Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics Ch.3 Cavitation Bubble Collapse.

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Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics Ch.3 Cavitation Bubble Collapse

Transcript of Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics Ch.3 Cavitation Bubble Collapse.

Page 1: Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics Ch.3 Cavitation Bubble Collapse.

Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics

Ch.3 Cavitation Bubble Collapse

Page 2: Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics Ch.3 Cavitation Bubble Collapse.

Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics

• Bubble collapse• Thermally controlled collapse• Thermal effects during collapse• Nonspherical Shape• Cavitation noise• Luminescence

Page 3: Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics Ch.3 Cavitation Bubble Collapse.

Bubble Collapse

• Collapse is a major concern because of damage and noise caused by high velocities, pressures and temperatures that occur

• When the bubble contains some noncondensable gas or when thermal effects become significant, the solution to the Rayleigh-Plesset equation becomes more complex since pressure inside the bubble is no longer constant

• Compressibility of gas in the bubble is important because of shock waves formed during the rebounding phase that follows collapse. Little effect on bubble dynamics.

• Hickling and Plesset found the amplitude of the pressure pulse that radiates into the liquid has a peak amplitude

r is distance from center of bubble

100 MP

R PP

r

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Thermally Controlled Collapse

• Introduce a new time scale for thermal effects to become significant during collapse, tc4

Recalling Thermodynamic effect from CH. 2:

• If thermally controlled growth will begin early in the collapse phase• From Ch.2, the time for total collapse from R=Ro to R=0:

With positive-time pressure:

4c TCt t

2

*0.915 L o

TCV

Rt

P P

23

4 oRtc

2 2

1/2( ) V

L PL L

LT

C T

* ( 0)P P t

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Thermal Effects during Collapse

• Thermal effects are important in the final stages of collapse when bubble contents are highly compressed

• Since collapse occurs on a small time scale, fractions of a millisecond, the noncondensable gas is treated as adiabatic

• Fujikawa and Akamatsu (1980) found conditions at the center of the bubble in water at STP to be 848 bar and 6700°K– Interface temperature was 3400°K– time scale of this collapse was approximately 2μs

• After this point interface was 300°K

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Nonspherical Shape during Collapse

• 2 important stages in collapse– Early stage; before thermal effects dominate

• Characterized by behavior

– Rebound; wherein switches sign and takes on a very large positive value

• Instabilities in bubble during collapse manifest several ways:– A bubble made entirely of vapor that collapses to a size orders of

magnitude smaller than the maximum radius rebounds as a cloud of smaller bubbles

– Bubble filled with gas are less unstable and rebound nearly spherically

23R R

R

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Nonspherical Shape during Collapse

• Reentrant microjet forms because of asymmetry in the acceleration of the interface, often due to a boundary – Jet is aimed at the boundary– Gravity can affect collapse enough to form a jet

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Nonspherical Shape during Collapse

• Other bubbles can also affect the acceleration of the bubble interface– Collapse will direct jet at the center of the inner bubble in a cloud

or group of bubbles

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Nonspherical Shape during Collapse

• Free surface can cause faster acceleration– Jet is directed away from free surface

• Microjet causes a 2-3x larger pressure pulse than a remnant cloud collapse

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Cavitation Noise

• Recalling the basic force balance with zero mass transport at the interface and substituting volume V(t) for bubble radius R(t), we can get the pressure result in the far field at distance r:

• Noise is often the first indicator of cavitation• Cavitation noise has been identified to have the trend

– Spectral Power (RMS of acoustic pressure) above 5kHz drastically increased when the flow reaches the incipient cavitation number

1( )f f F

2( )dR

F t Rdt

2

4L d VPar

2dt

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Cavitation Noise

Acoustic power spectra from a model spool valve operating under noncavitating (σ=0.523) and cavitating (σ= 0.452 and 0.342) conditions.

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Luminescence

• Spike in pressure and temperature causes light emission during bubble collapse due to ionization of the noncondensable gas

• Spherical, inward-propagating shock waves that focus on the center of the bubble

• Nonspherical collapse (ie: in a fluid flow) do not allow significant shock focusing so the effect is rare

• In acoustic cavitation, this phenomenon is called Sonoluminescence• Surface tension and vapor pressure play important roles

determining the sonoluminescent flux• Conduction of heat in the noncondensable gas is important,

therefore the breakup of the bubble could completely eliminate it