TRIGGERSCHAPTER 2

“AT ITS CORE, INSTAGRAM IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN ENTERPRISING TEAM — CONVERSANT IN PSYCHOLOGY AS MUCH AS TECHNOLOGY — THAT UNLEASHED A HABIT-FORMING PRODUCT ON USERS WHO SUBSEQUENTLY MADE IT A PART OF THEIR DAILY ROUTINES.”

“HABITS ARE NOT CREATED, THEY ARE BUILT

UPON”

TRIGGERS

EXTERNAL TRIGGERS

• Habit-forming technologies start changing behavior by first cueing users with a call-to-action.

• External triggers are embedded with information, which tells the user what to do next.

• Too many choices or irrelevant options can cause hesitation, confusion, or worse, abandonment.

• Reducing the thinking required to take the next action increases the likelihood of the desired behavior occurring unconsciously.

TYPES OF EXTERNAL TRIGGERS

PAID TRIGGERS

• Advertising, search engine marketing, and other paid channels are commonly used to get users’ attention and prompt them to act

• Paid triggers can be effective but costly ways to keep users coming back.

• Habit-forming companies tend not to rely on paid triggers for very long

• Companies generally use paid triggers to acquire new users and then leverage other triggers to bring them back

EARNED TRIGGERS

• “Free” —but require investment of time

• Favorable press mentions

• Viral videos

• Featured App Store placements

• Don’t be lulled into thinking that related downloads or sales spikes signal long-term success —can be short-lived.

• For earned triggers to drive ongoing user acquisition, companies must keep their products in the limelight — a difficult and unpredictable task.

RELATIONSHIP TRIGGERS

• Word of mouth can be a highly effective

• “Dark patterns” can be problematic and best avoided

• Proper use of relationship triggers requires building an engaged user base that is enthusiastic about sharing the benefits of your product or service with others

OWNED TRIGGERS

• A space within the users environment that is, generally, always there

• An app icon on the user’s phone screen/ Update notification

• An email newsletter to which the user subscribes,

• Only appear if the user wants it there.

• As long as the user agrees to receive a trigger, the company that sets the trigger owns a share of the user’s attention.

WHILE PAID, EARNED, AND RELATIONSHIP TRIGGERS

DRIVE NEW USER ACQUISITION, OWNED

TRIGGERS PROMPT REPEAT ENGAGEMENT UNTIL A HABIT

IS FORMED. WITHOUT OWNED TRIGGERS AND

USERS’ TACIT PERMISSION TO ENTER THEIR ATTENTIONAL SPACE, IT IS “DIFFICULT TO CUE USERS FREQUENTLY

ENOUGH TO CHANGE THEIR BEHAVIOR.

THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF ALL EXTERNAL TRIGGERS IS TO PROPEL USERS INTO AND THROUGH THE HOOK MODEL

SO THAT, AFTER SUCCESSIVE CYCLES, THEY DO NOT NEED FURTHER PROMPTING FROM EXTERNAL TRIGGERS.

INTERNAL TRIGGER

POWERFUL INTERNAL TRIGGERS

• Feelings of boredom, loneliness, frustration, confusion, indecisiveness, etc

• These often cause a slight pain or irritation and prompt an almost instantaneous and often mindless action to quell the negative sensation

• Instagram or Facebook?

INTERNAL TRIGGERS

• Unlike external triggers, which use sensory stimuli like a morning alarm clock or giant “Log-In Now” button, you can’t see, touch, or hear an internal trigger.

• Internal triggers manifest automatically in your mind.

• Connecting internal triggers with a product is the ultimate goal of consumer technology

“THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AN INTERNAL TRIGGER AND YOUR PRODUCT

IS NOT FORMED OVERNIGHT. IT CAN TAKE WEEKS OR MONTHS OF FREQUENT

USAGE FOR INTERNAL TRIGGERS TO LATCH ONTO CUES. NEW HABITS ARE SPARKED BY EXTERNAL TRIGGERS, BUT

ASSOCIATIONS WITH INTERNAL TRIGGERS ARE WHAT KEEPS USERS HOOKED”

As product designers, the goal is to solve these problems and eliminate pain — to

scratch the user’s itch.

Users who find a product that alleviates their pain will form strong, positive

associations with the product over time.

After continued use, bonds begin to form.

“FOR EXAMPLE, PARTICIPANTS WITH DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS TENDED TO ENGAGE IN VERY HIGH EMAIL USAGE…OTHER CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DEPRESSIVE INTERNET BEHAVIOR INCLUDED INCREASED AMOUNTS OF VIDEO WATCHING,

GAMING, AND CHATTING.”

STUDIES DEMONSTRATE THAT PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION USED THE INTERNET MORE.

“EMAIL, PERHAPS THE MOTHER OF ALL HABIT-FORMING TECHNOLOGY, IS A

GO-TO SOLUTION FOR MANY OF OUR DAILY AGITATIONS, FROM VALIDATING OUR IMPORTANCE (OR EVEN, SIMPLY

OUR EXISTENCE) BY CHECKING TO SEE IF SOMEONE NEEDS US, TO

PROVIDING AN ESCAPE FROM LIFE'S MORE MUNDANE MOMENTS.”

• “We often think the Internet enables you to do new things … But people just want to do the same things they’ve always done.”

• These common needs are timeless and universal. But talking to users to reveal these wants will likely prove ineffective since they themselves don’t know which emotions motivate them.

USER NARRATIVES?

THE 5 WHYS“Why #1: Why would Julie want to use email?

Answer: So she can send and receive messages.

Why #2: Why would she want to do that?

Answer: Because she wants to share and receive information quickly.

Why #3: Why does she want to do that?

Answer: To know what’s going on in the lives of her co-workers, friends, and family.

Why #4: Why does she need to know that?

Answer: To know if someone needs her.

Why #5: Why would she care about that?

Answer: She fears being out of the loop.”

Sakichi Toyoda (February 14, 1867 – October 30, 1930) He is often referred to as the father of the

Japanese industrial revolution.

REMEMBER AND SHARE• - Triggers cue the user to take action and are the first step in the Hook Model.

• - Triggers come in two types — external and internal.

• - External triggers tell the user what to do next by placing information within the user’s environment.

• - Internal triggers tell the user what to do next through associations stored in the user’s memory.

• - Negative emotions frequently serve as internal triggers.

• - To build a habit-forming product, makers need to understand which user emotions may be tied to internal triggers and know how to leverage external triggers to drive the user to action.

DO THIS FOR YOUR PRODUCT• Who is your product’s user? • - What is the user doing right before your intended habit? • - Come up with three internal triggers that could cue your user to action. Refer to the “5

Whys Method” described in this chapter. • - Which internal trigger does your user experience most frequently? • - Finish this brief narrative using the most frequent internal trigger and the habit you are

designing: • “Every time the user (internal trigger), he/she (first action of intended habit).” • - Refer back to the question about what the user is doing right before the first action of the

habit. What might be places and times to send an external trigger? • - How can you couple an external trigger as closely as possible to when the user’s internal

trigger fires? • - Think of at least three conventional ways to trigger your user with current technology

(emails, notifications, text messages, etc.). Then stretch yourself to come up with at least three crazy, or currently impossible, ideas for ways to trigger your user (wearable computers,

THANK YOU