Caves & Castles news 2015: genomics

An Archaeological Study Tour

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Niaux

Sept 6-20, 2015

Roy Larick, Lecturer

15 Days

© 2015 Bluestone Heights

Research news (2014-2015) relevant to early humans in Franco-Iberia

Part 1: genomic evidence

Caves and Castles, 2015


Archaeological Tours study tour

Research news relevant to early humans in Franco-Iberia

Part 1 addresses the genomic basis for understanding Pleistocene Eurasians

We are at the peak of modeling ancient gene flow based on modern and 'fossil' DNA. Addressed is the genetic makeup of prehistoric modern humans Neandertalsand Denisovans.

Presentation generally follows publication order.

Bare-bones summaries of current research papers. Basic data, graphics and links only. News items to be fleshed out on tour.

Includes links to the original abstracts--the online papers usually lie behind a paywall.


Peştera cu Oase, Romania: Early Homo sapiens with Neanderthal alleles

An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor

Qiaomei Fu et al. Nature, June 22, 2015

Oase 2 cranium

Oase 1 mandiblehttp://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/2015_Nature_Fu_Oase.pdf

Three large chromosomal segments indicate that the individual had a Neanderthal ancestor as recently as four to six generations back.

Between 6–9% of the Oase 1 genome is of Neanderthal origin, significantly more than for any other modern human sequenced to date.


Erik Trinkhaus et al. (2003). An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania. PNAS 100 (20): 11231–11236.

Hélène Rougier et al. (2007). Peştera cu Oase 2 and the cranial morphology of early modern Europeans. PNAS 104 (4): 1165–1170.

http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/2015_Nature_Fu_Oase.pdf


http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20/11231.full

http://www.pnas.org/content/104/4/1165.full

Siberia: sequenced genome from a 35 ka Siberian wolf (Canis lupus)

‘Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High Latitude Breeds ’

Skoglund et al. Current Biology 25, 1–5, June 1, 2015

http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/Pontus_TaimyrWolf_CurrentBiology_2015.pdf


In Brief Skoglund et al. recovered the genome sequence of a 35,000-year-old Siberian wolf from Taimyr, Russia.

Calibration of the molecular clock suggests that the ancestors of modern dogs formed a distinct lineage prior to the peak of the last ice age.

Siberian huskies and other northern dog breeds trace a part of their ancestry to the ancient Siberian wolf population.

HighlightsAn ancient Siberian wolf yields a first draft genome sequence of a Pleistocene carnivore

The 35,000-year-old wolf genome allowed recalibration of the lupine mutation rate

Dog ancestors diverged from modern wolf ancestors at least 27,000 years ago

Ancient Siberian wolves contributed to the ancestry of high latitude dog breeds

Population history model (admixture graph) fitted to the data.

Branch length between the divergence of the Taimyr wolf lineage and the wolf-dog split is very short.


http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/Pontus_TaimyrWolf_CurrentBiology_2015.pdf

Siberia: sequenced genomes from two woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius)

‘Signatures of Demographic and Genetic Declines in the Woolly Mammoth’

Palkopoulou et al. Current Biology, May 18, 2015

The Wrangel mammoth shows a 20% reduction in heterozygosityas well as a 28-fold increase in the fraction of the genome that comprises runs of homozygosity.

The Wrangel Island population (last surviving woolly mammoths) was subject to reduced genetic diversity shortly before it became extinct.

our finding of an overall reduced genomesurviving mammoths constitutes the first direct observation of genetic stochasticityits extinction. Given that small population sizes in wild animals often lead to reduced individual fitness [33], it seems plausible that the low genetic variation detected in this study may have had a negative impact on the fitness of the and thus may have contributed to its subsequent extinction. The results presented here also highlight the value of sequencing ancient genomes from specimens that predate population declines to establish baseline levels of genomebiology, this approach can be used to directly quantify the amount of diversity lost in threatened species.

http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/May18_2015_CurrentBiology_Palkopoulou_Mammoths.pdf

Wrangel Island: 4.3 ka, 17.1-fold coverageRepresenting a late surviving individual


Oimyakon: 44.8 ka, 11.2-fold coverage

Parallel demographic trajectories reveal a population bottleneck during the Middle or Early Pleistocene, and a more recent severe decline in the ancestors of the Wrangel mammoth at the end of the last glaciation.


http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/May18_2015_CurrentBiology_Palkopoulou_Mammoths.pdf

Neandertal Genome from 3 individuals

A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome

Richard E. Green, et al.Science 7 May 2010

a number of Hs genomic regions may have been affected by positive selection for Hngenes in ancestral modern humans, including genes involved in metabolism and in cognitive and skeletal development

http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/2014_Nature_Lazaridis_EuropeThreeAncestries_1.pdf

Nucleotide substitutions inferred to have occurred on the evolutionary lineages leading to the Neandertals, the human, and the chimpanzee genomes.

(A) The three bones from Vindija from which Neandertal DNA was sequenced. (B) Map showing the four archaeological sites from which bones were used and their approximate dates

Neandertalsof presentEurope and western Asia before disappearing 30,000 years ago. We present a draft sequence of the than 4 billion nucleotides from three individuals. Comparisons of the genome to the genomes of five presenthumans from different parts of the world identify a number of genomic regions that may have been affected by positive selection in ancestral modern humans, including genes involved in metabolism and in cognitive and skeletal development. We show that Neandertalspresentpresentsuggesting that gene flow from into the ancestors of nonbefore the divergence of Eurasian groups from each other.

gene flow from Neandertals into the ancestors of non-Africans occurred before the divergence of Eurasian groups from each other.

Distributions of divergence from the human genome reference sequence among segments of 100 kb for three Neandertalsand five present-day humans.

[40 ka]



Denisova finger bone DNA

Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia

David Reich, et al.Nature 22 December 2010

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7327/abs/nature09710.html

Denisova cave

This individual is from a group that shares a common origin with Neanderthals.

The ‘Denisovans’ may have been widespread in Asia during the Late Pleistocene epoch

Denisovans were notinvolved in the gene flow from Neanderthals into Eurasians; however, they contributed 4–6% of its genetic material to the genomes of present-day Melanesians

Using DNA extracted from a finger bone found in we have sequenced the genome of an archaic hominin to about 1.9coverage.that shares a common origin with Neanderthals. This population was not involved in the putative gene flow from Neanderthals into Eurasians; however, the data suggest that it contributed 4genetic material to the genomes of presentthis hominin population ‘suggest that it may have been widespread in Asia during the Late Pleistocene epoch. A tooth found in mitochondrial genome highly similar to that of the finger bone. This tooth shares no derived morphological features with Neanderthals or modern humans, further indicating that evolutionary history distinct from Neanderthals and modern humans.

Denisova, Altai

A tooth found in Denisova Cave carries a mtDNA genome highly similar to that of the finger bone. This tooth shares no derived morphological features with Neanderthals or modern humans

Denisova sesemoid bone

[80 ka]


http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v505/n7483/full/nature12788.html

Mal’ta (Siberia): Eurasian donor to New World genomes

Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans

Maanasa Raghaven et al Nature 20 November 2013


Palaeolithic sites with individuals belonging to

mtDNA haplogroup U (red and black triangles):

(B) Admixture graph of population history fitted to ancient genomes showing more hunter-gatherer admixture in Neolithic Scandinavian farmers than in central European farmers

The MAwhich is at high frequency among Upper Mesolithic European hunterchromosome of MAEurasians and near the root of most Native American lineagesis basal to modernclosely related to modernclose affinity to east Asians. This suggests that populations related to contemporary western Eurasians had a more norththought. Furthermore, we estimate that 14 to 38% of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population. This is likely to have occurred after the divergence of Native American ancestors from east Asian ancestors, but before the diversification of Native American populations in the New World. Gene flow from the MAexplain why several crania from the First Americans have been reported as bearing morphological characteristics that do not resemble those of east another southapproximately 17,000 years autosomalregion was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum. Our findings reveal that western Eurasian genetic signatures in modernAmericans derive not only from postas commonly thought, but also from a mixed ancestry of the

(A) locations of ancient human remains included in the population model.

The MA-1 mitochondrial genome (haplogroup U) is basal to modern-day western Eurasians and near the root of most Native American lineages. Autosomal evidence that MA-1 is basal to modern-day western Eurasians and genetically closely related to modern-day Native Americans, with no close affinity to east Asians. populations related to contemporary western Eurasians had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago. 14 to 38% of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population.



Denisovan mtDNA at Atapuerca, ~400 ka

A mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos

Matthias Meyer, et al.Nature 04 December 2013


An almost complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos

Closely related to the lineage leading to mitochondrial genomes of Denisovans.

Excavations of a complex of caves in the Sierra de unearthed hominin fossils that range in age from the early Pleistocene to the Holocenelos world’s largest assemblage of Middle Pleistocene hominin at least 28 300,000 years share a number of morphological features with fossils classified heidelbergensisNeanderthaldetermine an almost complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from that it is closely related to the lineage leading to mitochondrial genomes of Denisovansgroup to Neanderthals. Our results pave the way for DNA research on hominins from the Middle Pleistocene.

Sites yielding Neanderthal DNA (red) Denisovan DNA (blue)

Bayesian phylogenetic tree of hominin mitochondrial relationships based on the Sima de los Huesos mtDNA sequence determined using the inclusive filtering criteria.

Complete view of the mid-point rooted phylogenetic tree constructed with a Bayesian approach using the Sima de los Huesos consensus sequence generated with 54 present-day humans, 9 ancient humans, 7 Neanderthals, 2 Denosivans, 22 bonobos and 24 chimpanzees.

Sampled Femur XIII

Sima de los Huesos hominin



Denisovans, Neanderthals, and modern humans

Kay Prufer, et al.Nature 02 January 2014


Denisova Neantertalwoman’s toe bone [130 ka]

modern humans do not greatly differ genetically from our cousins

We’re a whole lot more Neo-African than we are Neanderthal or Denisovan

human phylogeny is more properly defined as a graph than a tree.

We present a highsequence of a Neanderthal woman from Siberia. We show that her parents were related at the level of halfmating among close relatives was common among her recent ancestors. We also sequenced the genome of a Neanderthal from the Caucasus to low coverage. An analysis of the relationships and population history of available archaic genomes and 25 presentseveral gene flow events occurred among Neanderthals, modern humans, possibly including gene flow into archaic group. Thus, interbreeding, albeit of low magnitude, occurred among many hominin groups in the Late Pleistocene. In addition, the highgenome allows us to establish a definitive list of substitutions that became fixed in modern humans after their separation from the ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans

Three Neantertal sample sites

mating among close relatives was common among her recent ancestors.

several gene flow events occurred among Neanderthals, Denisovans and early modern humans, possibly including gene flow into Denisovans from an unknown archaic group.

interbreeding, albeit of low magnitude, occurred among many hominin groups in the Late Pleistocene

The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains



Neandertal genes in modern humans

The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans

Sriram Sankararaman, et al. Nature, 29 January 2014

Hn ancestry in genes relating to keratin, a fibrous protein found in hair, skin and nails

Most Hn DNA coming to X chromosome made the bearer less fertile. Hence, X-c is swept clean of Hn DNA.

Hn genes in current Hs show how interbreeding influenced our species

Hn DNA comprises 1.6 to 1.8 per cent of the Eurasian genome, but it punches above its weight in terms of biological impact

http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/2014_Sankararaman_Nature.pdf

Genomic studies have shown that Neanderthals interbred with modern humans, and that nonAfricans today are the products of this mixture. The antiquity of Neanderthal gene flow into modern humans means that genomic regions that derive from Neanderthals in any one human today are usually less than a hundred However, Neanderthal distinctive enough that several studies have been able to detect Neanderthal ancestry at specific loci. We systematically infer Neanderthal the genomes of 1,004 presentthat harbor a high frequency of Neanderthal alleles are enriched for genes affecting keratin filaments, suggesting that Neanderthal alleles may have helped modern humans to adapt to nonenvironments. We identify multiple Neanderthalderived alleles that confer risk for disease, suggesting that Neanderthal alleles continue to shape human biology. An unexpected finding is that regions with reduced Neanderthal ancestry are enriched in genes, implying selection to remove genetic material derived from Neanderthals. Genes that are more highly expressed in testes than in any other tissue are especially reduced in Neanderthal ancestry, and there is an approximately fivefold reduction of Neanderthal ancestry on the X chromosome, which is known from studies of


Eurasian Hs has paler skins partly due to Hn BNC2, providing efficiency in generating vitamin D from sunlight

several genes make Hs susceptible to type 2 diabetes, lupus and Crohn's disease

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129542.600-neanderthalhuman-sex-bred-light-skins-and-infertility.html#.VRHKmvnF84Jaspects of human health, including psoriasis and

http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/2014_Sankararaman_Nature.pdf

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129542.600-neanderthalhuman-sex-bred-light-skins-and-infertility.html

The Denisovan in the family

Thirty years after the study of ancient DNA began, it promises to upend our view of the past.

Ewen CallowayNature 26 March 2014

.

suggested that the two archaic groups were

million years ago and branched off from the common ancestor of humans, Neanderthals

de

http://www.nature.com/news/human-evolution-the-neanderthal-in-the-family-1.14932


http://www.nature.com/news/human-evolution-the-neanderthal-in-the-family-1.14932

Denisovan alleles in modern Tibetans

Altitude adaptation in Tibetans caused by introgression of Denisovan-like DNA

Huerta-Sanchez et al. Nature 14 August 2014

Haplotype network based on the number of pairwisedifferences between the 40 most common haplotypes

Haplotype network based on the number of pairwisedifferences between 43 unique haplotypes defined from the 20 most differentiated SNPs between Tibetans and the 14 populations (1000 Genomes Project

Genealogical structure in a model with gene flow from Denisovans to Tibet.

Tibetan gene conferring high altitude oxygen processingis of Denisovan origin.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7513/full/nature13408.html#close



Ust’-Ishim: modern human genome at 45 ka

Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia

Q. Fu, et al.Nature 19 October 2014

Ust’-Ishim man was probably descended from an extinct group that is closely related to humans who left Africa more than 50,000 years ago to populate the rest of the world, but later went extinct.

about 2% of his genome comes from Neanderthals. This is roughly the same level that lurks in the genomes of all of today’s non-Africans, owing to ancient trysts between their ancestors and Neanderthals. The Ust’-Ishim man probably got his Neanderthal DNA from these same matings, which, past studies suggest, happened after the common ancestor of Europeans and Asians left Africa and encountered Neanderthals in the Middle East, between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago.

http://www.nature.com/news/oldest-known-human-genome-sequenced-1.16194

1. Ust’-Ishim. 4. Denisova


http://www.nature.com/news/oldest-known-human-genome-sequenced-1.16194

The Evolution and geographic spread of Denisovans as compared with other groups

Denisovans, Neanderthals, and modern humans


Two Pulse Neandertal introcession

Complex History of Admixture between Modern Humans and Neandertals

Benjamin Vernot and Joshua AkeyAmerican Journal of Human Genetics, 2015

3 ancestral populations fused to form Europeans (WHG, ANE and EFF)All had about the same Neandertal fraction.

Possibility that Europe received an influx of African-like individuals who reduced Neandertal fraction in western Eurasians.

East Asians to have ~20 percent greater Neandertal ancestry than Europeans.

They probably received a second dollop of Neandertal ancestry.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929715000142

Companion piece:Selection and Reduced Population Size Cannot Explain Higher Amounts of East Asian than in European Human PopulationsBernardAJHG

It has been hypothesized that the greater proportion of Europeans is due to the fact that purifying selection is less effective at removing weakly deleterious NeandertalUsing simulations of a broad range of models of selection and demography, we have shown that this hypothesis cannot account for the higher proportion of Europeans. Instead, more complex demographic scenarios, most likely involving multiple pulses of Neandertaldata.


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929715000142

Modern Europe: three ancestral populations

Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans

Iosif Lazaridis, et al.Nature 18 September 2014

Current Europeans derive from 3 populations: 1) west European hunter-gatherers (WHG)2) ancient north Eurasians (ANE) 3) early European farmers (EEF)


Proportions of ancestry from each of three inferred ancestral populations (EEF, ANE and WHG)

Three-way mixture modelBlue: present-day samples Red: ancient samplesGreen: reconstructed ancestral populations Solid lines: descent without mixtureDashed lines: admixture



Ancient DNA Holds Clues to Gene Activity in Extinct Humans

Reconstructing the DNA Methylation Maps of the Neandertal and the Denisovan

David Gokhman, et al.Science 17 April 2014

Methylation is a DNA chemical modification during the lifetime of the individual.

Using the two high-quality genomes that exist for Neandertals and Denisovans, methylationcan be mapped in relation to that for modern humans.

Methylation maps may reveal the genomic base for skeletal differences between Neandertals and modern humans.

Many more ancient methylomes must be mapped to determine which methylome is representative of these species, and more work needs to be done to show that methylation really does underlie these skeletal differences.

Characteristics of DMRs. (A) Distribution of methylation in housekeeping promoters in various human tissues (blue) and in the Neandertal and the Denisovan (red). The distribution of methylation in the Neandertal and the Denisovan falls within the variability across human tissues. (B) The numbers of present-day human–, Neandertal-, and Denisovan-specific DMRs. (C) Intergenic DMRs colocalize with enhancer and insulator marks. Overlap of intergenic DMRs with insulator mark (CTCF) and with five different enhancer marks (histonemodifications H3K4me1 and H3K27ac, histone variant H2A.Z, binding by p300, and DNase I sensitivity). DMRs are divided according to the number of enhancer marks they overlap.


Steppe migration and Indo-European

Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe

Wolfgang Haak, et al.Nature 02 March 2015

Western and Eastern Europe came into contact 4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced 75% of their ancestry to the documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least 3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in presentresults provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the IndoEurope

http://www.nature.com/news/steppe-migration-rekindles-debate-on-language-origin-1.16935

Distribution of archaeological cultures and proposed population movements / turnovers

Early Neolithic farmers into Europe 9,000 to 7,000 years ago

Late Neolithic Steppe ancestry into central Europe

~4,500 years ago

Resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry during the Middle Neolithic

7,000 to 5,000 years ago

White arrows indicate two possible scenarios for the arrival of Indo-European language groups



Steppe migration and Indo-European

Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe

Evan GallowayNature 17 February 2015

Two fresh studies — one of ancient human DNA, the other a newly constructed genealogical ‘tree’ of languages — point to the steppes of Ukraine and Russia as the origin of this major language family, rekindling a long-standing debate.




Genetic disease deletion variance in stem Homo

Evolution and functional impact of human deletion variants shared with archaic hominin genomes

Yen-Lung Lin, et al. Mol Biology &Evolution, 28 Jan 2015

Some of humanity’s early ancestors had deletions, while others did not, mirroring the variation in modern humans.

This genetic diversity may have arisen as far back as a million or more years ago in a common ancestor of humans, Denisovans and Neanderthals.

traits making Hs susceptible to these diseases may also have afforded an evolutionary benefit

Some modern maladies are extremely old, predating the evolution of Neanderthals, Denisovans and H sapiens

http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/01/22/molbev.msu405

Genomic studies have shown that Neanderthals


Deletions: chunks of DNA in ancestral lineages later erased through evolutionary processes. Today, specific deletions are ‘present’ in some human genomes and missing from others

several genes make Hs susceptible to type 2 diabetes, lupus and Crohn's disease

all common (>5% allele frequency) deletion variation

deletion variants were

deletions are shared with archaic hominin

specific positive selection. genomic structural variants that are shared between

http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2015/01/034.html

Compare Hs DNA with Hn and Denisovans. genetic deletions associated with various aspects of human health, including psoriasis and Crohn's disease, likely originated in a common ancestor of the three species.

http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/01/22/molbev.msu405

http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2015/01/034.html

Modern Humans and Dogs

The Invaders: How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction

Pat Shipman, UCSD (2015)

Modern humans domesticated dogs soon after Neanderthals began to disappear (33 ka)

This alliance between two predator species, gave moderns success in hunting large Ice Age mammals--a distinct and ultimately decisive advantage for human invaders at a time when climate change made both humans and Neanderthals vulnerable.

Genome Sequencing Highlights Genes Under Selection and the Dynamic Early History of Dogs

Robert Wayne, Beth Shapiro, et al.Nature, 2013

Dogs split from European wolves 30-18 ka Modern humans hunted grassland steppe

hoping to widen scope with more DNA from fossils outside of Europe, while also looking at the genes of living dogs that might hold important clues.

Some wolves began to scavenge left carcasses. As they migrated along with people, some were isolated from others.

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/science/wolf-to-dog-scientists-agree-on-how-but-not-where.html?action=click&contentCollection=Science&module=RelatedCoverage&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article

Paleolithic dog fossil recovered from a cave in Belgium


http://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-the-invaders-by-pat-shipman-1426884980

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/science/wolf-to-dog-scientists-agree-on-how-but-not-where.html?action=click&contentCollection=Science&module=RelatedCoverage&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article

http://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-the-invaders-by-pat-shipman-1426884980

H. sapiens LGM population bottleneck?

Ice-age Europeans roamed in small bands of fewer than 30, on brink of extinction

Francesca JennerHorizon 26 March 2015

Ancient h-g genomes indicate a high level of inbreeding in comparison to modern populations. Present study has more and more ancient genomes sampled from diverse locations to add confidence to the original conjecture

Why the homogeneity? Probably on the huge broad northern expanse of hominin habitationcharacterized by extinction and resettlement from survivor lineages was very common. There is circumstantial evidence from wolves that the same happened to them. Why? This might simply be a amongPleistocene.

Europeans emerged in their current form in the past ~5,000 years or so. The northheterozygositymay then be a function not of serial founder effects from the expansion of the Pleistocene higher fraction of hunterancestry in Northern Europeans, who exhibited decrease genetic diversity due to the bottlenecks.

H-g genomes sequenced from Hungary and Swis, 14 000 to 7 500 ka are close to specimens from Denmark or Sweden from the same period.Suggest that post LGM genetic diversity was very limited, major demographic bottleneck triggered by LGM human isolation and extinction.http://horizon-magazine.eu/article/ice-age-europeans-roamed-small-bands-fewer-30-brink-extinction_en.html

whole is often stable because immigrants

combined effect of many populations may

http://horizon-magazine.eu/article/ice-age-europeans-roamed-small-bands-fewer-30-brink-extinction_en.html

aDNA 2015: Paleolithic insights

Major transitions in human evolution revisited: A tribute to ancient DNA

Ermini, Der Sarkissian, Willerslev & Orlando Journal of Human Evolution 26 March 2015

aDNA: traits in Hn evolution:Hn/Hs split, 550-765 kaHn ranged from Iberia to the AltaiHn dist sparsely in small groupspatrilocal and/or interfamilial breedingHn/Hd split, 381-473 ka

Why the homogeneity? Probably on the huge broad northern expanse of hominin habitationcharacterized by extinction and resettlement from survivor lineages was very common. There is circumstantial evidence from wolves that the same happened to them. Why? This might simply be a amongPleistocene.

Melanesian genomes Denisovan ancestry = ~4-6%

Neanderthal ancestry = ~2%

aDNA supports Hs multiple dispersal theory for E AsiaAustralian ancestors into E Asia about 62-75 ka, admixing with Denisovans and arriving in Australia ~50 kyr ago. mainland Asian ancestors followed independently 25-38 ka.

archaic introgression into Cameroon pygmies, Khoisan-Hadza and Tanzania Sandawe: ancestors admixed with one or more archaic human populations

An Archaeological Study Tour

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Caves & Castles news 2015: genomics

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