes deep into the soil. e.g. Tur, Grape, Cotton, Gram etc.
(e) Classification Based on No. of Cotyledon
1. Dicots or dicotyledonous: Crops having two cotyledons in the seed. e.g. all legumes & pulses.
2. Monocots or monocotyledons: Having one cotyledon in the seed. e.g. all cereals & Millets.
Climatic Requirement of Field Crops
(1) Rice
(a) Rice needs hot and humid climate.
(b) Rice is a short day plant.
(c) Maximum temperature for which rice crop tolerate is 40 C.
(d) Requirement of rainfall throughout growth period is 100-150 cm.
(2) Wheat
(a) Wheat needs cold and dry climate
(b) Wheat is a long day plant.
(c) Water required for proper growth is 60-90 cm.
(3) Maize
(a) Maize is a day neutral plant.
(b) Maize crop requires 50-80 cm rainfall for proper growth.
(c) Maize grows from sea level to 3000 metre altitude.
(4) Sorghum
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(a) Sorghum is a short day plant.
(b) It can tolerate drought conditions as well as water logging condition.
(c) Requirement of rainfall throughout growth period is 40-60 cm.
(5) Pearl Millet/Bajra
(a) Bajra is a warm weather crop.
(b) Requirement of rainfall throughout growth period is 25-35 cm.
(c) Best suited temperature for crop growth is between 27-30 C.
(6) Barley
(a) Barley needs cold weather during early crop growth period and warm and dry weather at
maturity.
(b) Barely is a long day plant.
(c) Water requirement for good crop growth is 35-50 cm.
(7) Gram
(a) Gram is a winter season crop.
(b) Severe cold and frost at the time of flowering causes detrimental effect to gram seed
development.
(c) It is a long day plant.
(d) Requirement of water throughout growth period is 35-45 cm.
(8) Field Pea
(a) Field pea requires cool growing season.
(b) High humidity is harmful to pea crop due to incidence of disease.
(c) Field pea is a short day plant.
(d) Water requirement for proper growth is 40-60 cm.
(e) Frost can damage the plant during flowering period.
(9) Pigeon Pea
(a) Pigeon pea grows well under warm tropical and subtropical climate.
(b) It is highly susceptible to frost at the time of flowering.
(10) Green Gram
(a) Green gram requires hot climate.
(b) It is a day neutral plant.
(c) Best suited temperature for crop growth is between 25-32 C.
(d) It is considered to be the hardiest pulse among all pulse crops.
(11) Black Gram
(a) Black gram requires a hot and humid growing season.
(b) Heavy rains during flowering stage are harmful to yield of pea crop.
(c) Water requirement for proper growth is 40-60 cm.
(12) Soybean
(a) Soybean grows well in warm and moist climate.
(b) Soybean is a short day plant.
(c) Water requirement for proper growth is 60-75 cm.
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(13) Groundnut
(a) Groundnut is wide spectrum adoptable crop which grown in all 3 seasons.
(b) It is a day neutral plant.
(c) It requires tropical climate.
(d) It requires an average annual rainfall of 50-100 cm.
(14) Sunflower
(a) Sunflower is also a wide spectrum adoptable crop, grown in all 3 seasons.
(b) Higher temperature (> 38 C) during reproductive stage reduce the oil content.
(c) It is a day neutral plant.
(d) The requirement of annual rainfall varies from 30-150 cm.
(15) Cotton
(a) Cotton is a warm season crop.
(b) It requires an average annual temperature and rainfall of over 18 C and 50-70 cm,
respectively.
(16) Sugarcane
(a) Sugarcane is a tropical plant.
(b) Under long day length conditions, plant produces more dry matter.
(c) Optimum temperature for crop growth is between 32-35 C.
(d) It requires an average annual rainfall of 250-300 cm.
(17) Potato
(a) Potato is a temperate and cool climate crop.
(b) Cloudy weather, rainy days and high humidity is unfavorable for potato crop.
(c) Tuberization stopped, when temperature exceeds 30 C.
(18) Rapseed and Mustard
(a) Cool temperature, clear dry weather with bright sunshine accompanied with adequate soil
moisture increases the oil percentage of crop.
(b) The crop cannot tolerate drought as well as water logging condition.
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Soil
Soil‖ is a very broad term and refers to the loose layer of earth that covers the surface of the
planet. The soil is the part of the earth‘s surface, which includes disintegrated rock, humus,
inorganic and organic materials. For soil to form from rocks, it takes an average of 500 years or
more. The soil is usually formed when rocks break up into their constituent parts. When a range
of different forces act on the rocks, they break into smaller parts to form the soil. These forces
also include the impact of wind, water and the reaction from salts.
There are three stages of soil:
(a) Solid soil
(b) Soil with air in the pores
(c) Soil with water in the pores
There are various types of soil that undergo diverse environmental pressures. Soil is mainly
classified by its texture, proportions and different forms of organic and mineral compositions.
Types of Soil
Soil is classified into two types:
(a) Sandy Soil
(b) Silt Soil
(c) Clay Soil
(d) Loamy Soil
(a) Sandy Soil
The first type of soil is sand. It consists of small particles of weathered rock. Sandy soils are one
of the poorest types of soil for growing plants because it has very low nutrients and poor water
holding capacity, which makes it hard for the plant‘s roots to absorb water. This type of soil is
very good for the drainage system. Sandy soil is usually formed by the breakdown or
fragmentation of rocks like granite, limestone and quartz.
(b) Silt Soil
Silt, which is known to have much smaller particles compared to sandy soil and is made up of
rock and other mineral particles, which are smaller than sand and larger than clay. It is the
smooth and fine quality of the soil that holds water better than sand. Silt is easily transported by
moving currents and it is mainly found near the river, lake and other water bodies. The silt soil is
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more fertile compared to the other three types of soil. Therefore, it is also used in agricultural
practices to improve soil fertility.
(c) Clay Soil
Clay is the smallest particle amongst the other two types of soil. The particles in this soil are
tightly packed together with each other with very little or no airspace. This soil has very good
water storage qualities and makes it hard for moisture and air to penetrate into it. It is very sticky
to the touch when wet, but smooth when dried. Clay is the densest and heaviest type of soil
which does not drain well or provide space for plant roots to flourish.
(d) Loamy Soil
Loam is the fourth type of soil. It is a combination of sand, silt and clay such that the beneficial
properties from each are included. For instance, it has the ability to retain moisture and nutrients;
hence, it is more suitable for farming. This soil is also referred to as an agricultural soil as it
includes an equilibrium of all three types of soil materials being sandy, clay, and silt and it also
happens to have humus. Apart from these, it also has higher calcium and pH levels because of
its inorganic origins.
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Preparation of the Soil
This is the first essential stage for cultivating any crop plant. Preparation of soil involves the
following step – ploughing and digging, levelling and manuring.
(a) Ploughing and Digging:
The process of loosening and turning up of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by
using a wooden or iron plough.
(b) Levelling:
Soil, if ploughed in dry season, breaks into big mud pieces called crumbs. It is necessary to break
these crumbs with the help of a wooden plank or iron leveller. The field is levelled for sowing as
well as for irrigation.
(c) Manuring:
Mixing soil with manure is called manuring. manure is usually added to the soil both before and
after tilling. Adding manure before tilling helps in proper mixing of manure with the soil.
(d) Sowing
The process of putting seeds into the soil is called sowing.
Methods of Sowing:
Seeds are sown in the field by any of the three methods described below.
(a) Broadcasting:
Seeds are sown manually by directly scattering them into the soil. This process is called
broadcasting.
(b) Seed Drills:
The other method is to use a seed drill. A simple seed drill consists of an iron tube with a funnel
at the top attached to the plough.
Fig : SEED DRILL
(c) Transplantation:
There are certain crops like paddy and some vegetables for which seeds are not directly sown in
the field and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field. This process is known as
transplantation.
Applying Manures and Fertilizers
Crops absorb various nutrients from the soil through their roots. They are required for their
growth and development. The replenishment is done by adding mannures and fertilisers to the
soil. This process is called manuring.
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Manures:
Manures are natural, organic substances obtained by the decomposition of animal wastes and
plant residues. They supply essential nutrients and humus to the soil and make it fertile.
Manures are of the three kinds : farm yard manure, compost and green manure.
Farm Yard Manure:
It consists of cattle dung, urine, straw, leaves and other farmyard wastes.
Compost:
It is the manure obtained by the decomposition of dead plants and animal wastes, sewage waste,
etc. It is made by burying all available organic material in a pit with alternative layers of soil and
leaving it to rot.
Green Manure:
Green manure is formed by the decomposition of fast growing leguminous plants like guar and
sunhemp. These plants are grown and ploughed back into the soil.
Advantages of Manure:
It enriches the soil with nutrients.
It adds organic matter to the soil which improves the quality of soil.
It increases water-holding capacity in sandy soil and drainage in clay soil.
It increases the population of useful microorganism in the soil
It improves and maintains the quality of the soil for a long time.
The Soils of Punjab have been classified into the following major types: Name of the Soil Area Covered Characteristics
Flood Plain or Bet
Soils
Area along with the west bank of
Satluj from Ropar to Fazilka
town in the south – west and in
Zira and Moga Tehsils.
(a) Periodically flooded or old flood
plain areas of various rivers, streams
or choes of the state.
(b) They are found in the form of
elongated belts on the both side of
the river channel such as those of
Satluj, Ravi, Beas and Ghagghar.
(c) They are pale to yellow brown in
colour. The soils are well drained and
very deep and they vary in texture
and these have generally a low and
irregular organic matter.
(d) Depending upon the source of
alluvium, the soils are calcareous or
non-calcareous. There is a wide belt
of more mature bet soils of old flood
plain extending along the west bank
of river Satluj from Ropar town to
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Fazilka town in the south west.
Loamy Soils Nawanshahr district, in Nakodar
Tehsil of Jalandhar district,
Phagwara Tehsil and Central
parts of Kapurthala district,
Patiala, Nabha, Sangrur, Moga,
Bathinda and Muktsar districts.
(a) It is the most important, fertile
and productive soil group of the
state.
(b) These soils cover nearly 25% area
of the state.
(c) The soils become clayey towards
northwest in Amritsar and
Gurdaspur districts.
(d) These are deep and fine grained
soils, which have developed under
sub – moist and cool to warm
temperature climate.
(e) The pH value decreasing nears the
surface from 8.0 to 7.8 in the B-
horizon.
(f) Due to flooding by choes or
rivulets and excessive irrigation the
soils become partly salt affected or
sodic in western Amritsar district,
south – western Batala Tehsil of
Gurdaspur district.
(g) These soils are intensively
cultivated for wheat and paddy
crops.
Sandy Soils Bathinda, Mansa, Sangrur,
Patiala, Southern parts of
Ferozpur and Muktsar districts
and some patches of Ludhiana
district.
(a) These are arid soils of south –
western and south central Punjab.
(b) These soils have developed under
semi arid & warm to hot climate
conditions with rainfall ranging from
30 cm to 50 cm.
(c) The soils are yellowish to grey
colour, the overall grey colour
reflects the deficiency of organic
matter and also is poor in nitrogen,
phosphorus and potash.
(d) The pH value ranges from 7.8 to
8.5. The soils are sandy loam to silt in
mixture.
(e) They have low to medium fertility
but by artificial irrigation they
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become much more productive and
are capable of producing cotton,
citrus, oilseeds, wheat and folder
crops.
Desert Soils Abohar and Zira tehsils of
Ferozpur district, Muktsar,
Bathinda, Mansa and in some
parts of Sangrur and Ludhiana
districts.
(a) These soils cover more than 11%
of the total area of the state.
(b) These soils have developed under
arid and hot climate and thin cover
or bush vegetation.
(c) The average rain fall is upto 30
cm.
(d) This soil is dry and deficient in
humus. It is poor in nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium.
(e) The reaction is from normal to
alkaline and pH value ranges from
7.5 to 8.5.
(f) The fertility with respect to plant
nutrient is LMM (low to medium).
(g) In the south – western aridic zone
wind action has played a major role
in the formation of these soils. These
are sand dune studded. The soils are
covered by windblown sand.
(h) The soils are light in colour from
yellow to light brown.
(i) These soils are suitable for the
cultivation of cotton, moth, citrus,
wheat, bajra and other kharif fodder.
(j) The soils suffer from wind erosion
especially in the summers
Kandi Soils Pathankot, Gurdaspur,
Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr and
Ropar Districts
(a) These soils have a sandy, sandy
loam, silt loam and clay – silt to
gravelly texture.
(b) The texture becomes coarser and
rougher eastward the shivaliks hills
where gravel, pebbles and
conglomerates predominates.
(c) These have been deposited by
numerous choes coming from
Shivaliks hills.
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(d) The soils are badly eroded and
less productive and are suitable from
dry farming.
Sierozems Tarn Taran and Patti tehsils,
Mukerian and Tanda tehsils of
Hoshiarpur District, Nakodar
and Phillaur tehsils of Jalandhar
district, Fatehgarh Sahib district,
Rajpura and Patiala tehsils of
Patiala district.
(a) These soils cover nearly 25% area
of the state. Sierozems are grey soils
of semi arid parts of Punjab with an
average annual rainfall from 50 cm to
70 cm, the general air temperature
ranges from 24 to 25 and have
grass and deciduous vegetation.
(b) The soils are overall grey colour
which indicates its deficiency in
organic matter.
(c) Nitrogen and Potash are not
sufficient pH value ranges between
7.8 to 8.5.
(d) These soils produce highest yield
of wheat under irrigation. Paddy
cultivation has been introduced in
these soils.
(e) Excessive irrigation as resulted in
some form of salinity.
Grey – Brown
Podzolic and
Forest Soils
Gurdaspur, Hosiarpur,
Nawanshahr & Ropar District
(a) These soils have developed under
shrub and deciduous forests, steep
slopes and rugged topography, much
water erosion and less hot
temperature conditions.
(b) These soils are reddish brown to
olive brown in colour.
Sodic and Saline
Soils
Fazilka, Bathinda, Ferozpur,
Muktsar and Faridkot Districts
(a) Salinty is the presence of high
content of soluable salts (more than
0.2 percent) which make it difficult
for the plant to absorb water from
saline soils.
(b) The salt moves up and down in
the soil alone with soil water.
(c) The pH values are generally 7.3 to
8.5 and the soil is neutral in reaction.
(d) Sodic soils have a higher
percentage of sodium (more than
15%) salt and high pH value above
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8.5 and strong alkaline reaction.
(e) Saline soils of south-western
Punjab are of recent origin resulting
from surface flooding and or rise in
the ground water.
(f) During summer period of
excessive evaporation, salts
accumulate at the surface.
(g) Lower terraces along rive Ravi, in
Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts
and along river Satluj in Nakodar
and Sultanpur Tehsil and South
uncultivated moderately to severely
sodic and saline soils which are water
logged pockets. They have aquatic
horizon.
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Agroforestry Forests are areas covering practically all uncultivated or untended lands covered with rather tall
and dense tree growth.
Function of Forests
Sr.No Particulars Functions
1. Productive They provide timber, fuel, charcoal, beedi leaves, wax and resins,
fruits, tanning, materials, manure leaves, grass, bamboo, guns, lac,
etc.
2. Protective Forests protect water sheds, catchments of rivers and streams
against erosion.
3. Aesthatic Forests add good appearance, landscaping and a thrilling
atmosphere to the locality.
4. Recreational Forest provides picnic resorts and opportunities for sport like
hiking trekking, wild life watching, bird watching.
5. Scientific Study of ecological process can be made
6. Ameliorative Forests improve climate and reduce pollution.
7. Hygienic Forests improve the environment and help in reduction of noise,
purify the air and give out oxygen to the atmosphere.
8. Industrial
developments
Forest meet the need for raw material for industrial development
such as Paper pups, rayon grade pulp, saw milk ply wood, hard
board etc.
Branches of Forestry
Forestry has five different branches:
1. Silviculture:
If refers to certain aspects of theory and practices of raising forests crops, methods of raising tree
crops, their growth and after care up to the time of final harvesting.
2. Mensuration:
It deals with the measurement of forest produce ex. Dimension from volume, age and increment
of individual trees and forest crop.
3. Silviculture system:
Process by which the crops constituting a forest are tended, removal and replaced by new crops
4. Management:
Practical application of sequence technique and economics to forest estate for the production of
certain desired results
5. Utilization:
Branch of forestry which deals with harvesting, marketing conservation and applying the forest
produce to a variety of uses eg. Timber, fuel, charcoal, pulp wood, ply wood.
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Forestry:
The theory and practice of all that constitutes the creation conservation and scientific
management of forest and the utilization of their resources, based on the aims or objectives, the
forestry may be:
1. Protection of Environmental forestry: Protection of land, regulation of water cycle, Wild life
conservation Modernization of climate conditions, combination of above. Ex. Buddha Jayanti
Park at New Delhi.
2. Commercial or Production forestry: Timber and other raw materials.
3. Social Forestry: Raising forests outside the traditional forest with the involvement of society.
4. Farms Forestry: Raising forest trees on farms lands. It is further classified as:
(a) Noncommercial farm forestry: raising of trees by individuals for domestic needs (usually by
the farmers)
(b) Commercial farms forestry: Farmers grow trees on commercial basis on farmlands.
5. Community forestry: Raising of forests of public or community land
6. Urban forestry: Management of public and private owned lands in and adjacent to urban
centres. They have more aesthetic value.
7. Agro Forestry: Cultivating forest trees along with agricultural crops.
Benefits of Agroforestry system:
a) Environmental benefits:
Reduction of pressure on natural forests.
More efficient recycling of nutrients by deep rooted trees on the site
Better protection of ecological systems
Reduction of surface run-off, nutrient leaching and soil erosion through impeding effect of
tree roots and stems on these processes.
Improvement of microclimate, such as lowering of soil surface temperature and reduction
of evaporation of soil moisture through a combination of mulching and shading.
Increment in soil nutrients through addition and decomposition of litter fall.
Improvement of soil structure through the constant addition of organic matter from
decomposed litter.
It is also recognized that Agroforestry is perhaps the only alternative to meeting the
target of increasing forest or tree cover to 33 per cent from the present level of less than 25
per cent, as envisaged in the National Forest Policy (1988).
Agroforestry is known to have the potential to mitigate the climate change effects through
microclimate moderation and natural resources conservation in the short run and through
carbon sequestration in the long run. Agroforestry species are known to sequester as much
carbon in below ground biomass as the primary forests, and far greater than the crop and
grass systems.
b) Economic benefits:
Increment in outputs of food, fuel wood , fodder, fertiliser and timber.
Reduction in incidence of total crop failure, which is common to single cropping or
monoculture systems.
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Increase in levels of farm income due to improved and sustained productivity.
Agroforestry has significant potential to provide employment to rural and urban
population through production, industrial application and value addition ventures.
Current estimates show that about 65 % of the country‘s timber requirement is met
from the trees grown on farms. Agroforestry also generates significant employment
opportunities.
c) Social benefits:
Improvement in rural living standards from sustained employment and higher income.
Improvement in nutrition and health due to increased quality and diversity of food outputs.
Stabilization and improvement of communities through elimination of the need to shift sites
of farm activities.
Important Points
1. The area under forest land in India – 67 mha
2. Forest school at Dehradun was established during – 1878
3. Contribution of forest product in world GDP – 1 percent.
4. Forest area is highest in – Madhya Pradesh.
5. Percentage of forest cover is highest in – Andman Nicobar Islands.
6. Percentage of forest cover in the world to the total area – 25 percent.
7. National Research Centre for Agroforestry – Jhansi (1988)
Taungya System of Cultivation
The taungya system was used primarily as an inexpensive means of establishing timber
plantations but is finally a recognized AF system.
The taungya (taung = hill, ya = cultivation) is a Burmese word coined in Burma in 1850. The
system was introduced to India by Brandis in 1890 and the first taungya plantations were
raised in 1896 in North Bengal.
It was introduced to S Africa in 1887 and was taken to Chittagong and Sylhat (Now in
Bangladesh) in 1870.
In India it started in 1896 in North Bengal. In 1890, it was introduced to Coorg in Karnataka.
Regular plantation however started in North Bengal in 1911 for raising Sal plantations and
in 1912, extended for raising Teak. In 1923 it was adopted in UP for raising Sal plantations.
It is still practiced in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka and the north-
eastern hill region.
This is a modified form of shifting cultivation in which the labour is permitted to raise agri-
crops in an area but only side by side with the forest species planted by it. The practice
consists of land preparation, tree planting, growing agricultural crops for 1-3 years, until
shade becomes too dense, and then moving on to repeat the cycle in a different area. A large
variety of crops and trees, depending on the soil and climatic conditions, are grown in
India. In fact this system was introduced to raise forest plantations, but finally became
recognized agroforestry system.
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Trees and crops grown in Taungya
State Tree crop Associated agricultural crops
U.P. Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis
Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sisso,
Eucalyptus spp. Populus spp.
Maize, paddy, sorghum,
pigeon-pea, soyabean, wheat,
barley, chick-pea, rape-seed
and miscellaneous
Andhra Pradesh (AP) Anacardium occidentale,
Tectona grandis, Bombax ceiba,
Bamboo, Eucalyptus spp.
Hill paddy, groundnut, sweet
potato
Kerala Tectona grandis Bombax ceiba
Eucalyptus spp.
Paddy, tapioca, ginger,
turmeric, etc.
Assam Shorea robusta, S assamica Paddy
Tamil Nadu Tectona grandis, Santalum album
Tamarindus indica, Acacia nilotica
Acacia mearnsii ,Ceiba pentandra
Cashew, Rubber, Bamboo
Millet, pulses, groundnut,
cotton
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands
Pterocarpus dalbergioides Sugar-cane, maize
Maharashtra Tectona grandis, Acacia nilotica Sunhemp, jute, mesta,
sunflower, castor etc.
Tripura Shorea spp., Schima spp., Michelia spp. Paddy, maize etc
West Bengal Tectona grandis, Shorea robusta
Schima wallichii, Cryptomeria
japonica, Quercus spp. Michelia
doltsopa
Paddy, maize, millets,
turmeric, ginger, lady‘s,
finger, pineapple, sunhemp
Karnataka Tectona grandis, Santalum album, Cassia
siamea
Paddy, tapioca, etc.
Advantages of Taungya:
Artificial regeneration of the forest is obtained cheaply;
Problems of unemployment are solved;
Helps towards maximum utilization of the site;
Low cost method of forest plantation establishment;
In every case, highly remunerative to the forest departments;
Provision of food crops from forest land; and
Weed, climber growth, etc. is eliminated.
Disadvantage of the Taungya:
Loss of soil fertility and exposure of soil;
Danger of epidemics;
Legal problems created;
Susceptibility of land to accelerated erosion increases; and,
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It is a form of exploitation of human labour.
Allelopathy
Allelopathy refers to a biochemical phenomenon where one organism influences the
germination, growth, survival and reproduction of another organism using biochemicals.
Alley Cropping
Alley cropping is the cultivation of food, forage or specially crops between rows of trees. It is a
larger version of intercropping or companion planting conducted over a longer time scale. Alley
cropping can provide profitable opportunities for row crop farmers, hardwood timber growers,
nut growers and Christmas tree growers.
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Irrigation
Plants need water for proper growth and development. Seeds need water for germination. Plants
need water to draw nutrients from the soil and for making food by photosynthesis. Water helps
the plant to translocate food from one part to other parts of the body. It also protects the crop
from frost and extremely hot air currents. Thus water plays an important role in the life of plants
right from the germination stage to the maturity stage.
The main sources of irrigation in our country are rivers, lakes, ponds, wells, tube wells, dams
and canals. Water from these sources is delivered by irrigation canals or pumped by using electric
or diesel pumps.
Well and Tube Well Irrigation
Wells are mainly found in U.P., Bihar, Tamil Nadu, etc. There are various types of wells –
shallow wells, deep wells, tube wells, artesian wells, etc. From the shallow wells water is
not always available as the level of water goes down during the dry months. Deep wells
are more suitable for the purpose of irrigation as water from them is available throughout
the year.
At places where ground water is available, a tube-well can be installed near the
agricultural area. A deep tube well worked by electricity, can irrigate a much larger area
(about 400 hectares) than a surface well (half hectares). Tube wells are mostly used in U.P.,
Haryana, Punjab, Bihar and Gujarat.
Merits: Well is simplest, cheapest and independent source of irrigation and can be used as
and when the necessity arises. Several chemicals such as nitrate, chloride, sulphate, etc.
found in well water add to the fertility of soil. More reliable during periods of drought
when surface water dries up.
Demerits: Only limited area can be irrigated. In the event of a drought, the ground water
level falls and enough water is not available. Tubewells can draw a lot of groundwater
from its neighbouring areas and make the ground dry and unfit for agriculture.
Canal Irrigation
Canals can be an effective source of irrigation in areas of low level relief, deep fertile soils,
perennial source of water and extensive command area. Therefore, the main concentration
of canal irrigation is in the northern plain of India, especially the areas comprising Uttar
Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab.
The digging of canals in rocky and uneven areas is difficult and uneconomic. Thus, canals
are practically absent from the Peninsular plateau area. However, the coastal and the delta
regions in South India do have some canals for irrigation.
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Two types: Inundation canals, which are taken out from the rivers without any regulating
system like weirs etc. at their head. Such canals provide irrigation mainly in the rainy
season when the river is in flood and there is excess water. Perennial Canals are those
which are taken off from perennial rivers by constructing a barrage across the river. Most
of the canals in India are perennial.
Merits: Most of the canals provide perennial irrigation and supply water as and when
needed. This saves the crops from drought conditions and helps in increasing the farm
production.
Demerits: Many canals overflow during the rainy season and flood the surrounding areas.
Canal irrigation is suitable in plain areas only.
Tank Irrigation
A tank is developed by constructing a small bund of earth or stones built across a stream.
The water impounded by the bund is used for irrigation and other purposes. Tank
comprises an important source of irrigation in the Karnataka Plateau, MP, Maharashtra,
Odisha, Kerala Bundelkhand area of UP, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Merits: Most of the tanks are natural and do not involve heavy cost for their construction
and have longer life span. In many tanks, fishing is also carried on, which supplements
both the food resources and income of the farmer.
Demerits: Many tanks dry up during the dry season and fail to provide irrigation when it
is required. Lifting of water from tanks and carrying it to the fields is a strenuous and
costly exercise.
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Drip Irrigation
In drip irrigation, water is applied near the plant root through emitters or drippers, on or
below the soil surface, at a low rate varying from 2-20 liters per hour. The soil moisture is
kept at an optimum level with frequent irrigations.
Among all irrigation methods, drip irrigation is the most efficient and can be practiced for
a large variety of crops, especially in vegetables, orchard crops, flowers and plantation
crops.
Merits: Fertilizer and nutrient loss is minimized due to localized application and reduced
leaching. Field leveling is not necessary. Recycled non-potable water can be used. Water
application efficiency increases. Soil erosion and weed growth is lessened.
Demerits: Initial cost can be more, can result in clogging, wastage of water, time and
harvest, if not installed properly.
Sprinkler Irrigation
In this method, water is sprayed into the air and allowed to fall on the ground surface
somewhat resembling rainfall. The spray is developed by the flow of water under pressure
through small orifices or nozzles. The sprinkler irrigation system is a very suitable method
for irrigation on uneven lands and on shallow soils.
Nearly all crops are suitable for sprinkler irrigation systems except crops like paddy, jute,
etc. The dry crops, vegetables, flowering crops, orchards, plantation crops like tea, coffee
are all suitable and can be irrigated through sprinklers.
Merits: Suitable to all types of soil except heavy clay. Water saving. Increase in yield.
Saves land as no bunds etc. are required.
Demerits: Higher initial cost. Under high wind conditions and high temperature
distribution and application efficiency is poor.
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Other Types of Irrigation
Furrow Irrigation: Furrow irrigation is a type of surface irrigation in which trenches or
―furrows‖ are dug between crop rows in a field. Farmers flow water down the furrows
and it seeps vertically and horizontally to refill the soil reservoir. Flow to each furrow is
individually controlled.
(a) One of the difficulties of furrow irrigation is ensuring uniform dispersion of water
over a given field. Another difficulty with furrow irrigation is the increased potential for
water loss due to runoff.
Surge Irrigation: Surge irrigation is a variant of furrow irrigation where the water supply
is pulsed on and off in planned time periods. The wetting and drying cycles reduce
infiltration rates resulting in faster advance rates and higher uniformities than continuous
flow.
Ditch Irrigation: It is a rather traditional method, where ditches are dug out and seedlings
are planted in rows. The plantings are watered by placing canals or furrows in between
the rows of plants. Siphon tubes are used to move the water from the main ditch to the
canals.
Sub Irrigation or Seepage Irrigation: It is a method of irrigation where water is delivered
to the plant root zone from below the soil surface and absorbed upwards. The excess may
be collected for reuse.
(a) Advantages are water and nutrient conservation, and labor-saving.
(b) The outfitting cost is relatively high. Potential problems, such as the possibility of
increased presence of disease in recycle water.
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Weeding
Weeds are the unwanted plants which grow along with the main crops. They are undesirable
because they compete with the main crop for nutrients, space, air, light and water, etc. and
reduce the crop yield. They also spread pests onto the crops and sometime produce poisonous
substances which are harmful to animals and humans.
The process of removing weeds from the field is called weeding.
Time for weeding:
(a) The best time for the removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds.
Some Common Weeds:
Some of the most common weeds found in crop fields are :
Wild oats (Javi).
Grass
Amaranthus (Chaulai)
Chenopodium (Bathua)
Methods of Weeding:
Manual Weeding:
Weeds may be removed manually either by uprooting them or by cutting then with the help of
tools like hand fork, khurpa and harrow.
By Using Weedicides:
The chemical substances which destroy (kill) weeds but do not harm the crop are called
weedicides or herbicides. Some common weedicides in use are : Dalapon, Metachlor, Siniazine
and Butachlor. These weedicides are diluted in water and sprayed in the field with a sprayer.
Weedicides must be used with care as they are poisonous and have side effects if consumed.
Farmers should cover their nose and mouth with a piece of cloth during spraying.
Biological Method:
Weeds can also be controlled by biological methods. For example, cochineal insects are used to
control the growth of the weed called opuntia.
Protection of crops :
Pests are organisms that attack and damage crops. They may be rodents (rats), insects (locusts,
weevils, and termites), stray animals and birds. It is estimated that 10% of our crop is destroyed
every year by these pests.
Crops are also attacked by bacteria, fungi and viruses by causing several diseases. There diseases
reduce the quality and quantity of the product. These diseases get transmitted through seeds, air,
and soil or through insects.
Pesticides:
The chemical substances which kill pests without harming the crops are called pesticides. These
chemicals are sprayed by using a sprayer. The following chemicals are used to kill these pests.
Insecticides:
These are used to destroy insects. Examples: DDT, BHC, Malathion.
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Fungicides:
These are used to destroy fungi. Examples: sulphur, lime sulphur
Figure : SCARECROW TO KEEP BIRDS
AWAY FROM THE CROP
Rodenticides:
These are used to kill rodents. Examples: zinc phosphide, warfarin. Insecticides, Fungicides and
rodenticides are collectively called pesticides. Birds can be scared away by putting scarecrows
in the fields as shown in Fig.
Harvesting
Once the crop has matured, it has to be gathered. The process of cutting and gathering a matured
crop is known as harvesting.
All over the world harvest season is celebrated with excitement. Baisakhi, Holi, Pogal, Diwali,
Nabanya and Bihu are some of the harvest festivals celebrated in India.
Harvesting of grain Crops:
Most of the grain crops are reaped close to the ground with the help of a sickle.
Threshing:
The process of separating the grain from the harvested stalks of hay is known as threshing. This
is done by spreading the harvested crop on the ground and walking over them. Animals such as
bullocks, buffaloes or camels are also used on a large scale for this purpose.
Winnowing:
The process of separating the grain from the chaff is known as winnowing. Farmers hold the
mixture of grains and chaff at a height and allow them to fall in a gentle stream. The wind blows
away the chaff which is lighter. The heavier grains fall directly on the ground below and are thus
separated.
Big farms use huge machines called combines which cut, thresh as well as separate the grain
from the chaff.
Harvesting of other crops:
Besides grain crops, all other crops like vegetable crops, cash crops, etc. are harvested through
different processes and techniques. Plucking, gathering, packing, storing of crops, etc. are the
different steps in the process of harvesting some specific crops.
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Agro-based Industries
Agro-based industries are industries which use agricultural products as raw materials. For
example, cotton textiles, silk textiles, and jute industries are Agro-based industries.
Agro-based industries are depending on agriculture for their raw material and other basic
inputs. This inter-dependence should be oriented to suit the need of our country and State.
Stabilization and growth of agricultural production effects in rapid advancement in output and
employment in agro-industries.
Further, the cumulative result of agricultural growth and growth of agro-industries creates
greater opportunities for industrial growth as well as the integration of the different sectors of
the economy. Agro-based industries can be classified into two categories namely food processing
industries and nonfood processing industries. Food processing industries mostly deal with the
preservation of perishable products and utilization of by-products for other purposes. These
types of industries contain the processing of wheat, rice, maize, barley, pulses, meat, fruits,
vegetables, etc.
Factors influencing growth of Agro-based industries
Different factors influencing growth of Agro-based industries are given below;
Employment generator
Less capital investment
Social and economic development
The locally obtainable raw material used in the production activities
Need for agro-based industries:
Appropriate to rural areas as they are raw material oriented.
To solve the difficulty of unemployment.
To make income and increase the standard of living.
For decentralization and spreading of industries.
To support balanced growth between agriculture and industry.
To explain the problem of exploitation of the farming community.
To give a big push to agriculture and act as a cause of demand and supply.
To avoid wastage of perishable agricultural products.
To prevent the migration of people from rural to urban areas.
To develop proper backward areas.
To develop infrastructural facilities.
Agro-based industries in India
The Agro-based industry is an enterprise that processes raw materials, containing ground and
tree crops as well as livestock. The degree of processing can differ tremendously, ranging from
the cleaning and grading of apples to the milling of rice, to the cooking, mixing, and chemical
alteration that makes a texturized vegetable food Agro-industries can be approximately
categorized according to the degree the raw material is transformed. In general, capital
investment, technological complexity, and management necessities increase in proportion with
the degree of transformation.
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According to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Agro-based industry
consists of;
Food and beverages
Tobacco products;
Paper and wood products
Textiles, footwear, and apparel
Lather products
Rubber products.
The Agro-based industry includes industries like textiles, sugar, paper and vegetable oil. These
all industries use agricultural products as their raw materials. The textile industry is the very
largest industry in the organized sector.
The Agro-based industry depends upon agriculture region for raw materials. This industry is the
major market of agricultural commodities. Main agro-based industries in India are the sugar
industry, the cotton textile industry, oil industry, jute industry, food processing industries, paper
industry, etc. The sugar industry is a very important agro-based industry in India. Employment
opportunity in the rural region of the country is increasing due to the establishment of more and
more Agro-based industries. Farmers get reasonable cost of the Agro-based product by
interlinking of Agro-based industry and farmers. Internal and external economies are helpful to
rural people due to the establishment of Agro-based industries. Rural infrastructure is developed
with the help of these Agro-based industries.
Types of Agro-based Industry
There are four types of agro-based industries;
1. Agro-produce processing units
They merely system the raw material so that it can be preserved and transported at a cheaper
cost. There is no new product is manufactured. Example: Rice mills, Dal mills, etc.
2. Agro-produce manufacturing units
Manufacture completely new products. Finished goods will be totally different from its original
raw material. Example: Sugar factories, bakery, solvent extraction units, textile mills, etc.
3. Agro-inputs manufacturing units
Industrial units which create goods either for mechanization of agriculture or for increasing
productivity come under this type. Example: Agricultural implements, seed industries, pump
set, fertilizer and pesticide units, etc.
4. Agro service centers
Agro service centers are mainly workshops and service centers which are engaged in repairing
and servicing of pump sets, diesel engines, tractors and all types of farm equipment.
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Different types of Agro-based industries based on textile industries are given below;
Cotton textiles
Woolen textiles
Silk textiles
Synthetic fibers
Jute textile industries
Textile Industry:
In the Indian economy, the textile industry occupies a unique position. Because, it contributes to
industrial production (14 percent), employment generation (35 million persons directly and the
second largest after agriculture) and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 percent). It
contributes 4 percent towards Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is the only industry in the
country, which is self-reliant and entire in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest
value-added products.
Cotton Textiles: In ancient India, these industries were formed with hand spinning and
handloom weaving techniques. Nowadays, there are almost 1600 cotton and human-made fiber
textile mills in the country.
Jute Textiles: India is the first largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second
place as an exporter after Bangladesh. There are totally about 70 jute mills in India. The jute
textile industry supports 2.61 lakh workers directly and another 40 lakhs small and marginal
farmers who are engaged in the cultivation of jute and Mesta. Many more people are associated
indirectly.
Sugar Industry: An India stands second as a world producer of sugar however occupies the first
place in the production of gur and khandsari. The raw material used in this sugar industry is
bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces. There are totally 460 sugar mills in the country
spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and
Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Totally sixty percent of mills are in
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suitable to the
cooperative sector.
In recent years, a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western
states, particularly in Maharashtra; this is since the cane formed here has higher sucrose content.
The cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season. Also, cooperatives are more successful in
these states.
Agriculture and industry both are miles apart from each other but there are definite industries
which are dependent on agriculture and these types of industries are known as Agro-based
industries. Agro-based industries use agriculture products as its raw materials as far as the
production of products is concerned, given below are some of the examples of Agro-based
industries;
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The textile industry is one of the examples because whether its cotton, silk, jute, woolen, etc,
all have some factor of agriculture in it and so, the textile can be called as an agro-based
industry.
Sugar is another best example as it uses sugarcane for the production of sugar and since
sugarcane is agriculture product sugar industry can be termed as an Agro-based industry.
Paper is also one example of the Agro-based industry as it uses wood for the production of
the paper.
Vegetable oil industries
Tea and coffee industries are also one example of Agro-based industry.
Importance of Agro-based industries:
Organization of Agro-based industries is based on the availability of raw material.
Agro-based industries have to set up at rural areas where raw material can be available in
plenty and helps in the upliftment of the rural economy.
To provide rural population an opportunity for employment.
Generate income and thereby improve the economic condition of people and which in turn
creates the potential for demand based industries.
Present an opportunity for the dispersal of industries instead of concentrating at a particular
place.
Solve the difficulty of exploitation of the farming community by traders and middlemen.
Farmers can be assured of a better price for their produce.
Encourage to bring more and more areas under various crops and increase agricultural
production and improve the nation‘s economy.
Transportation cost of agricultural products can be decreased and thereby help to minimize
the cost of finished goods.
Help to increase backward areas based on their suitability for setting up agro-industries.
The impact of Agro-based industries on regional development is;
Well, the functioning agriculture sector is critical for the general macroeconomic
framework. Inflation in India is largely due to supply-side constraints and as such any
variability in an act in the agricultural sector has a direct impact on the poor.
Agriculture is the mainstay of providing employment to a vast division of Indian
population. Agro-based industries are labor intensive and thus the scope they have for
making employment is immense
It has a huge potential in terms of contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Food and
grocery industries account for around 31 percent of India‘s consumption basket. The
advantages thus accrued can help in socio-economic welfare of people through greater
social spending.
Agro-based industry present raw materials for several other industries. Thus other
industries are dependent on this feeder sector.
Agro-based industry affects the nutritional security of the country.
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Problems faced by agro-based industries in India:
The problems faced by agro-based industries in India are given below;
Small Landholdings: This makes economies of scale hard to operate and farmers are forced to rely
on subsistence farming.
(a) Seasonal nature: This means that the farmers have a very small window to reap benefits of
their hard labor. In recent times, climate change has affected weather patterns which in turn has
had an adverse contact on agricultural production.
(b) Perishable nature: Products are of perishable nature and thus it needs huge infrastructure in
terms of cold storage, good road connectivity, etc. India suffers on account of both forward
linkages and backward linkages.
(c) Variability: Agro-industries contain variability in the quantity and quality of raw materials.
Quantity is uncertain as of fluctuations in weather, in soil condition, etc. Quality changes because
of standardization, of raw materials remain elusive even though there has been an advancement
in animal and plant genetics. These changes exert additional pressure on agro-industrial units in
terms of operations related to production, scheduling, and quality control.
(d) Sugarcane Agro-based industry in India is suffering on account of poor export scenario, large
arrears due to sugar manufacturers, over-regulation in the sector. Since the advent of
globalization of trade, a development in one region has an impact on all other regions. For
example, the sugar prices globally are low which affect the Indian manufacturers.
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Food Processing
Food Processing includes process under which any raw product of agriculture, dairy, animal
husbandry, meat, poultry or fishing is transformed through a process (involving employees,
power, machines or money) in such a way that its original physical properties undergo a change
and the transformed product has commercial value and is suitable for human and animal
consumption.
It also includes the process of value addition to produce products through methods such as
preservation, addition of food additives, drying etc. with a view to preserve food substances in
an effective manner, enhance their shelf life and quality.
Significance
The Food Processing Industry (FPI) is of enormous significance as it provides vital linkages and
synergies that it promotes between the two pillars of the economy, i.e. agriculture and industry.
(a) Employment Generation: It provides direct and indirect employment opportunities, because
it acts as a bridge between Agriculture and Manufacturing.
(b) Doubling of farmers’ income: With the rise in demand for agri-products there will be
commensurate rise in the price paid to the farmer, thereby increasing the income.
(c) Reduce malnutrition: Processed foods when fortified with vitamins and minerals can reduce
the nutritional gap in the population.
(d) Reduce food wastage: UN estimates that 40% of production is wasted. Similarly, NITI Aayog
estimated annual post-harvest losses of close to Rs 90,000 crore. With greater thrust on proper
sorting and grading close to the farm gate, and diverting extra produce to FPI, this wastage could
also be reduced, leading to better price realisation for farmers.
(e) Boosts Trade and Earns Foreign exchange: It is an important source of foreign exchange. For
e.g. Indian Basmati rice is in great demand in Middle Eastern countries.
(f) Curbing Migration: Food Processing being a labour intensive industry will provide localized
employment opportunities and thus will reduce the push factor in source regions of migration.
(g) Curbing Food Inflation: Processing increases the shelf life of the food thus keeping supplies
in tune with the demand thereby controlling food-inflation. For e.g. Frozen Safal peas are
available throughout the year.
(h) Crop-diversification: Food processing will require different types of inputs thus creating an
incentive for the farmer to grow and diversify crops.
(i) Preserve the nutritive quality of food and prolongs the shelf life by preventing them from
spoilage due to microbes and other spoilage agents,
(j) Enhances the quality and taste of food thereby bringing more choices in food basket
Enhances consumer choices: Today, food processing allows food from other parts of the world to
be transported to our local market and vice versa.
Status of Food Processing In India
(a) India is the world's second largest producer of fruits & vegetables after China but hardly 2%
of the produce is processed.
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(b) In spite of a large production base, the level of processing is low (less than 10%).
Approximately 2% of fruits and vegetables, 8% marine, 35% milk, 6% poultry are processed.
Lack of adequate processable varieties continues to pose a significant challenge to this sector.
(c) India's livestock population is largest in the world with 50% of the world's buffaloes and 20%
of cattle, but only about 1% of total meat production is converted to value added products.
(d) More than 75% of the industry is in unorganized sector.
(e) Processing can be delineated into primary and secondary processing. Rice, sugar, edible oil
and flour mills are examples of primary processing. Secondary processing includes the
processing of fruits and vegetables, dairy, bakery, chocolates and other items.
(f) Most processing in India can be classified as primary processing, which has lower value-
addition compared to secondary processing. There is a need to move up the value chain in
processed food products to boost farmer incomes. For instance, horticulture products, such as
fruits and vegetables, carry the potential for higher value-addition when compared to cereal
crops.
(g) At present, India‘s agricultural exports predominantly consist of raw materials, which are
then processed in other countries, again indicating the space to move up the value chain.
Food processing industry in India can be segmented as follows
Cereal/ pulse milling
Fruit & vegetable processing
Milk & milk products
Beverages like coffee, tea & cocoa
Fish, poultry, eggs & products
Meat & meat products
Aerated waters/soft drinks 8. Beer/alcoholic beverages
Bread, biscuits & other bakery products
Edible oil/fats.
Confectioneries
Breakfast cereals, malt protein, weaning, extruded food products
Problems in Food Processing Industries
At present most of the industries are in unorganized sectors. So, number of problems are arising
from different sections of the industries. Some of the basic problems encountered by Indian food
industries at different levels are given below.
Farm level problems
Poor yield of farm produce and therefore low returns.
Lack of material resources necessary for development.
Primitive methods of farming.
No control on the quality of inputs and lack of finance to manage.
Vagaries of weather.
Unavailability of reliable handling and transportation system.
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Lack of storage facilities at farm.
Distributors’ problems
Lack of modern transportation facilities and high cost
Inadequate cold storage faculties
Irregular quality and quantity of farm produce
Processing industries problem
Financing
Higher import duties
Higher cost of raw material and packaging
Inadequate transport and cold storage facilities
Infrequent availability of refrigerated containers
Staggering advertising costs
Limited domestic market
Consumer discontent
Does not get value for money
The price variation is a day to day affair
Continued dependence on seasonal products
Lack of variety of semi processed or prepared convenience food at affordable prices.
Reasons for slow growth of processed foods in India
Majority of the population has low-income levels and cannot afford processed foods.
The high cost of packaging pushes up the cost of the processed items and thereby makes
them out of reach of the common man.
Indians traditionally prefer fresh foods that are cooked rather than use preserved foods.
There is also no national character for food habits and these keep changing from region to
region.
However, the scenario is changing with some foods, especially fast food, acquiring the
national character. Also some foods such as idli, dosa, some Punjabi foods like chhole, alu
mutter etc., some Chinese foods and now the western foods like burgers and pizza are fast
gaining national popularity.
Transport (both road and railways) and communication are poor.
There are no reliable cold chains, which are necessary for temperature sensitive foods like
fruits & vegetables, ice creams etc.
Modernization is unaffordable for small-scale manufacturer but the large companies do
not find investment justifiable due to small size of the market.
Supermarkets are not yet popular although a few are making an appearance.
Challenges
Extensive use of fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals has raised concerns about the
quality of food which should be looked into. Further, protection is needed from unfair and
hazardous practices such adulteration.
Care should be taken as processed foods may not be nutritionally balanced and may pose
a health risk especially for children unless fortified. This could trigger a negative
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perception regarding processed foods and could likely impact the economic gains made
by this sector.
Low value-added in processing: There is major fragmentation of food processing capacity,
with a large unorganized segment and widespread use of primitive processing. This
results in lower value-addition at the processing stage, especially from a nutritional point
of view.
Limited ability to control quality and safety: The sheer number of players, especially in the
large unorganized segment, involved in the food value-chain, makes implementation of
quality and safety norms difficult. This has led to practices such as milk adulteration and
use of carbide for fruit ripening becoming more widespread.
Low consumer awareness: Consumer awareness is a critical aspect of an improved
nutritional situation in the country. Consumers currently lack awareness of several
nutritional and food safety and quality aspects.
Suggestions
Storage capacities and infrastructure should be increased.
Develop the agricultural facility with good agricultural practice which leads to the
transition from staple food crops to diversification of crops.
Backward linkages to farmers need to be made more robust. Contract farming can be
promoted. According to the Model Contract Farming Act, 2018, the contract will specify
the quantity, quality and price of produce being supplied. This would shield farmers from
price volatility, subject to quality commitments.
Skilling is required at two levels. First at the farm gate in promoting agricultural best
practices and in processing activities.
Public investment and connectivity should be increased.
Slaughter animal rules should be framed in a comprehensive policy framework.
Farm pattern diversification which leads to a production of variety of crops other than
constant set of crops which creates lot of job opportunities.
Second Green Revolution should be updated with the diversified technologies.
We have to encourage the domestic startups and industry than the international
companies.
There should be a Centre of Excellence between centre and state.
Should have more training institutes for upcoming entrepreneurs and it should be in all
states. Scholarship should be given to the upcoming entrepreneurs.
New technology should be updated in the training institutes and skill development should
be given the top most priority.
Government’s Initiative
It has been the endeavor of the Government to promote food processing industry in the country
to reduce wastage of agricultural produce and minimize post- harvest losses.
According to ―Assessment of Quantitative Harvest and Post-Harvest Losses of Major Crops and
Commodities in India‖ by ICAR the percentage of post-harvest losses as assessed by the study is
as under:
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Crops Cumulative wastage (%)
Cereals 4.65 – 5.99
Pulses 6.36 – 8.41
Oil Seeds 3.08 – 9.96
Fruits & Vegetables 4.58 – 15.88
Milk 0.92
Fisheries (Inland) 5.23
Fisheries (Marine) 10.52
Meat 2.71
Poultry 6.74
With the above in view, the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) is
implementing PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana)
The objective of PMKSY is to supplement agriculture, modernize processing and decrease
agri-waste.
It is an umbrella scheme incorporating ongoing schemes
Under PMKSY the following schemes are to be implemented.
Mega Food Parks.
Integrated Cold Chain, Value Addition and Preservation Infrastructure.
Creation/Expansion of Food Processing/Preservation Capacities.
Infrastructure for Agro Processing Clusters.
Scheme for Creation of Backward and Forward Linkages.
Food Safety & Quality Assurance Infrastructure.
Human Resources and Institutions.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy: FDI up to 100%, under the automatic route is
allowed in food processing industries.
Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)– an
apex organization under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry – focusses on ‗export‘ of
scheduled products.
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Agricultural Economics
Economics: According to Smith, ―Economics is the Science of Wealth”.
Macro Economics: deals with the whole economic set up & related additions or average, e.g.
Total Production, total income, total employment, total expenditure, total savings, price level
etc.
Agriculture Economics: Application of principles of general economic to agriculture is called
as agricultural economics.
Micro Economics: Such captivities & services of consumption, production, exchange, and
distribution concerned with Individual unit of single industry, single farm, single farm.
Factors of Production
Land: Anything above the earth surface which is free given by the nature. It is fixed.
Capital: Capital is the part of wealth used for further regenerating wealth. It is an passive
factor. All capital is wealth but all wealth is not capital.
Labour: It is an active factor.
Organisation
Enterprise:
Reward of Land Rent
Reward of Labour Wages
Reward of Capital Interest
Reward of Enterprise Profit
Marketing
Classification of Markets
(a) Visible Market
Place basis:
(i) Village market
(ii) Primary market
(iii) Secondary market
(iv) Retail market
(v) Market near sea
(vi) Terminal market
Area basis:
(i) Local Market
(ii) Regional Market or state
(iii) National market
(iv) International Market
Time basis:
(i) Short period M.
(ii) Long P.M.
(iii) Very long P.M.
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(b) Invisible Market
Agent middleman:
(i) Artia
(ii) Commission agent
(iii) Speculated middleman
(iv) Processor
(v) Hammal
(vi) Weighman
(vii) Rural trade
(viii) Other workers.
Trader middleman:
(i) Wholesaler
(ii) Retailer
Market Structures
(a) Local markets
(b) State or regional markets
(c) Sea board markets
(d) Wholesale markets
(e) Retail markets.
Finance
Agricultural Finance/Loan
(a) Short term loan – for 1 to 1 ½ years
(b) Medium term loan – for 1 to 5 years
(c) Long term loan – for 5 to 30 years.
Rural Credit Sources
Institutional: contribute about 36 per cent of the total credit.
Banking institution- They finance usually for productive purpose. It includes
Commercial banks, Cooperative societies etc.
By Govt. Agencies under various rural uplift programmes.
Non-Institutional: Contribute about 64 per cent of the total credit. They finance both
for productive and unproductive purpose. It includes professional money lender,
shopkeeper, employers, friends and relatives.
Existence of Banks
RBI – 1975 for credit to marginal small & Agricultural labours.
RBI was established April 1st, 1935 and nationalized in January 1st, 1949.
Direct Tax: A tax is said to be a direct tax when it is not intended to be shifted to
anybody else. The person who pays it in the first instance is also excepted to bear it.
Income Tax is an example of direct tax.
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Indirect Tax: Indirect Tax is that tax which is levied on goods or services produced or
purchased. Indirect taxes are paid by customers when they buy goods and services. These
includes excise duty, customs duty etc..
Economic growth components – land, labour, capital, technology, organizer.
VAT (Value Added tax):
It is a multistage sales tax with credit for taxes paid on business purchases.
Haryana is the 1st State in adopting VAT in India.
It has 4 slabs- 0 per cent, 1 per cent, 4 per cent & 12.5 per cent.
VAT seeks to tax the value added at every stage of manufacturing and sale, with a provision
of refunding the amount of VAT already paid at the earlier stages to avoid double taxation.
Farm Management
Farm management is that branch of agricultural economics which deals with the business
principles and practices of farming with an object of obtaining the maximum possible return
from the farm as a unit under a sound farming programme.
Cost Concepts & Types
Cost is the value of the factors of production used in producing and distributing goods and
services. The cost of a factor unit equals the maximum amount which the factor could earn in
alternative employment.
Total Cost
The total sums of fixed and variable costs in the production of a particular commodity
are called as total cost.
There are other costs which have boon derived from those main groups.
Fixed Costs
These costs are related to fixed resources and are overhead costs.
Rent, interest on fixed capital, depreciation of building, taxes and wages of the
permanent labourers constitute fixed costs.
These are the same at all levels of production.
Variable Costs
These costs are related to the variable resources and change with the output.
They change with the quantity of production. In the beginning, as the production
increases variable costs rise quite rapidly, but with further rise in production variable
costs do not increase proportionately with the production due to economics brought
about by mass production later on as diminishing returns set in, variable costs start
rising more rapidly than the production.
The variable costs are nil, if there is no production on the farm.
If farming is to be carried, the variable cost must be less than selling price, e.g. current
supplies such as seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, insecticides, hired labour charges, interest
on working capital.
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Total Costs
The increase in variable costs determines whether farming would be profitable, but once
the total costs are covered, the farmer remains indifferent to the average cost of per unit cost
of production.
Profit = Gross income – Total Cost (Fixed Variable)
The fixed and variable costs make total cost of production of each unit of crop or livestock
product.
Other Costs
(a) Average Total Cost
When the fixed costs have spread over on many units, there is not much effect of the fixed
costs on the average costs. Variable costs assume importance average cost begin to rise,
Average total cost =
=
It refers to the average of all costs (fixed + Variable) per Unit of output.
(b) Average Fixed Cost
Average fixed cost is a fixed cost per unit of output. The total fixed cost is the same at all
the levels of production.
It is because the fixed cost is divided by increasingly large number as output increases. It
can be expressed as AFC =
where, AFC: Average Fixed Cost; TFC: Total Fixed Cost; Y:
Output.
(c) Average Variable Cost
AVC refers to total variable cost per unit of output. The AVC has an inverse relationship
with average product (AP).
The AVC is expressed as: AVC =
, where, VC: Variable cost; Y: Output.
(c) Marginal Cost
The marginal cost has also certain relationship with Marginal Product (MP) just as the
average variable cost has with average product.
Marginal cost (MC) is the change in cost associated with an increase of one unit of output.
Cost of Cultivation and Cost of Production
Cost of Cultivation: includes factor costs up to the stage of gathering
Cost of Production: includes factor costs up to the stage of marketing the produce.
Per Unit Cost of Production
Cost of production is to be worked out as cost per unit or area and production i.e. per hectare
and per quintal/tonnes.
Per Hectare Cost of Production = Total cost/Area under crop (ha)
Grass Returns: Value of (main product + by-product)
Per Quintal/Tonne Cost of Production =
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Contribution of Agriculture to Economic Development
The following points highlight the three types of contribution that agriculture has made towards
economic development. The types are:
1. Factor Contribution
2. Product Contribution
3. Market Contribution.
1. Factor Contribution:
Development of agriculture releases some resources for being transferred to the other sectors. As
these resources are productive in nature, we call the transfer of these resources to the non-
agricultural sectors as ‗factor contribution‘ of agriculture.
Factor contribution can be in the following forms:
(a) Provision of Capital:
The non-agricultural sectors require funds for acquiring material capital. In the initial stages of
their development, these funds will be generated in the agricultural sector and then transferred
to the other sectors. In a closed economy in the initial stages, it is the agricultural sectors which
command most of the income, capital and also labour.
Even when an underdeveloped economy is an open economy, the outside source of capital like
foreign aid or foreign commercial investment can make only a limited contribution to the
economic development. Further, foreign political influence is likely to accompany such capital
and this may not be acceptable to the present day underdeveloped economies.
The transfer of capital to non-agricultural sectors can be voluntary or compulsory. It is voluntary
when the agriculturists themselves invest their savings in the industrial projects. The
agriculturist industrialist of England and the land owners of Japan present an important example
of this type of voluntary flow of capital to the non-agricultural sectors.
The compulsory from of flow of funds is generally brought about by the government of the day
through taxation on the agricultural sector its net proceeds being spent for the development of
the non-agricultural sectors.
Land tax in Japan is often quoted as an example of this compulsory transfer of funds from the
agricultural sector to other sectors. It formed 80% of the total tax revenue of the Government in
the last two decades of the 19th century.
Forced extraction of surplus from agriculture by taxation, confiscation, imposition of levies or
arbitrarily kept low prices of agricultural products, can be the other measures taken by the
government to transfer funds from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sectors.
However, compulsion is not always necessary for the transfer of funds. Agricultural
development itself may bring down the price of agricultural produce, reduce the cost of
production in manufacturing and other sectors, increase their profits and thus indirectly help in
the generation of capital in these sectors.
There is yet another way through which agriculture can provide capital to the non-agricultural
sectors. Nurkse has referred to this process. According to him in densely populated agricultural
economies, there already exists zero value labour i.e. labour whose contribution at the margin to
agriculture is zero.
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This is what we call disguisedly unemployed labour. This labour can be taken away from
agriculture and utilized for producing some overhead capital, though of crude nature e.g.,
embankment, canals etc., some of which can help in the development of non-agricultural sectors.
We may, however, note that this source of capital is available only in over populated economies.
(b) Provision of Labour:
Another factor contribution of agriculture towards economic development is through the release
of labour by the agricultural sector for the non-agricultural sectors.
There are three potential sources of labour supply for the developing non-agricultural sectors,
namely:
(i) Natural population growth,
(ii) Immigration and
(iii) Farm population.
The supply of labour from first two sources can never be smooth and adequate. Supply through
population growth will be very slow in coming forth. It may also be noted in the interest of the
nation to encourage population growth. Immigration has its own problems.
Differences in religion, language, customs, lack of knowledge etc., act as strong barriers for
immigration. Under these circumstances, for a rapid development of the non-agricultural sectors,
farm population remains the only dependable source of labour supply.
However, it may be noted that movement of farm labour to the non-agricultural sectors is not
always easy. Transfer of labour from the agricultural sector to the developing non-agricultural
sectors may not create a serious problem in over-populated countries.
There is already a surplus labour force in the agricultural sector of these countries and it can be
easily drawn into the industrial sector without fall in agricultural output. The problem is more
serious in sparsely populated countries.
There is no disguised unemployment there and any shifting of labour agriculture to non-
agricultural sectors will bring down the agricultural production. However, a country moving on
the development path cannot afford such a fall in agricultural production because of various
reasons.
Firstly, it needs more raw materials from the agricultural sector and secondly, the labour shifting
from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors will increase its consumption of food grains because
of increase in its income.
So, in sparsely populated countries, it is desirable that the transfer of labour from the agricultural
sector for the development of the non-agricultural sectors is also preceded or accompanied by an
increase in the productivity in the agricultural sector itself.
This does not mean that agricultural development is not necessary for the overall economic
development of an over-populated country. More agricultural output is needed for the
developing industrial and other non-agricultural sectors even in over populated countries. Only
difference is that labour may be more easily available for the developing non-agricultural section
in over-populated countries.
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Kuznet has expressed the importance of transfer of labour from the agricultural sector to non-
agricultural sectors in another way. He feels that this transfer also, infect, implies a transfer of
capital invested in the agricultural labour. He says ―…we could still argue that internal migration
of labour from agriculture represents a large transfer of valuable resources to the non-
agricultural sectors and a large contribution to the country‘s growth.‖
May be, what he says is of somewhat doubtful validity in the initial stages, but it is perfectly
correct in the later stages of economic development when agriculture has started using improved
technology. The labour transferred to the non-agricultural sectors is now well trained and more
educated.
2. Product Contribution:
The product contribution of agriculture towards an overall economic development takes two
forms.
These are described below:
(a) Provision of Wage Goods:
When the non-agricultural sectors are to be developed, people will have to shift from agriculture
to various occupations in these sectors. But they will require food for their sustenance even after
shifting to new sectors. In fact their demand for food grains is likely to increase as a result of
increase in their income after their transfer to the non-agricultural sectors.
The demand for food grains can also increase because of another reason. The farming population
still left in agriculture might find its income increased due to higher prices of agricultural
products as a result of increased demand. This may spur it to increase its own consumption also.
As the non-agricultural sectors develop, their dependence on agriculture for other contributions
like that of capital, labour, raw material etc., is reduced. However, dependence of the non-
agricultural sectors on agriculture for provision of wage goods will be as strong as ever unless, of
course, new scientific innovations also result in the production of perfect synthetic substitutes for
food grains.
(b) Provision of Industrial Raw Materials:
The other product contribution made by agriculture for the development of the non-agricultural
sectors of the economy, especially the secondary sector, is in the form of provision of raw
materials.
A study of the history of industrial development of advanced nations will show that the agro-
based industries were the first to develop in such countries. There are many reasons for priority
being given to agro- based industries in the initial stages of economic development.
Firstly, it is easier to produce raw materials in the agricultural sector. Minerals which form, the
other source of industrial raw materials involve extensive use of capital which may be available
in the beginning. Secondly, agro-based industries, generally, have flexible techniques of
production.
These techniques range from the extremely labour intensive ones to the highly capital intensive
ones. This is the case, for example, with agro-based industries like textiles, sugar, grain milling,
hide processing etc. In case of such industries, it is open for a firm to produce the commodities
with a technique, as determined by the availability of capital etc.
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In the initial stages, for example, labour intensive techniques can be used to produce the
commodities. Later on, where more funds are available, the producers can switch on to relatively
more capital intensive techniques for production. In case of mineral based industries, the option
to select a technique is very much limited. All the techniques are generally capital intensive.
There is yet another factor which favours the development of agro-based industries in the
beginning. It is said that it is easy to shift a labourers from a farm to a factory if the factory uses a
farm product as a raw material.
The subject (psychological) cost of transfer of labour from agriculture to industry in such a case is
very low. It is felt if a labourer shifts from the agricultural sector (the major source of labour in
the initial stages of industrial development), he will feel more at home while working in an agro-
based industry than in a mineral-based industry.
The preceding discussion clearly implies that more of industrial raw materials have to be
produced in the agricultural sector in the initial stages of development. This could be achieved
either by bringing additional area under cultivation or diverting land from food crops to
industrial raw materials or by increasing the productivity of various crops.
of various crops.
Division of land from food crops to raw material will not be desirable because as
industrialisation proceeds, more of food grains may be required due to increasing income of the
people. The other two methods can be or rather have to be adopted for increasing agricultural
production if agro-based industries are to be set up in the economy.
3. Market Contribution:
The contribution focuses attention on the flow of goods generated by the development of the
agricultural sector-flow which helps the development of the other sectors.
This contribution can take various forms:
(a) Expanded Market for the Products of Other Sectors:
So far, we have been emphasizing that agricultural development is necessary for providing
inputs necessary for the development of other sectors of an economy. However, any sector, for
its development, does not only require the necessary inputs for production but also a wide
market for its growing production.
Agriculture provides an expanding market for the products of the other sectors in the initial
stages of development of the economy. Agricultural sector, while helping the development of the
other sectors, also finds the income of its people increasing. This increased income, in turn, leads
to an additional demand for the products of other sectors, not only for consumption purposes
but also for production.
It may be noted here that, no doubt, the other sectors can sell their products in foreign markets,
rather than depend on the domestic market provided by the agriculture sector. However, in
practice, it is not wise to rely upon a foreign market in the initial stages of development.
Lack of sufficient knowledge about the foreign countries, excessive competition, unfavorable
commercial policies of the foreign countries etc., will make the entry as operation of the domestic
firms in foreign markets rather risky and unprofitable.
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(b) Flow of Agricultural Products to Other Sectors of the Economy:
Development of agriculture makes another type of market contribution also to the economy. As
agriculture develops and its production becomes more market oriented, many other institutions,
generally non-agricultural in character, come into existence. These institutions include those
providing processing, packing and distribution services.
David Metcalf focuses our attention on these two market contributions,‘In a more effective way.
According to him, Agricultural development through providing market for agricultural input &
consumers‘ good, promotes the development of industrial sector.
Developments industrial sector, in turn helps in the development of the agricultural sector
through the spread of modern technology in agriculture and providing an expanded market for
agricultural products. This is a virtuous circle which in the process gives rise to institutions
facilitating two way exchanges of commodities.
(c) Development of International Trade:
Surplus products from the agricultural sector, as a result of its development, can move to the
international market. This, in turn, can result in the flow of necessary capital as well as consumer
goods from outside.
The growth process of the economy as a whole can thus gain momentum. So, in a way, we can
say that in the case of development of international trade, agriculture combines market
contribution with factor contribution for the development of non-agricultural sectors.
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Practice Exercise
1. The science concerned with vegetable
culture is called
(a) Floriculture
(b) Olericulture
(c) Horticulture
(d) Agriculture
2. Which of the following elements is almost
non-essential for plants?
(a) Ca
(b) Mo
(c) Zn
(d) Na
3. Although a deficiency of any one of the
elements listed may result in chlorosis,
only one of these elements is an element
found in chlorophyll. Which is it?
(a) Zinc
(b) Iron
(c) Magnesium
(d) Chloride
4. Which of the following elements is not
present in a nitrogenous base?
(a) Hydrogen
(b) Carbon
(c) Phosphorus
(d) Nitrogen
5. A water-fern, which is used as a green
manure in rice fields, is
(a) Salvinia
(b) Mucor
(c) Aspergillus
(d) Azolla
6. Green manure plants used by farmers
mainly belong to
(a) compositae
(b) leguminosae
(c) solanaceae
(d) poaceae
7. Major food crops of the world belong to
(a) Leguminosae
(b) Gramineae
(c) Solanaceae
(d) Cruciferae
8. The principal cereal crop of India is
(a) wheat
(b) rice
(c) barley
(d) sorghum
9. Which one among the following chemicals
is used for causing defoliation of forest
trees?
(a) Posphon D
(b) Malic hydrazide
(c) 2, 4-D
(d) Amo 1618
10. Bio herbicides have been recommended
(a) to prevent Eco degradation
(b) because of their ready availability
(c) because of their cheap rates
(d) because of their abundance
11. The most important weed against which
eradication measures would be taken on
war footings is
(a) Eichhornia
(b) Dactylis
(c) parthenium
(d) Ageratum
12. Water logging of soil makes it.
Physiologically dry because
(a) this condition does not allow the
capillary force to work
(b) this condition does not allow oxygen to
enter the soil
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
13. Which one of the following is natural
insecticide?
(a) pyrethrum
(b) nicotine
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
14. The process by which nutrient chemicals
or contaminants are dissolved and carried
away by water, or are moved into a lower
layer of soil
(a) mulching
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(b) desertification
(c) incineration
(d) leaching
15. Which of the following is an example of a
weed of rabi season that infest wheat crop?
(a) Chenopodium
(b) Motha
(c) Jangali jowar
(d) None of the above
16. First bio insecticide developed
commercial scale was
(a) quinine
(b) DDT
(c) organophosphate
(d) sporeine
17. Composted manure is produced from
(a) farmyard manure and green manure
(b) farm refuse and household refuse
(c) organic remains of biogas plants
(d) rotten vegetables and animal refuse
18. Norin-I0 gene from Japan is a
(a) dwarf gene of wheat
(b) dwarf gene of rice
(d) dwarf gene of maize
(d) disease resistant gene of rice
19. Aims of plant breeding are to produce
(a) disease-free varieties
(b) high-yielding varieties
(c) early-maturing varieties
(d) all of the above
20. Growing of two or more crops
simultaneously on the same piece cat
land is called
(a) mixed cropping
(b) mixed farming
(c) intercropping
(d) fanning
21. The Mexican dwarf wheat variety was
developed by
(a) Swami Nathan
(b) Borlaug
(c) Watson
(d) Kush
22. The desired varieties of economically
useful crops are raised by
(a) vemalisation
(b) mutation
(c) natural selection
(d) hybridisation
23. High-yielding varieties of wheat were
primarily developed by Indian scientist by
crossing- breeding traditional varieties with
(a) American varieties
(b) Mexican varieties
(c) European varieties
(d) African varieties
24. A plant breeder: waists to develop a
disease resistant variety. What should he do
first?
(a) Hybridization
(b) Mutation
(c) Selection
(d) Production of crop
25. Selection of homozygous plant is
(a) pure line selection
(b) mass selection
(c) mixed selection
(d) introduction
26. Television broadcast for rural
development programmes in India started
in
(a) 1947
(b) 1957
(c) 1967
(d) 1977
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27. Which of tile following points refers to the
economic level of output?
(a) MR<mc
(b) MR>MC
(c) MR AC
(d) MR = MC</mc
28. What is the correct order of C 3 plants?
(a) Sugarcane - Paddy - Bajra - Maize
(b) Groundnut-Potato-Wheat- Soybean
(c) Potato-Paddy-Bajra-Wheat
(d) Paddy - Sugarcane - Soybean- Bajra
29. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 60 2 - >60 2 + 6HZ0 shows
(a) Photosynthesis
(b) Respiration
(c) Oxidation
(d) Translocation of food materials
30. How does the supply of nitrogen in grains
take place?
(a) From old leaves
(b) From plant roots
(c) From stem
(d) By photosynthesis
31. To reduce the crop weed corn - petition, at
what stage are the herbicides used?
(a) At germination
(b) At tillering
(c) At ear emergence
(d) After first irrigation
32. How much percentage dry weight of
crops should be at physiological maturity?
(a) 28%
(b) 20%
(c) 25%
(d) 30%
33. Growth of early emerging leaves becomes
faster because of –
(a) Cell division and cell enlargement
(b) Stunt growth of plants
(c) Faster Photosynthesis
(d) Low pressure of outer atmosphere
34. The ideal temperature for most of the
cultivable crops is-
(a) 30°C - 50°C
(b) 15°C - 40°C
(c) 35°C - 40°C
(d) 45°C - 55°C
35. Match List-I with List- II and choose the
correct answer from the codes -
List-I List-II
(a) Magnesium 1. Cell formation
(b) Phosphorus 2. Special function of
chlorophyll formation
(c) Potassium 3. Helping in the
formation of
primordial
(d) Manganese 4. to influence the
organic action of
nitrogen and iron
Codes: (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 2 1 3 4
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 3 1 2 4
(d) 2 3 1 4
36. Which pH range is not suitable to grow
the crop
(a) Oats – 5.0 - - 7.5 pH
(b) Cotton – 6.0 -7.5 pH
(c) Bean -- 6.0 – 8.0 pH
(d) Potato —4.5 - 6.5 pH
37. What is Azofication?
(a) It is also known as composite fixation of
nitrogen.
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(b) It is also known as free fixation of
nitrogen
(c) It is also known as nitrogen fixed by
Rhizobium bacteria
(d) It is also known as nitrogen gain
through rains or snow
38. Which is the hybrid of Pusa Giant Napier
(a) Napier lowar
(b) Napier Bajra
(c) Jowar Bajra
(d) Bajra lowar
39. From where is Indian Journals
Agriculture Sciences published
(a) UPCAR
(b) ICAR
(c) CISR
(d) NBRI
40. How much paddy seed is needed for
transplanting one hectare area by SRI
technique :
(a) 30 - 35 kg
(b) 10- 105 kg
(c) 5 - 6kg
(d) 10-12kg
41. Soldier insect harms which crop more
(a) Urad
(b) Arhar
(c) Moong
(d) Paddy
42. In which season is the highest yield of
Maize obtained
(a) Zaid
(b) Kharif
(c) Rabi
(d) All of these
43. Seed treatment of which crop is done by
Captan or Cerasan @ 5 gm / kg seed –
(a) Cotton
(b) Jute
(c) Safflower
(d) Mondua
44. Varieties of Miscavi and Pusa Visal are of
which crop
(a) Cotton
(b) Jute
(c) Oat
(d) Berseem
45. Which is not prepared from potato?
(a) Farina and Alcohol
(b) Paper
(c) Wine
(d) Acetic acid
46. Potato tuber growth is stopped at what
temperature?
(a) 40°C - 42°C
(b) 30°C - 32°C
(c) 35°C - 37°C
(d) 38°C - 40°C
47. In which state of India is the area of
Coffee maximum?
(a) Kerala
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Tamil Nadu
48. How much cloves of garlic is required for
one hectare
(a) 400 kg
(b) 500 kg
(c) 600 kg
(d) 300 kg
49. Which variety of Papaya gives maximum
Papain?
(a) Pusa Delicious
(b) Pusa Majesty
(c) Pusa Gaint
(d) Pusa Dwarf
50. At the time of Apple fruit setting, whittle
the minimum temperature required?
(a) 10°C
(b) 4-5°C - - 5-5°C
(c) 8°C - - 10°C
(d) 2°C - 30 C
51. How many days can the Aonla be kept in
salt solution?
(a) 15 days
(b) 30 days
(c) 60 days
(d) 75 days
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52. What is the average temperature of cow
and buffalo?
(a) - 98o4°F
(b) 1U0°F
(c) 101o5°F
(d) 102°F
53. ‗Pheromone Trap‘ attracts –
(a) male moths
(b) female moths
(c) caterpillar
(d) female bugs
54. Success of rural projects depends upon –
(a) Agriculture Extension
(b) Management
(c) Y Soil Science
(d) Regular training of staff
55. At which height from soil level are the
synoptic meteorological observations done?
(a) 2-0 metre
(b) 1-25 metre
(c) 2o25 metre
(d) 100 metre to 2o0 metre
56. Evaporation is measured by which
instrument?
(a) Barometer
(b) Psychrometer
(c) Lysimeter
(d) Hygrometer
57. What is computed by the following
equation? CGR = (W2 - W1) / (t2 - t1)
(a) Relative growth rate
(b) Crop growth rate
(c) Analysis of development
(d) Leaf area index
58. At what temperature does the wilt disease
Virus grow faster?
(a) 40°C - 45°C
(b) 35°C o 40°C
(c) 24°C - 28°C
(d) 22°C - 26°C
59. Opening and closing of stomata depends
on-
(a) Sunlight
(b) Water pressure
(c) Transpiration
(d) Temperature
60. Which of the following is not a variety of
seeds?
(a) Hybrid seed
(b) Composite seed
(c) Breeder seed
(d) Mutant seed
61. Which of the following is not a method of
knowing seed life?
(a) Respiration test
(b) Embryo culture method
(c) Seed dormancy method
(d) lndigocarmjne method
62. Drip irrigation is useful in which region?
(a) Dry
(b) Humid
(c) High rainfall
(d) None of these
63. Seed plant technique is followed in –
(a) Paddy
(b) Wheat
(c) Bajra
(d) Potato
64. The optimum cardinal temperature point
for germination of rice seeds is –
(a) 18°C - 22°C
(b) 20°C - 25°C
(c) 30°'C - 32°C
(d) 37°C - 39°C
65. Chemical formula of pyrite is –
(a) CuS
(b) MnS
(c) FeS
(d) FeS2
66. Asexual reproduction includes –
(a) Autcgamy
(b) Amphimixis
(c) Apomixis
(d) Allogamy
67. Among the following crop rotations,
which is good for increasing soil
Nutrient status?
(a) Groundnut-Wheat
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(b) Rice-Wheat
(c) Pearltnillet-Wheat
(d) Sorghum-Wheat
68. For providing inputs like quality seeds,
fertilizers and pesticides, the agency
present at the Village Panchayat Samiti
Level is –
(a) NABARD
(b) Nationalised Banks
(c) Cooperative Society
(d) Insurance Companies
69. For waterlogged rice cultivation, the
fertilizer that may be avoided is –
(a) Ammonium chloride
(b) Sodium nitrate
(c) Urea
(d) None of these
70. Where do the female mango leaf hoppers
lay their eggs
(a) On the dorsal surface of leaves
(b) Inside the tissue of leaf margin
(c) Inside the mid-rib of leaves
(d) On the ventral surface of leaves
71. Prabhat is an early short duration variety
of –
(a) Red gram
(b) Black gram
(c) Gram
(d) Green gram
72. Anemometer measures -
(a) Relative humidity
(b) Wind direction
(c) Wind velocity
(d) Net radiation
73. TPS technique is related to –
(a) Sugarcane
(b) Tomato
(c) Potato
(d) All of these
74. The ratio between marketable crop Yield
and water used in evapotranspiration is
known as--
(a) Economic irrigation efficiency
(b) Field water use efficiency
(c) Water use efficiency
(d) Consumptive use efficiency
75. In H.T.S.T. pasteurization, which one of
the following organisms is chosen as index
organism for killing?
(a) S lactis
(b) S. thermophilus
(c) M tuberculosis
(d) subtilis
76. In maize plants –
(a) Tassels appear first
(b) Silk appear first
(c) Both of these appear at same time
(d) None of these
77. Damping - off disease of vegetable
nursery can be controlled, by –
(a) Mixing of fungicides in soil
(b) Solarization
(c) Seed treatment
(d) All of these
78. SRI is a technique used in –
(a) Groundnut
(b) Maize
(c) Wheat
(d) Rice
79. Soil fertility is reduced due to –
(a) Poor drainage
(b) Over irrigation
(c) Continuous cropping
(d) Imbalanced use of fertilizers
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80. In India, gene bank of wheat is located at
(a) IARI, New Delhi
(b) Ludhiana
(c) Kanpur
(d) Karnal
81. Sulphur, containing amino acid is –
(a) Cystine
(b) Valine
(c) Isolucine
(d) None of these
82. Thermophilic micro-organism grow well
at temperature -
(a) 20°C - 40°C
(b) 10°C - 20°C
(c) 5°C -7°C
(d) 50°C - 60°C
83. Blind hoeing is recommended for –
(a) Maize
(b) Wheat
(c) Sugarcan
(d) Groundnut
84. Whiptail is a disorder of cauliflower due
to deficiency of –
(a) Boron
(b) Zinc
(c) Potassium
(d) Molybdenum
85. Numbers of agro-climate and ecological
zones classified by ICAR respectively are –
(a) 131,8
(b) 15,131
(c) 21,15
(d) 8,131
86. Effective cause of atmospheric pressure is
not –
(a) Soil erosion
(b) Temperature
(c) altitude from the sea level
(d) rotation of earth
87. Which Sorghum variety is not multicut?
(a) M. P Chari
(b) U. P. Chari -1
(c) Pusa Chari-2
(d) M. P. Chari -2
88. Which disease is not related to Bajra?
(a) Rust
(b) Green Ear
(c) Ergot
(d) Wilt
89. The Black rust of disease of wheat is
caused by-
(a) Xanthomonas graminis
(b) Puccinia graminis
(c) Puccinia recondite
(d) None of these
90. A crop grown in Zaid season is
(a) Soyabean
(b) Water melon
(c) Jute
(d) Maize
91. The adoption of High Yielding Variety
Programme in Indian Agriculture started
in
(a) 1966
(b) 1965
(c) 1968
(d) 1967
92. Which of the following is a food crop?
(a) Palm
(b) Jute
(c) Cotton
(d) Maize
93. Which of the following is an oilseed?
(a) Cardamom
(b) Garlic
(c) Clove
(d) Mustard
94. Which one of the following makes a case
for intensive, modern farming?
(a) Cropping pattern
(b) Higher output using organic method
(c) Remunerative price
(d) None of these
95. Which of the following is not an
agricultural product?
(a) Alum
(b) Cotton
(c) Jute
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(d) Rice
96. Crop rotation helps to
(a) lessen use of pesticides
(b) yield more crops
(c) produce a greater choice of plant
products
(d) Eliminate parasites which have selective
host
97. Potassium chloride contains K –
(a) 18%
(b) 48%
(c) 44%
(d) 60%
98. Plant micronutrient is –
(a) Carbon
(b) Boron
(c) Magnesium
(d) Sulphur
99. Asexual reproduction includes –
(a) Amphimixis
(b) Apomixis
(c) Allogamy
(d) Autogamy
100. Living Cells are not essential for –
(a) Transpiration
(b) Evaporation
(c) Guttation
(d) All of these
101. How much tomatoes are required for
one kg tomato seeds?
(a) 50-300 kg
(b) 300-350 kg
(c) 160-210 kg
(d) 200-250 kg
102. What is the suitable Rabi maize variety?
(a) Sharadmani
(b) Azad Uttam
(c) Naveen
(d) Ganga - 5
103. At the vegetative growth stage,
flowering is stopped in food-grain crops,
known as
(a) sigmoid growth curve
(b) determinate growth
(c) indeterminate growth
(d) grand growth period
104. How does the moisture stress affect the
cell?
(a) Affect cell division
(b) Affect cell expansion
(c) Cell mortality rate is affected
(d) No effect on cell
105. Which one among the following
chemicals is used for causing defoliation of
forest trees?
(a) Posphon D
(b) Malic hydrazid
(c) 2, 4-D
(d) Amo 1618
106. The desired varieties of economically
useful crops are raised by
(a) Vemalisation
(b) Mutation
(c) Natural selection
(d) Hybridization
107. High-yielding varieties of wheat were
primarily developed by Indian scientist by
crossing - breeding traditional varieties
with
(a) American varieties
(b) Mexican varieties
(c) European varieties
(d) African varieties
108. A plant breeder: waists to develop a
disease resistant variety. What should he do
first?
(a) Hybridization
(b) Mutation
(c) Selection
(d) Production of crop
109. Removal of stamens in an inter-sexual
flower before they dehisce is called
(a) Protogyny
(b) Protandry
(c) Inducing male sterility
(d) Emasculation
110. Selection of homozygous plant is
(a) Pure line selection
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(b) Mass selection
(c) Mixed selection
(d) Introduction
111. The study of fish culture is called
(a) Ophiology
(b) Ichthyology
(c) Herpetology
(d) Pisciculture
112. Inland fisheries is referred to
(a) culturing fish in freshwater
(b) trapping and capturing fish
(c) deep sea fisheries
(d) extraction of oil from fish
113. Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly
contagious disease almost exclusive to
cattle, sheep, swine, goats, and other
cloven-hoofed animals. It is caused by
(a) fungi
(b) bacteria
(c) protozoa
(d) Virus
114. Anthrax is a serious disease of
(a) cattle
(b) poultry
(c) fish
(d) all of these
115. High milk yielding varieties of cows are
obtained by
(a) super ovulation
(b) artificial insemination
(c) use of surrogate mothers
(d) all of these
116. Which of the following is the high milk
yielding variety of cow?
(a) Jamunapari
(b) Murrah
(c) Holstein
(d) Kathiyabari
117. A fan produces a feeling of comfort
during hot weather because
(a) Fan supplies cold air
(b) Our perspiration evaporates rapidly
(c) Our body radiates more heat in air
(d) Conductivity of air increases
118. The water can be made to boil even at
0°C if the pressure of surrounding is
(a) 76cm of Hg
(b) 5cm of Hg
(c) 0.1 cm of Hg
(d) 4.6 mm of Hg
119. The saturated Vapour pressure of water
Agriculture at 100°C is
(a) 750 mm of Hg
(b) 76 mm of Hg
(c) 760 mm of Hg
(d) 7.6 mm of Hg
120. First stable compound in C3 cycle is
(a) Phosphoglyceraldehyde
(b) Phosphoglyceric acid
(c) fructose -1-6 diphosphate
(d) Glucose -6-phosphate
121. Which of the following wavelength of
light is absorbed maximum for
photosynthesis?
(a) Red light
(b) Blue light
(c) Green light
(d) Yellow light
122. Compensation point is
(a) where there is neither photo synthesis
nor respiration
(b) when rate of photosynthesis is equal to
the rate of respiration
(c) when there is enough water just to meet
the requirements of plant
(d) when the entire food synthesized in
photosynthesis remain unutilized
123. The Blue Revolution is related with?
(a) Fish production
(b) Food grain production
(c) Oilseed production
(d) Milk production.
124. Indian agriculture is typically
characterized as?
(a) land surplus, labour scare economy
(b) land surplus, labour surplus economy
(c) land scare, labour surplus economy
(d) land scare, labour scare economy
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125. Dr. M.S. Swami Nathan has
distinguished himself in which of the
following fields?
(a) Nuclear Physics
(b) Agriculture
(c) Astrophysics
(d) Medicine
126. The Green Revolution in India was the
outcome of the efforts of whom amongst,
the following?
(a) M.S. Swaminathan
(b) Rangrajan
(c) K.V. Kamath
(d) Rakesh Mohan
127. The National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development (NABARD) was
established in the year?
(a) 1970
(b) 1975
(c) 1977
(d) 1980
128. The head office of the NABARD is
located in?
(a) Lucknow
(b) Hyderabad
(c) New Delhi
(d) Mumbai
129. Where is the Central Rice Research
Institute located?
(a) Bengaluru
(b) Kanpur
(c) Coimbatore
(d) Cuttack
130. NABARD was established in the?
(a) Fourth Five Year plan
(b) Fifth Five Year plan
(c) Sixth Five Year plan
(d) Eighth Five Year plan
131. Under which Five Year Plan agriculture
register negative growth?
(a) Third
(b) Fifth
(c) Seventh
(d) Ninth
132. Who is known as Father of White
Revolution in India?
(a) M.S. Swaminathan
(b) V. Kurien
(c) K.N. – Bahal
(d) (b) P. Pal
133. Indian Pulse Research Institute is located
in?
(a) Allahabad
(b) Kanpur
(c) Faizabad
(d) Lucknow
134. Where first Agriculture University of
India was established?
(a) Kumarganj, Faizabad
(b) Pantnagar
(c) Kanpur
(d) Naini, Allahabad
135. Where is the Indian Sugarcane Research
Institute situated?
(a) New Delhi
(b) Varanasi
(c) Kanpur
(d) Lucknow
136. Where is the Central Food Technological
Research Institute (CFTRJ) situated?
(a) Bangaluru
(b) Karnal
(c) Mysore
(d) Lucknow
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137. Indian Green Revolution started from?
(a) Pantanagar
(b) Bangaluru
(c) Kanpur
(d) Delhi
138. How many labourers are required to run
a 30 cows milk herd?
(a) 8
(b) 6
(c) 4
(d) 10
139. What is the availability of per day per
capita milk in India presently (2008-09)?
(a) 229 gram
(b) 239 gram
(c) 219 gram
(d) 252 gram
140. Which place is occupied by India in egg
production?
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Third
(d) Fourth
141. How much calories (cal) may be
obtained from 100 gram chicken egg?
(a) 175 cal
(b) 180 cal
(c) 160 cal
(d) 130 cal
142. Main function of bio fertilizer is-
(a) To increase chemical process
(b) To increase physiological process
(c) To increase biological process
(d) To increase photosynthesis process
143. How much tomato average production
(q.) may be yield from one hectare?
(a) 100
(b) 105-150
(c) 250
(d) 160-275
144. Which type of soil is, found near the
canal banks?
(a) Acidic and alkaline
(b) Acidic
(c) Alkaline
(d) None of these
145. Which one is not bio fertilizer?
(a) Multiflex
(b) PSB
(c) Vermicompost
(d) NADEP
146. In which form is nitrogen absorbed by
paddy under waterlogged condition?
(a) NH4 ion
(b) Nitrate ion
(c) NO2 ion
(d) N2
147. Jalpriya is a variety of –
(a) Maize
(b) Jowar
(c) Paddy
(d) Barley
148. Sugarcane + Potato is an inter-cropping
system of-
(a) Autumn season
(b) Zaid season
(c) Spring season
(d) Rainy season
149. Seed-rate of potato per hectare is-
(a) 25 quintal/hectare
(b) 10 quintal/hectare
(c) 15 quintal/hectare
(d) 40 quintal/hectare
150. Deficiency symptoms of calcium on
plants first appear at-
(a) Lower leaves
(b) Middle leaves
(c) Terminal leaves
(d) All leaves
151. Which weedicide is used to kill broad
leaf weeds in wheat?
(a) 2, 4 - (d) S.S. (WPSS)
(b) 2, 4, 5 T
(c) 2, 4 – DB
(d) None of these
152. Maya is the variety of-
(a) Potato
(b) Gram
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(c) Pea
(d) Mustard
153. The weed that causes Asthma is
(a) Hirankhuri
(b) Bathua
(c) Parthenium
(d) Krishna Neel
154. Which crop requires maximum amount
of nitrogen?
(a) Potato
(b) Wheat
(c) Barley
(d) Sugarcane
155. First dwarf variety of paddy developed
in India is-
(a) Jaya
(b) Saket-4
(c) Govind
(d) Narendra-97
156. Sprinkler irrigation is suitable, where the
soil has –
(a) Clayey texture
(b) Loamy texture
(c) Undulating topography
(d) All of these
157. Endosulfan is also known as –
(a) Lindane
(b) Thiodan
(c) Aldrin
(d) (b) H.(c)
158. Which of the following is systemic
poison?
(a) Metasystox
(b) Phosphomidan
(c) Phorate
(d) All of these
159. DDVP is known as –
(a) Nuvan
(b) Malathion
(c) Thiodan
(d) Sulfex
160. Seed treatment with Vitavax is the main
controlling method of -
(a) Loose smut
(b) Rust
(c) Downy mildew
(d) All of these
161. Covered smut of barley as a disease of –
(a) Externally seed-borne
(b) Internally seed-borne
(c) Air-borne
(d) None of these
162. Which of the following cakes is not
edible?
(a) Castor cake
(b) Mustard cake
(c) Sesame cake
(d) Groundnut cake
163. In India, about 142 million hectare land
is under –
(a) Cultivation
(b) Waste land
(c) Forest
(d) Eroded land
164. The headquarters of Indian
Meteorological Department was established
in 1875 at
(a) New Delhi
(b) Hyderabad
(c) Pune
(d) Calcutta
165. Moisture condensed in small drops upon
cool surface is called-
(a) Hail
(b) Dew
(c) Snow
(d) Fog
166. How many agro-climatic zones (ACZ)
are found in India
(a) 16
(b) 18
(c) 15
(d) 20
167. Tilt angle of a disc plough is generally-
(a) 10°
(b) 15°
(c) 20°
(d) 45°
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168. Pudding is done to-
(a) Reduce percolation of water
(b) Pulverize and levelling soil
(c) Kill weeds
(d) All of the above
169. The Community Development
Programme (COP) was started in India on-
(a) 2nd October, 1950
(b) 2nd October, 1952
(c) 2nd October,1951
(d) None of these
170. The wain unit of Integrated
Development Programme In-
(a) family
(b) village
(c) Block
(d)District
171. Element of Communica6on
(a) Message
(b) feedback
(c) Channel
(d)) All of these
172. The first Kshetriya Gramin Bank (KGB)
was opened in India is-
(a) 1972
(b) 1980
(c) 1975
(d) 1969
173. The main function of NABARD is-
(a) Farmers' loaning
(b) Agricultural research
(c) Refinancing to agricultural financing
institutions
(d) Development of agriculture
174. Rent theory of profit was given by-
(a) Hawley
(b) P. Blacker
(c) Tanssig
(d) F.A Walker
175. In L.D.R., the profit will be maximum
when-
(a) MC = MP
(b) MC > MP
(c) MP = TP
(d) MP > TP
176. The period of 11th Five Year Plan is-
(a) 2000-2005
(b) 2002-2007
(c) 2007-2012
(d) 2008-2012
177. Acid rain contains mainly-
(a) PO4
(b) NO2
(c) NO3
(d) C1-14
178. Cell Organelle found only in plants are
(a) Mitochondria
(b) Golgi complex
(c) Ribosomes
(d) Plastids
179. Proteins are synthesized in-.
(a) Centrosomes
(b) Ribosomes
(c) Mitochondria
(d) Golgi bodies
180. Milk fever is caused due to the
deficiency of-
(a) P
(b) Ca
(c) Mg
(d) K
181. Milk sugar is a type of-
(a) Glucose
(b) Sucrose
(c) Lactose
(d) Fructose
182. Muriate of Potash is-
(a) K2SO4
(b) KCI
(c) K2HPO4
(d) KNO3
183. Azotobacter fixes atmospheric nitrogen
in the soil by-
(a) Symbiotically
(b) Non-symbiotically
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
184. The chemical formula of iron pyrites is-
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(a) FeSO4
(b) FeS
(c) FeS2
(d) Fe2(SO4)3
185. Rock phosphates are used in-
(a) Saline soil
(b) Sodic soil
(c) Acidic soil
(d) Neutral soil
186. Intravenous chlorosis is caused due to
the deficiency of-
(a) N
(b) Mg
(c) S
(b) Fe
187. Kinnow is the hybrid variety of-
(a) Citrus
(b) Orange
(c) Mandarin
(d) Lemon
188. The permanent preservative, which is
used for preservation of fruit and
vegetables, is-
(a) Sodium chloride
(b) Potassium metabisulphate
(c) Potassium sulphate
(d) Sugar
189. Whip tail disease of cauliflower is caused
by deficiency of-
(a) Nifrogen
(b) Boron
(c) Molybdenum
(d) Zinc
190. The word 'Agriculture' is derived from-
(a) Greek
(b) Latin
(c) Arabic
(d) French
191. Motha (Grass nut) belongs to the family
of-
(a) Cruciferae
(b) Tiliaceae
(c) Cyperaceae
(d) Graminaceae
192. Which of the followings are short day
crops?
(a) Maize, Lobia, Bajra
(b) Wheat, Mustard, Gram
(c) Moong, Soybean, Bajra
(d) Wheat, Soybean, Bajra
193. What is the sequence of C4 plants?
(a) Sudangrass - Sugarcane -Paddy - Bajra
(b) Sugarcane - Maize - Sudangrass - Bajra .
(c) Sugarcane - Cotton - Paddy- Maize
(d) Cotton - Maize - Bajra -Sugarcane
194. Match List-I (crops) with List-11 (water
requirement) and select your answer from
the code given below-
List-1
(a) Jowar
(b) Soybean
(c) Cotton
(d) Groundnut
List-11
1. 140 mm - 300 mm
2. 350 mm - 450. mm
3. 200 mm - 300 mm
4. 300 mm - 350 mm
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 3 1 2 4
(b) 4 2 3 1
(c) 1 4 2 3
(d) 3 1 4 2
195. In which state, are there biggest area,
highest production and number of
Sugar Mills in relation to Sugarcane?
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Bihar
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Andhra Pradesh
196. Which is not prepared by Potato?
(a) Acetic Acid
(b) Paper
(c) Wine
(d) Fanina
197. Uttar Pradesh is occupying which place
in India, for Guava production?
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(a) Second
(b) First
(c) Third
(d) Fifth
198. Which of the following is TPA variety of
Potato?
(a) JH 222
(b) Chipsona-11
(c) Anand
(d) HPS-1/113
199. What is VAM?
(a) Virus
(b) Bacteria
(c) Algae
(d) Fungi
200. What is the main function of zinc in the
plants?
(a) Synthesis of nitrogen
(b) Synthesis of phosphorus
(c) Required for synthesis of Tryptophos
(d) To increase activity of the boron
201. What is the area in floriculture (in 000
hectare) in India?
(a) 40 - 50
(b) 60 - 80
(c) 100 -120
(d) None of these
202. Which of the following factors does not
affect the nitrification?
(a) Air
(b) Seed
(c) Temperature
(d) Moisture
203. Which is the correct sequence of soil
erosion?
(a) Rill - Sheet Gulley
(b) Gulley Sheet Rill
(c) Sheet Rill - Gulley
(d) Sheet - Gulley - Rill
204. Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) should not be
mixed with-
(a) DAP.
(b) Compost fertilizer
(c) Ammonium Chloride
(d) Urea
205. Insecticides are
(a) Excreta specific inhibitors of system
(b) Digestive system
(c) Nervous system
(d) Blood Circulatory system
206. The credit for the success of Krishi
Vigyan Kendras (KVK) goes to-
(a) Dr. R. S. Paroda
(b) Dr. Chandrika Prasad •
(c) Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta
(d) Dr. Mangla Rai
207. Cauliflower belongs to the family-
(a) Cruciferae
(b) poacae
(c) Malvaceab
(d) Leguminaceae
208. Which type of soil is best for knol khol?
(a) Loam
(b) Clayey loam
(c) Silty clayey loam.
(d) Clay
209. Which of the following soil type is most
suitable for garlic cultivation?
(a) Loamy sand
(b) Sandy loam
(c) Loam
(d) Clay
210. Average planting distance (R P) of guava
is-
(a) 5 m 5m
(b) 6 m m
(c) 8 m 8 m
(d) 10 m 10 m
211. Which of the following soil type has the
highest field capacity?
(a) Loam
(b) Silty loam
(c) Clayey loam
(d) Clay
212. The trade name of phorate is-
(a) Temic
(b)Thiodan
(c) Phortox
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(d) Metasystox
213. The sprayers are cleaned before use by-
(a) 1% chlorine water
(b) 1% hydrochloric acid
(c) 1% ammonia water
(d) 1% bromine water
214. The Gyanogas pump(Bis) aLumni-gator
(a) Duster
(b) Fumigatior
(c) Sprayer
(d) Emulsifier
215. The main reason of Irish Famine in
Potato was-
(a) Late Blight disease
(b) Bacterial Blight disease
(c) Blast disease
(d) Ear Cockle disease
216. The instrument, which is used for
sowing of seed with fertilizer together at
(a) time is-
(a) Seed drill
(b) Dibbler
(c) Seed sowing behind plough
(d) Ferti-cum Seed drill
217. Seed treatment is done to control-
(a) Soil-borne disease
(b) Air-borne disease
(c) Seed-borne disease
(d) None of these
218. Salt tolerant crop is -
(a) Cowpea
(b) Field pea
(c) Garlic
(d) Long melon
219. Which of the following is not a dairy
breed of cattle?
(a) Sahiwal
(b) Sindhi
(c) Nagore
(d) All these
220. Stored grains can be saved from insect
damage, if the grain moisture content is-
(a) <> 10%
(c) 10%
(d) None of these
221. Which of the following pesticides has
been banned in India?
(a) Bogor
(b) DDT
(c) Metasystox
(d) Dimecron
222. Pulses fit well in cropping system as they
are-
(a) Short duration crops
(b) Disease resistant crops
(c) Long duration crops
(d) Moisture stress resistant crops
223. Wheat is a-
(a) Cash crop
(b) Cereal crop
(c) Covered crop
(d) None of these
224. Autumn sugarcane is planted in month
of-
(a) February-March
(b) July
(c) October
(d) December
225. Seed-rate for timely sown wheat is-
(a) 75 kg/ha
(b) 100 kg/ha
(c) 125 kg/ha
(d) 150 kg/ha
226. Most critical stage in wheat for irrigation
is-
(a) C. R.I.
(b) Flowering
(c) Milk
(d) Dough
227. Name of most popular variety of wheat
in Uttar Pradesh is -.
(a) PBW - 343
(b) U.P. - 2338
(c) K -7903
(d) K -9107
228. KPG - 59 (Udai) is a variety of-
(a) Field pea
(b) Vegetable pea
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(c) Lentil
(d) Gram
229. In plain, Rajma is cultivated during-
(a) Kharif
(b) Rabi
(c) Zaid
(d) None of these
230. Which crop is recommended for Zaid
season cultivation in Uttar Pradesh?
(a) Vegetable pea
(b) Groundnut
(c) Barley
(d) Lentil
231. The most efficient use of potassium
achieved by-
(a) Broadcasting at the sowing time
(b) Top dressing after one month of sowing
(c) Basal placement at the sowing time
(d) Foliar spray
232. The term °Extension' was first used in-
(a) U.K.
(b) U.S.A
(c) India
(d) France
233. The first K.V.K. Krishi Vigyan Kendra in
India was established in-
(a) Bombay
(b) Port Blair
(c) Pondicherry
(d) Madras
234. ATMA is related to-
(a) NARP
(b) NAARM
(c) NREP
(d) None of these
235. Albert Mayer is the name associated
with-
(a) Nilokheri Development Project
(b) Firka Development Project
(c) Etawah Pilot Project
(d) Shriniketan Project
236. Co-operative Credit Societies Act was
passed in India in-
(a) 1902
(b) 1904
(c) 1906
(d) 1912
237. Maximum photosynthesis takes place in-
(a) Blue light
(b) Red light
(c) Violet light
(d) Green light
238. Farm Planning means-
(a) Farm Budgeting
(b) Cropping pattern
(c) Type of enterprises
(d) None of these
239. The first product of photosynthesis in C3
plant is-
(a) Pyruvic acid
(b) Phosphoglyceric acid
(c) Oxaloacetic acid
(d) Succinic acid
240. Bending of plants towards light is called-
(a) Phototropism
(b) Verbalization
(c) Photo-respiration
(d) None of these
241. Germination is inhibited by-
(a) Red light
(b) Blue light
(c) U.V. light.
(d) I.R. light
242. The best method of milking is-
(a) Knuckling method
(b) Fisting method
(c) Stripping method
(d) None of these
243. Line breeding is a type of-
(a) Inbreeding
(b) Outbreeding
(c) Natural breeding
(d) None of these
244. Match List-I with List-Hand select
answer from the codes given below-
List-1
(a) White Revolution
(b) Grey Revolution
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(c) Blue Revolution
(d) Green Revolution
List-II
1. Fertilizer production
2. Fish production
3. Cereal production
4. Milk production
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 4 1 2 3
(b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 2 4 3 1
(d) 1 3 4 2
245. 'Tharparkar' breed of cow is-
(a) Milch breed
(b) Working breed
(c) Dual purpose breeds
(d) None of these
246. Cow and buffalo belong to the family-
(a) Bovidae
(b) Suidae
(c) Equidae
(d) Cammelidae
247. What is the contribution of Animal
Husbandry Sector in the agricultural
growth?
(a) 10%
(b) 12% -15%
(c) 7% - 9%
(d) 5%
248. Which one of the following do not relate
to groundnut?
(a) Brazil
(b) 2n = 40
(c) Pink disease
(d) Tikka disease
249. Which of the following is produced
highest in India?
(a) Mango
(b) Banana
(c) Papaya
(d) Grapes
250. The optimum temperature for the
Banana crop is-
(a) 30°C
(b) 23°C
(c) 21o5°C
(d) 26o5°C
251. Which one of the following varieties has
been selected to develop Narendra Aonla-6
variety?
(a) Chakaiya
(b) Hathijhool
(c) Banarasi
(d) NarendraAonla-6
252. Red soil is poor in which of the following
nutrients?
(a) Phosphorus and Sulphur
(b) Phosphorus and Nitrogen
(c) Nitrogen and Zinc
(d) Nitrogen and Potassium
253. A farming system in which arable crops
are grown in alleys formed by trees or
shrubs, to establish soil fertility and to
enhance soil productivity, is known as-
(a) Relay cropping
(b) Multiple cropping
(c) Alley cropping
(d) Mixed cropping
254. The cropping intensity of Groundnut +
Arhar - Sugarcane is-
(a) 200%
(b) 300%
(c) 150%
(d) 250%
255. The scented variety of paddy is-
(a) Jaya
(b) Bala
(c) Type-3
(d) Type-1
256. From which language is the word
'Agronomy' taken?
(a) Latin
(b) Greek
(c) French
(d) German
257. Tarameera is belonged to which family?
(a) Cruciferae
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(b) Linaceae
(c) Compositae
(d) Graminae
258. The size of clay particles are-
(a) 1o0 mm
(b) 0o2 – 0o02 mm
(c) < 0o02 mm
(d) < 0o002 mm
259. When one plant has both male and
female flowers separately, is called-
(a) Monophrodits
(b) Monoecious
(c) Hermaphrodite
(d) Apornixis
260. Aamrapali is the cross of-
(a) Neelam x Dashaheri
(b) Dashaheri x Langra
(c) Langra x Dashaheri
(d) Dashaheri x Neelam
261. Seed-plot technique is adopted in-
(a) Onion
(b) Potato
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Tomato
262. The origin of litchi is-
(a) India
(b) Philippines
(c) China
(d) Burma
263.The main advantage of 'PVC' pipes for
drainage is the feasibility of –
(a) Mechanical laying
(b) Physical laying
(c) Chemical laying
(d) Physical, chemical laying both
264. 'ESCORT' tractor is manufactured at –
(a) Faridabad
(b) Ghaziabad
(c) Kanpur
(d) Chennai
265. Soil erosion by wind brings about the
serious damage in soil by changing the –
(a) Soil permeability
(b) Soil structure
(c) Soil texture
(d) Soil plasticity
266. High compression petrol engines are
used in some tractors and have high
performance in –
(a) U.S.A
(b) Germany
(c) Japan
(d) Holland
267. The distribution of fertilizers by aircraft
is widely practiced in –
(a) England
(b) France
(c) Gennady
(d) New Zealand
268. A 2- row potato harvester, working in
good conditions with 4 to 5 men on the
machine, can do how much hectare per
day?
(a) 0.5-0.6 ha
(b) 12.1.4 ha
(c) 2.5 ha
(d) 1.8 - 1.9 ha
269. Mole drainage is practiced extensively in
country -
(a) New Zealand
(b) Japan
(c) U.S.A
(d) China
270. Which is not included in the sources of
energy, getting for agricultural work?
(a) Diesel engine
(b) Electric
(c) Bullocks motor
(d) Cow
271. Which is included in dairy equipment‘s?
(a) Threshers
(b) Lactometer
(c) Cane Planter
(d) Winnowers
272. In our country, for the manufacturing of
agricultural implements tools, mostly wood
is used, because –
(a) Easy available at all the places
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(b) Wood is cheaper
(c) Easy to repair tools made-up of wooden,
compound to metal tools
(d) Above (a) to (c) are correct
273. Which of the following wood is not used
for making handle of spade?
(a) Sheesham
(b) Babool
(c) Neem
(d) Mango
274. Soil turning plough makes the furrow of
which type (shape)?
(a) 'V' shape
(b) shape
(c) 'O' shape
(d) No definite shape
275. Which of the following' is one (single)
handed soil turning plough?
(a) Punjab plough
(b) Praia plough
(c) Victory plough
(d) U. P. No.1 plough
276. The purpose of tillage is/are –
(a) Soil clods breaking and suppressing in
soil
(b) Eradication of weeds
(c) Leveling of soil
(d) Above (a), (b) and (c)
277. The main function of cultivator is –
(a) To turn the soil
(b) To make furrow in soil
(c) To pulverize the soil
(d) All above three functions
278. Bakhar is generally used in -
(a) U. P.
(b) Bundelkhand
(c) Vindhya Pradesh
(d) In all the States/parts of India (in All
India)
279. Harrow is drawn by –
(a) Bullocks
(b) Tractor
(c) Diesel
(d) Bullocks and Tractor both
280. Which of the following is not a
secondary tillage implement?
(a) Cultivators
(b) Harrow
(c) Hoe
(d) Meston plough
281. The term 'Olpad' in 'Olpad Thresher' is
named on the name of –
(a) Scientist
(b) Village
(c) Labourer
(d) Farmer
282. Which of the following 'hoe' is bullock
drawn?
(a) Akola hoe
(b) Sharma hoe
(c) Wheel hoe
(d) Naini type hoe
283. The land leveling implement is –
(a) Patella
(b) Roller
(c) Scrapper
(d) All of the above
284. Patella is used far –
(a) Sowing
(b) Levelling
(c) Earthing
(d) Weeding
285. Which of the material is not used for
making rollers?
(a) Wood
(b) Stone
(c) Iron
(d) Steel
286. In which condition, roller is used?
(a) Where soil is wet
(b) Where clods are present in soil
(c) Where soil is friable
(d) None of the above
287. Which one of the following work is not
done by scrappers?
(a) For leveling of soil
(b) For making irrigation channels
(c) For covering the sown-seeds by earth
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(d) For making ridges
288. Dibbler is used for –
(a) Ploughing
(b) Seed sowing
(c) Levelling of land
(d) Intercultural
289. The minimum expenditure is incurred
by implements for sowing seeds among the
following –
(a) Deshi plough
(b) Cultivator
(c) Dibbler
(d) Seed-drill
290. Which of the following tool is used for
measuring the draft of agricultural
implements?
(a) Dynamometer
(b) Hydrometer
(c) Galvanometer
(d) Barometer
291. Which of the following does not affect
the draft of ploughs?
(a) Width of furrow
(b) Depth of furrow
(c) Length of furrow
(d) Soil moisture
293. Swing-basket (Dhenkuli) is used for –
(a) Making furrow
(b) Lifting water from wells
(c) Destroying weeds
(d) Leveling of land
294. Which of the following is used
maximum for lifting water from wells?
(a) Persian wheel (Rahat)
(b) Swing basket (Bedi)
(c) Dhenkuli
(d) Don
295. Which of the following is used for lifting
water from 8-10 m depth?
(a) Washer Rahat
(b) Hand pump
(c) Mayadar lift
(d) None of the above
296. In which implement bullocks are not
used for lifting water?
(a) Buldev Balti
(b) Charsa
(c) Egyptian screw
(d) Rahat (Persian wheel)
297. The working efficiency per day of deshi
plough is -
(a) 0.3 ha
(c) 0.4 ha
(c) 0.6 ha
(d) 0.8 ha
298. Which of the method of ploughing is
mostly practiced?
(a) Outside to inside ploughing
(b) inside to outside ploughing
(c) Ploughing by putting furrow from one
side of field
(d) Ploughing by halai making
299. The best method of ploughing,
through deshi plough is –
(a) Outside to inside ploughing
(b) Inside to outside ploughing
(c) Ploughing by making halai
(d) Ploughing by making furrow from one
side of field
300. How much is the working efficiency of
dibbler (ha per day)?
(a) 0.15
(b) 0.25
(c) 0.35
(d) 0.45
301. Tillage includes –
(a) Ploughing of land
(b) Keep the land free from weeds
(c) Make the soil levelled
(d) All of the above operations
302. Function of the seed-drill is –
(a) Making furrow
(b) Dropping seeds
(c) Covering the seeds in furrow
(d) All of the above
303. Wrought iron contains carbon (per cent)
–
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(a) 0.05-1%
(b) 1-2%
(c) 2-3%
(d) 3-4%
304. The mould-board of a tractor drawn soil
turning plough is the type of
(a) General purpose
(b) Stubble
(c) Sod (breaker)
(d) High speed
305. Among the following, ridger is not used
in crop –
(a) Maize
(b) Gram
(c) Potato
(d) Sugarcane
306. Bolt mostly used as of types –
(a) Rubber
(b) Kirmich
(c) Leather
(d) Cotton thread
307. The major defects of rubber belts are -
(a) Costly
(b) Slips on wet
(c) Early rubbed
(d) Increased due to heat
308. How many m.m. are in one foot length?
(a) 304.3
(b) 404.8
(c) 204.8
(d) 104.8
309. The grooved pulleys are made up of -
(a) Steel
(b) Cast iron
(c) Wooden
(d) Above (a) and (b) both
310. A general farmer used deshi plough for
the purpose of –
(a) Land ploughing
(b) Collecting weeds
(c) Making soil powdery
(d) Above all works
311. Which of the following is best for driving
machine from 16w power to slow speed?
(a) Belts and pulley
(b) Spur gear
(c) Toothed wheel and chains
(d) None of the above
312. Reapers are used form
(a) Crop cutting
(b) Threshing of harvested crop produce
(lank)
(c) Seeds sowing
(d) Fodder cutting
313. Threshers (except Olpad threshers) are
driven by –
(a) One pair of bullocks
(b) Two pair of bullocks
(c) Diesel
(d) All of the above
314. Winnowing it called -
(a) Cutting a crop
(b) To separate straw et
(c) To thresh
(d) Cutting the fodder
315. Chaff-cutter is driven by –
(a) Hand
(b) Bullocks
(c) Electric power
(d) All of the above
316. Sugarcane juice is extracted (%) from
cances through bullock – drawn cane
crusher -
(a) 50-55
(b) 70-75
(c) 25-30
(d) 60-65
317. ‗Olpad‘ thresher is used
(a) Oil extraction from mustard, toria etc
(b) Extracting juice from cane
(c) Threshing of wheat, barley, pea etc
(d) All (a), (b) and (c)
318. ‗Seed dresser' is used for –
(a) Mixing/treating seeds with chemicals
(b) Sowing seeds at proper distance
(c) Making seeds of high grade
(d) Keeping seeds effective upto longer
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319. ‗Try squares‘ is used by –
(a) Blacksmith
(b) Carpenter
(c) Potter
(d) Farmers
320. Which type of saw is riot included?
(a) Cross cut saw
(b) Deshi saw
(c) Tenon saw
(d) Teething saw
321. Which type of saw, used for cutting
round shape in hole
(a) Fret saw
(b) Penal saw
(c) Tenon saw
(d) Key hole saw
322. ‗Draw-Knife‘ is used for –
(a) To fit galua in grinder
(b) Making round the corners of wood
(c) Smoothing the base of wood
(d) Sharping teeth of saw
323. The tool used for making deep pit in
wood is
(a) Adage
(b) Saw
(c) Draw knife
(d) Chisel
324. The main work of ‗scrapper‘ it –
(a) For cutting the wood
(b) For scrapping the wood
(c) For smoothing the wood
(d) All of the above
325. 'File' is used –
(a) Scrapping the wood
(b) Cutting the wood
(c) Forcing the wood
(d) Making equal by scrapping the wood
326. The type of file is generally –
(a) Round
(b) Triangular
(c) Flate
(d) Above all types
327. Brace machine is used for –
(a) Making hole in wood
(b) Scrapping the wood
(c) For smoothing the wood
(d) None of these
328. Which one machine/tool is not used in
making hole in wood?
(a) Ordinary drill
(b) Hand drill
(c) Pincer
(d) Twist bit
329. 'Bar cramp' is a tool of –
(a) Wood cutting
(b) Catching tightly wood
(c) Beating tool
(d) Smoothing tool
330. Nail (Keel) pulling is done by –
(a) Claw-hammer
(b) Pincer
(c) Plier
(d) All of these
331. 'Forging' is said –
(a) Heating the iron
(b) Beating the hot iron
(c) Converting into desired shape by
beating the iron
(d) Beating iron and making hole in it
332. 'Anvil' (Nihai) is used for –
(a) Beating the iron on keeping over this
(b) By beating iron through this
(c) Heating iron through handling this
(d) Cooling of hot iron
333. Fire is pulled-up through –
(a) Poker
(b) Sewage block
(c) Showel
(d) Anvil
334. 'Sledge' is used to –
(a) Lift heavy material
(b) Fire furnace
(c) Cut the iron in cold condition
(d) Cut the iron in hot condition
335. The roller of cane-crusher is made-up of
which steel?
(a) Cast iron
(b) Gun metal
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(c) High carbon steel
(d) Wrought iron
336. The tool use for catching (handling) the
claw and turning it hither and thither
during beating is called -
(a) Sewage block
(b) Chisel
(c) Plier
(d) Tongs
337. Punches are of -
(a) Two types
(b) Three types
(c) Four types
(d) Several types
338. Agricultural tractors are generally
having horse power (h.p.) –
(a) 20-50
(b) 50-70
(c) 10-15
(d) 20-25
339. A three-tine furrow plough is ploughing
at a speed of 2 km/hr and the each furrow
size is 20 cm wide and 12 cm deep furrow.
How much time, it would require to plough
5 hectare land?
(a) 41 hours 40 minutes
(b) 40 hours 55 minutes
(c) 20 hours 55 minutes
(d) None of these
340. If a gear 'A', having 50 teeth and running
at a speed of 200 r.p.m. is driving to
another gear 'B' having 125 r.p.m. How
many number of teeth in gear 'B'?
(a) 500
(b) 400
(c) 80
(d) 60
341. Animal driven cane planter is developed
by-
(a) ICAR
(b) CIAE
(c) IISR
(d) IARI
342. A 10 cm wide belt is running at a speed
of 900 r.p.m. If the 15 H. P. is available, then
how much plies of belt?
(a) 3
(b) 10
(c) 6
(d) D
343. How much width belt would be needed
(if 20 H. P. is to be transferred through belt
of 10 plies, where speed of belt is 1460?
(a) 4 cm
(b) 8 cm
(c) 5 cm
(d) 6 cm
344. A 10 cm wide belt, having the speed of
1350 meter per minute, would be
appropriate to transfer the how much B, P.?
(a) 20
(b) 15
(c) 25
(d) 40
345. A tractor driving pulley has its 25 cm
diameter and revolving at a speed of 960
r.p.m. If on the shaft of a thresher, an
attached pulley is revolving at a speed of
1600 r.p.m. what would be the diameter of
this pulley?
(a) 16 cm
(b) 15 cm
(c) 12 cm
(d) 20 cm
346. A pulley of 21 cm diameter and
revolving at 1600 r.p.m. Find out the speed
of the belt running over it –
(a) 1120 m/minute
(b) 1200 m/minute
(c) 1056 m/minute
(d) None of these
347. If the distance between two pullies,
having the diameter of 45 cm and 39 cm, is
3.2 metre, then what would be length of
required flate belt?
(a) 6.8 m
(b) 7.72m
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(c) 9.4 m
(d) 7.2 m
348. Two pair of bullocks are ploughing a
field by victory ploughs at a speed of 2 km
hr. If the average width of each furrow is 25
cm. How much time will be require (to
plough one hectare land? Where after each
two hours working, 20 minutes res is
required to provide?
(a) 10 hours
(b) 8 hours
(c) 11 hours 40 minutes
(d) 8 hours 20 minutes
349. If the relative distance is 2.5 metre of
centre points of two pullies, having SO cm
and 25 cm diameter, then, how much length
(metre) of ‗V‘ belt would be required?
(a) 6.18875
(b) 5.18775
(c) 6.28775
(d) 6.18775
350. A ‗chain‘ contains how much metre?
(a) 20.1168
(b) 21.1168
(c) 15.1168
(d) 18.1168
351. If the rate of electricity is rupee one per
unit, then, a 20 he p. electric motor, having
approx. 100% efficiency will require how
much cost (Rs.) on 100 hours running to
irrigate the field?
(a) 500
(b) 750
(c) 1500
(d) 2000
352. ‗Drip‘ irrigation is generally followed in
the country –
(a) Israel
(b) America
(c) Australia
(d) Japan
353. In India, under canal net-work system of
irrigation, generally, how much amount of
water is allowed to run in small canal?
(a) Less than 4 cusec
(b) Less than 10 cusec
(c) Between 15 to 20 cusec
(d) Between 25 to 30 cusec
354. Method of irrigation is –
(a) Surface irrigation
(b) Sprinkler irrigation
(c) Drip irrigation
(d) All of these
355. The Torque-a power to generate
revolutions is expressed as (its unit is kg
metre) –
(a) Length of arm (m) x Force (kg)
(b) Length of arm (cm) x Force (kg)
(c) Length of arm (m) x Force (g)
(d) Length of arm (ram) x Force (mg)
356. Work is expressed by the formula as –
(a) Work = Force (kg) x Distance (m)
(b) Work = Force (g) x Distance (m)
(c) Work = Force (mg) x Distance (m)
(d) Work = Force (kg) x Distance (cm)
357. The length of ‗Engineer chain‘ is –
(a) 100 ft
(b) 80 ft
(c) 20 ft
(d) None of these
358. The length of 'Gunter chain' is –
(a) 66 ft
(b) 100 ft
(c) 20 ft
(d) 90 ft
359. The area of an acre is-
(a) 0.40
(b) 0.80
(c) 1.10
(d) None of these
360. One centimeter is equal to -
(a) 5 mm
(b) 10 mm
(c) 15 mm
(d) None of these
361. The draft of 'Victory plough' is -
(a) 80-100 kg
(b) 40-50 kg
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(c) 70-80 kg
(d) 10-20 kg
362. How much horse power (h.p.) is in one
kW (Kilowatt)?
(a) 1.34
(b) 1.90
(c) 2.00
(d) 3.80
363. Man power is considered equal to how
much horse power (h.p.)?
(a) 0.1
(b) 0.2
(c) 0.3
(d) 0.4
364. Drip irrigation is useful in which region?
(a) Dry
(b) Humid
(c) High rainfall
(d) None of these
364. Seed plant technique is followed in –
(a) Paddy
(b) Wheat
(c) Bajra
(d) Potato
365. The optimum cardinal temperature point
for germination of rice seeds is –
(a) 18°C - 22°C
(b) 20°C - 25°C
(c) 30°C - 32°C
(d) 37°C - 39°C
365. Chemical formula of pyrite is –
(a) CuS
(b) MnS
(c) FeS
(d) FeS2
366. Asexual reproduction includes –
(a) Autogamy
(b) Amphimixis
(c) Apomixis
(d) Allogamy
367. Among the following crop rotations,
which is good for increasing soil Nutrient
status?
(a) Groundnut-Wheat
(b) Rice-Wheat
(c) Pearlmillet-Wheat
(d) Sorghum-Wheat
368. For providing inputs like quality
seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, the agency
Present at the Village Panchayat Samiti
Level is –
(a) NABARD
(b) Nationalised Banks
(c) Cooperative Society
(d) insurance Companies
369. What culture should be given priority in
groundnut cultivation?
(a) Rhizobium
(b) Mycorrhiza
(c) Azospirillum
(d) Phosphobacteria
370. Soil fertility is reduced due to –
(a) Poor drainage
(b) Over irrigation
(c) Continuous cropping
(d) Imbalanced use of fertilizers
371. In India, gene bank of wheat is located at
(a) IARI, New Delhi
(b) Ludhiana
(c) Kanpur
(d) Karnal
372. For waterlogged rice cultivation, the
fertilizer that may be avoided is –
(a) Ammonium chloride
(b) Sodium nitrate
(c) Urea
(d) None of these
373. Where do the female mango leaf
hoppers lay their eggs?
(a) On the dorsal surface of leaves
(b) Inside the tissue of leaf margin
(c) Inside the mid-rib of leaves
(d) On the ventral surface of leaves
374. Prabhat is an early Short duration
variety of
(a) Red gram
(b) Black gram
(c) Gram
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(d) Green gram
375. Anemometer measures -
(a) Relative humidity
(b) Wind direction
(c) Wind velocity
(d) Net radiation
376. TP5 technique is related to:
(a) Sugarcane
(b) Tomato
(c) Potato
(d) All of these
377. The ratio between marketable crop yield
and water used in evapotrans-piration is
known as
(a) Economic irrigation efficiency
(b) Field water use efficiency
(c) Water use efficiency
(d) Consumptive use efficiency
378. In H.T.S.T. pasteurization, which one of
the following organisms is chosen as index
organism for killing?
(a) S.lactis
(b) S.thermophilus
(c) M.tuberculosis
(d) B subtilis
379. In maize plants
(a) Tassels appear first
(b) Silk appear first
(c) Both of these appear at same time
(d) None of these
380. Damping-off disease of vegetable
nursery can be controlled by
(a) Mixing of fungicides in soil
(b) Solarization
(c) Seed treatment
(d) All of these
381. SRI is a technique used in
(a) Groundnut
(b) Maize
(c) Wheat
(d) Rice
382. Sulphur, containing amino acid in –
(a) Cystine
(b) Valine
(c) Isolucine
(d) None of these
383. Thermophilic micro-organism grow well
temperature –
(a) 20°C - .40°C
(b) 10°C - 20°
(c) 5°C - 7°C
(d) 50°C - 60°C
384. Blind hoeing is r commended for –
(a) Maize
(b) Wheat
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Groundnut
385. Whiptail is a disorder of cauliflower due
to deficiency of –
(a) Boron
(b) Zinc
(c) Potassium
(d) Molybdenum
386. Numbers of agro -climate and ecological
zones classified by ICAR respectively are –
(a) 131,8
(b) 15,131
(c) 21,15
(d) 8,131
387. Glycolysis occurs only in the –
(a) presence of O2
(b) Absence of O2
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
388. Pink bollworm is a pest of –
(a) Okra
(b) Gram
(c) Cotton
(d) Mustard
389. Kisan Mitra is an employee of –
(a) Corporation
(b) Central Govt.
(c) State Govt.
(d) None of these
390. The red color of tomatoes is due to the
presence of –
(a) Lycopene
(b) Carotene
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(c) Xanthomonas
(d) Anthocyanin
391. The Green Revolution has mainly been
the successful for –
(a) Rice
(b) Wheat
(c) Gram
(d) Maize
392. Photorespiration is inhibited by -
(a) α-hydroxy sulphonates
(b) 2, 4-Dinitrophenol
(c) CMU and DCMU
(d) None of these
393. The cropping intensity of maize-potato-
tobacco is –
(a) 100%
(b) 200%
(c) 300%
(d) None of these
394. Red Delicious is a variety of –
(a) Papaya
(b) Mango
(c) Guava
(d) Apple
395. Mastitis is a disease of which organ?
(a) Lung
(b) Uternus
(c) Heart
(d) Udder
396. Guttation occurs in pints through -
(a) Hydathodes
(b) Stomata
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
397. Biofertilizer are –
(a) Culture of micro-organism
(b) Organic manures
(c) Green manure
(d) None of these
398. National Sugar Institute N.S.I. is located
at –
(a) Varanasi
(b) Kanpur
(c) New Delhi
(d) Lucknow
399. The number of essential elements
mineral elements of plant is –
(a) 13
(b) 16
(c) 20
(d) 21
400. Colostrum should be fed to newborn
calves for –
(a) 10 days
(b) 1/2 day
(c) 1 day
(d) 4 day
401. Stomata upon at r6ghtin
(a) CAM plants
(b) C4 plants
(c) C3 plants
(d) None of these
402. ‗Chanchal‘ is a variety of –
(a) Tomato
(b) Brinjal
(c) Capcicum
(d) Chilli
403. Khaira disease of rice can be controlled
by spraying
(a) Calcium sulphate
(b) Copper sulphate
(c) Borax
(d) Zinc sulphate
404. Sulphur-coated Urea contains N –
(a) 21%
(b) 26%
(c) 33%
(d) 40%
405. Toda is breed of –
(a) Sheep
(b) Cattle
(c) Goat
(d) Buffalo
406. Living Cells are not essential for –
(a) Evaporation
(b) Transpiration
(c) Guttation
(d) All of these
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407. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute is
located at –
(a) Bihar
(b) Karnal
(c) Jodhpur
(d) Dehradun
408. Which one of the following can be
suitable for cropping as a wheat mixed
crop?
(a) Cotton
(b) Cabbage
(c) Jowar
(d) Mustard
409. Granite is a …. rock.
(a) Igneous
(b) Metamorphic
(c) Sedimentary
(d) None of these
410. Mastitis in animals is clue to
(a) Virus and Worms
(b) Worms
(c) Bacteria and Virus
(d) Fungi an hand milking and dry
411. α & β-tubulins are protein components
of -
(a) Microtubules
(b) Actin filaments
(c) Intermediate
(d) All of these
412. Generally during summer and kharif
seasons annual plants produce bloom in
how many days?
(a) 50-60 days
(b) 60-70 days
(c) 70-80 days
(d) 70-75 days
413. Which is not the symptom of Khaira
disease?
(a) Stem of plants turn and fall down
(b) Dark grey colour spots on leaves
(c) Adverse effect on root growth
(d) More diseases stop the crop growth
414. A.D.P. to A.T.P. change is called –
(a) Oxidation
(b) Photosynthesis
(c) Phosphorylation
(d) Transpiration
415. Which of the following is the cross of
Karan Swiss?
(a) Hariyana × Jersey
(b) Sahiwal × Brown Swiss
(c) Sahiwal × Holstein
(d) Hariyana × Brown Swiss
416. Which does not match in relation to
Cotton?
(a) Ranivan -American
(b) C-520 - Diploid
(c) G-27 - Diploid
(d) Vikas - American
417. Inarching method is used for culture of
which fruits?
(a) Phalsa and Guava
(b) Mango and Guava
(c) Mango and Grapes
(d) Guava and Litchi
418. In case of availability of two irrigations
for wheat, at which critical stage crop
should be irrigated?
(a) Late joint and Dough stage
(b) Tillering and Flowering
(c) Crown Root Initiation and Milking stage
(d) Crown Root initiation and Flowering
419. The monsoon airs in the country reaches
at which bank first of all?
(a) Kachchh region of Gujarat
(b) Coastal region of Orissa
(c) Bay of Bengal region
(d) Coastal region of Kerala of South Indian
region
420. Which species of honeybee is not Indian?
(a) Apis mellifera
(b) Apis florea
(c) Apis dorsata
(d) Apis dorsata
421. Which is not true in relation to Gram?
(a) Origin-North America
(b) Subfamily -Papilionaceae
(c) Chromosome NO.-22
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(d) Acid-Malic and Oxalic
422. Now many tomatoes are required for
one kg tomato seeds?
(a) 200-250 kg
(b) 50-300 kg
(c) 300-350 kg
(d) 160-210 kg
423. From where is Krishak Bharati magazine
published?
(a) Narendra Dev University of Agriculture
and Technology, Faizabad
(b) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of
Agriculture and Technology, Meerut
(c) G. B pant University of Agriculture &
Technology, Pantnagar
(d) C S. (a) University of Agriculture &
Technology, Kanpur
424. How much Brinjal seed may be obtained
from one hectare area?
(a) 75-125kg
(b) 150-200kg
(c) 100-150kg
(d) 200-300kg
425. Which variety of Barley is huskless?
(a) Ritambhara (K 551)
(b) Geetanjali (K 1149)
(c) Karan -3
(d) Pragati (K 508)
426. What is the average annual production
of European variety of honeybee colony?
(a) 8 kg
(b) 10 kg
(c) 14 kg
(d) 16 kg
427. Approximately how much area in lakh
hectares .of saline and alkali soils are there
in Uttar Pradesh?
(a) 14.4 lakh hectares
(b) 15.00 lakh hectares
(c) 12.4 lakh hectares
(d) 10.4 lakh hectares
428. Which elements are useful in energy
storage, transfer and bonding?
(a) NKS
(b) NPK
(c) NSP
(d) None of these
429. Which disease occurs, when more
sorghum is consumed?
(a) Pellagra
(b) Rickets
(c) Scurvy
(d) Night blindness
430. How much seed per hectare is needed
for Berseern?
(a) 15-20 kg
(b) 18-22 kg
(c) 25-30 kg
(d) 30-35 kg
431. Which is the perennial variety of
Elephant Grass (Napier Grass)?
(a) Napier-1
(b) Pusa Giant
(c) NB-21
(d) Pusa Giant Napier
432. Which is not natural factor affecting soil
fertility?
(a) Parent material
(b) Topography
(c) Soil age
(d) Air
433. Which states are the highest & lowest
producers of Potato crop?
(a) Bihar & Kashmir
(b) Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand
(c) Gujarat and Assam
(d) Uttar Pradesh & Himachal Pradesh
434. Which disease occurs, when more
sorghum is consumed?
(a) Pellagra
(b) Rickets
(c) Scurvy
(d) Night blindness
435. Which is a variety of at?
(a) Kent
(b) K-12
(c) Naveen
(d) LD-491
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436. Due to which reason is the Napier Grass
mixed with Cluster bean or Cowpea for
feeding?
(a) Due to more HCN content
(b) Due to high crude fibre
(c) Due to oxalic acid
(d) Due to more carbohydrates
437. The leaching loss of Nitrogen (N) is more
in the form of –
(a) Nitrogen
(b) Water solution
(c) Ammonia
(d) Nitrate
438. Which is not correct in the following?
(a) Infrared rays - 50% of energy
(b) Ultraviolet rays - 10% of energy
(c) X-rays and Gamma rays 9% of energy
(d) Visible fighting rays -41% of energy
439. Which is not true in relation to Bajra?
(a) Chromosome No - 20
(b) Origin Africa
(c) Pennisetum Typhoides
(d) Graminae Family
440. How much kg of sugarcane seed
required for sowing one Hectare?
(a) 5200-5500 kg
(b) 7000-7500 kg
(c) 5500-6000 kg
(d) 8000-8500 kg
441. The major fungi that effect food-gram in
storage are –
(a) Aspergillus
(b) Mucor
(c) Rhizopus
(d) Candida
442. Effective cause of atmospheric pressure
is not
(a) soil erosion
(b) temperature
(c) altitude from the sea level
(d) rotation of earth
443. Which Sorghum variety is not multicut?
(a) M. P Chari
(b) U. P. Chari - 1
(c) Pusa Chari - 2
(d) M. P. Chari – 2
444. Which disease is not related to Bajra?
(a) Rust
(b) Green Ear
(c) Ergot
(d) Wilt
445. National Research Centre for Grapes is
located at which among the following
places
(a) Nasik
(b) Pune
(c) Ahamadabad
(d) Kolhapur
446. At which among the following places,
National Research Centre for Banana is
located?
(a) Madurai
(b) Trichy
(c) Tirupur
(d) Thiruvanthapuram
447. National Research Centre for Litchi is
located at which among the following
places?
(a) Muzaffarnagar
(b) Muzaffarpur
(c) Patna
(d) Gaya
448. All India Coordinated Research Project
on Tropical Fruits is located at which
among the following places?
(a) Bangalore
(b) Mysore
(c) Indore
(d) Jabalpur
449. All India Coordinated Research Project
on Sub-Tropical Fruits is located at which
among the following places?
(a) Jodhpur
(b) Gurgaon
(c) Lucknow
(d) Kolkata
450. Karnal Bunt affects which among the
following cereal crops?
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(a) Rice
(b) Wheat
(c) Maize
(d) Bajra
451. In which year National Seed Policy was
announced?
(a) 2000
(b) 2002
(c) 2003
(d) 2004
452. Maximum Jute mills in India are in
______ ?
(a) Private sector
(b) Public sector (Central Governments)
(c) Cooperative Sector
(d) Under State Governments
453. Which among the following variety
accounts for maximum production of silk in
India?
(a) Mulberry
(b) Muga
(c) Eli
(d) Tasar
454. Maximum wool produced in India is of
which of the following grade?
(a) Coarse Grade
(b) Apparel Grade
(c) Carpet Grade
(d) Export Grade
455. Sant Kabir Award has been launched for
the people who are related to _______?
(a) Cotton Textile Industry
(b) Woolen Industry
(c) Handloom Industry
(d) Village Industries
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Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a)
26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (a)
36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (b)
46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (c)
51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (d)
56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (b) 65. (b)
66. (d) 67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (d) 70. (d)
71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (b)
76. (b) 77. (d) 78. (d) 79. (d) 80. (d)
81. (a) 82. (d) 83. (c) 84. (d) 85. (b)
86. (b) 87. (b) 88. (d) 89. (b) 90. (b)
91. (b) 92. (c) 93. (d) 94. (a) 95. (a)
96. (d) 97. (d) 98. (b) 99. (c) 100. (b)
101. (c) 102. (a) 103. (b) 104. (a) 105. (c)
106. (d) 107. (b) 108. (c) 109. (d) 110. (a)
111. (d) 112. (a) 113. (d) 114. (a) 115. (d)
116. (c) 117. (b) 118. (d) 119. (b) 120. (a)
121. (b) 122. (b) 123. (a) 124. (c) 125. (b)
126. (a) 127. (d) 128. (d) 129. (d) 130. (c)
131. (a) 132. (b) 133. (b) 134. (b) 135. (d)
136. (c) 137. (a) 138. (b) 139. (d) 140. (a)
141. (c) 142. (c) 143. (d) 144. (c) 145. (a)
146. (b) 147. (c) 148. (a) 149. (d) 150. (c)
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151. (a) 152. (d) 153. (c) 154. (d) 155. (c)
156. (d) 157. (b) 158. (c) 159. (a) 160. (d)
161. (b) 162. (a) 163. (a) 164. (d) 165. (b)
166. (c) 167. (d) 168. (d) 169. (b) 170. (b)
171. (d) 172. (c) 173. (c) 174. (d) 175. (d)
176. (c) 177. (b) 178. (d) 179. (b) 180. (b)
181. (?) 182. (b) 183. (a) 184. (c) 185. (c)
186. (d) 187. (c) 188. (b) 189. (c) 190. (b)
191. (c) 192. (b) 193. (b) 194. (c) 195. (a)
196. (b) 197. (a) 198. (d) 199. (d) 200. (c)
201. (c) 202. (b) 203. (c) 204. (a) 205. (d)
206. (d) 207. (a) 208. (b) 209. (b) 210. (b)
211. (d) 212. (c) 213. (b) 214. (d) 215. (a)
216. (d) 217. (c) 218. (a) 219. (d) 220. (c)
221. (b) 222. (d) 223. (b) 224. (c) 225. (c)
226. (a) 227. (b) 228. (d) 229. (a) 230. (b)
231. (c) 232. (b) 233. (c) 234. (d) 235. (c)
236. (d) 237. (d) 238. (b) 239. (b) 240. (a)
241. (c) 242. (d) 243. (a) 244. (a) 245. (c)
246. (a) 247. (c) 248. (c) 249. (a) 250. (b)
251. (d) 252. (d) 253. (c) 254. (c) 255. (c)
256. (b) 257. (a) 258. (d) 259. (d) 260. (d)
261. (b) 262. (c) 263. (a) 264. (a) 265. (c)
266. (a) 267. (d) 268. (b) 269. (a) 270. (d)
271. (b) 272. (d) 273. (a) 274. (b) 275. (b)
276. (d) 277. (c) 278. (b) 279. (d) 280. (d)
281. (b) 282. (a) 283. (d) 284. (b) 285. (d)
286. (d) 287. (c) 288. (b) 289. (d) 290. (a)
291. (c) 292. () 293. (b) 294. (a) 295. (d)
296. (c) 297. (b) 298. (d) 299. (c) 300. (a)
301. (d) 302. (d) 303. (a) 304. (d) 305. (b)
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306. (a) 307. (b) 308. (a) 309. (d) 310. (d)
311. (a) 312. (a) 313. (c) 314. (b) 315. (d)
316. (d) 317. (c) 318. (a) 319. (b) 320. (d)
321. (d) 322. (b) 323. (d) 324. (c) 325. (d)
326. (d) 327. (a) 328. (c) 329. (b) 330. (d)
331. (c) 332. (a) 333. (a) 334. (a) 335. (a)
336. (d) 337. (b) 338. (a) 339. (a) 340. (c)
341. (c) 342. (d) 343. (b) 344. (b) 345. (c)
346. (b) 347. (b) 348. (c) 349. (d) 350. (a)
351. (c) 352. (a) 353. (b) 354. (d) 355. (a)
356. (a) 357. (a) 358. (a) 359. (d) 360. (b)
361. (a) 362. (a) 363. (a) 364. (a) 365. (d)
366. (c) 367. (a) 368. (c) 369. (d) 370. (d)
371. (d) 372. (d) 373. (d) 374. (a) 375. (c)
376. (c) 377. (b) 378. (b) 379. (a) 380. (d)
381. (d) 382. (a) 383. (d) 384. (c) 385. (d)
386. (b) 387. (c) 388. (c) 389. (c) 390. (a)
391. (b) 392. (c) 393. (c) 394. (d) 395. (c)
396. (c) 397. (a) 398. (b) 399. (d) 400. (b)
401. (a) 402. (d) 403. (d) 404. (c) 405. (d)
406. (a) 407. (b) 408. (d) 409. (a) 410. (c)
411. (d) 412. (d) 413. (b) 414. (c) 415. (d)
416. (a) 417. (c) 418. (d) 419. (d) 420. (a)
421. (a) 422. (d) 423. (d) 424. (a) 425. (c)
426. (b) 427. (c) 428. (a) 429. (a) 430. (c)
431. (d) 432. (d) 433. (b) 434. (a) 435. (a)
436. (b) 437. (d) 438. (c) 439. (b) 440. (b)
441. (b) 442. (a) 443. (b) 444. (d) 445. (b)
446. (b) 447. (b) 448. (a) 449. (c) 450. (b)
451. (b) 452. (a) 453. (a) 454. (c) 455. (c)
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