CausesCausesRegional differences between North and South grow Regional differences between North and South grow stronger.stronger.Question of slavery in the territories splits the North and Question of slavery in the territories splits the North and South.South.Congressional compromises are unable to settle the issue of Congressional compromises are unable to settle the issue of slavery slavery

in the territories.in the territories.Abraham Lincoln, an antislavery Republican, is elected Abraham Lincoln, an antislavery Republican, is elected President.President.Eleven states secede and form the Confederate States of Eleven states secede and form the Confederate States of America.America.

CIVIL WARCIVIL WAR

EffectsEffectsThe Union is preserved.The Union is preserved.Slavery is abolished.Slavery is abolished.Over half a million soldiers are dead.Over half a million soldiers are dead.Southern farms and cities are left in ruins.Southern farms and cities are left in ruins.

Plans for Reconstruction:Plans for Reconstruction:1865-18771865-1877

Problems of ReconstructionProblems of Reconstruction

Punishment of the Confederate Punishment of the Confederate states and leaders.states and leaders.

How to readmit those seceded states How to readmit those seceded states to the Union.to the Union.

Jobs, homes, etc. for the freed Jobs, homes, etc. for the freed slaves.slaves.

Lincoln’s Plan Lincoln’s Plan (before the end of the Civil War)(before the end of the Civil War)

Southern states did not secede because Southern states did not secede because it is not constitutionally possible. it is not constitutionally possible.

Give amnesty to Confederates.Give amnesty to Confederates. Any state could send representatives Any state could send representatives

back to Congress if 10% of 1860 voters back to Congress if 10% of 1860 voters pledged their oath to the Union.pledged their oath to the Union.

Establish the Freedman’s Bureau to Establish the Freedman’s Bureau to assist former slaves and poor whites in assist former slaves and poor whites in the Souththe South

Wade-Davis Bill (1864):Wade-Davis Bill (1864):A Proposal of the Radical A Proposal of the Radical

RepublicansRepublicans Congress is responsible for Congress is responsible for

Reconstruction because territories Reconstruction because territories are seeking admission in the Unionare seeking admission in the Union

A state government would be A state government would be accepted back into the Union if more accepted back into the Union if more than ½ of 1860 voters pledge that than ½ of 1860 voters pledge that they never supported the they never supported the ConfederacyConfederacy

Andrew Johnson’s PlanAndrew Johnson’s Plan

States must declare their secession illegal.States must declare their secession illegal. States must swear allegiance to the Union.States must swear allegiance to the Union. States must promise not to pay back States must promise not to pay back

Confederate debts.Confederate debts. States must ratify the 13States must ratify the 13thth Amendment. Amendment.

By December 1865, all states but Texas had By December 1865, all states but Texas had been readmitted.been readmitted.

September 1, 1866, pages 552, 553

Harper’s Weekly

Reaction to Johnson’s

Reconstruction Plan

“Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction and

How it Works”

--Thomas Nast, Cartoonist

Johnson’s Relationship with Johnson’s Relationship with Congress worsensCongress worsens

The South saw Johnson as a traitor; The South saw Johnson as a traitor; the North saw him as a Southerner.the North saw him as a Southerner.

The Radical Republicans were The Radical Republicans were infuriated by Johnson’s readmission infuriated by Johnson’s readmission of the Southern states.of the Southern states.

Johnson toured the country to Johnson toured the country to campaign against the Radical campaign against the Radical Republicans in the Congressional Republicans in the Congressional Elections of 1866.Elections of 1866.

The Turning Point in the Control of The Turning Point in the Control of Reconstruction:Reconstruction:

The Congressional The Congressional Elections of 1866Elections of 1866

1866 Congressional Elections1866 Congressional Elections

Despite Johnson’s campaigns against Despite Johnson’s campaigns against them, the Radical Republicans them, the Radical Republicans gained a 2/3 majority in Congress.gained a 2/3 majority in Congress.

Why is a 2/3 majority in Why is a 2/3 majority in Congress important?Congress important?

First Reconstruction ActFirst Reconstruction Act

Divided the seceded states into five Divided the seceded states into five military districts.military districts.

Military tribunals replaced civilian Military tribunals replaced civilian courts.courts.

States required to give the African-States required to give the African-Americans the right to vote.Americans the right to vote.

States must ratify the 14States must ratify the 14thth Amendment before rejoining the Amendment before rejoining the Union.Union.

September 5, 1868, page 568, Harper’s Weekly

Reaction to the First Reconstruction Acts

Cartoon Caption: “We regard the Reconstruction Acts (so called) of Congress as usurpations, and unconstitutional, revolutionary, and void.”—Democratic Platform

Reaction to the First Reaction to the First Reconstruction ActReconstruction Act

Johnson vetoed the bill, but Congress Johnson vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode the veto with their 2/3 overrode the veto with their 2/3 majority.majority.

By the summer 1867, troops were By the summer 1867, troops were sent to the South to maintain order.sent to the South to maintain order.

In 1868, the Radical Republicans find In 1868, the Radical Republicans find a way to impeach Andrew Johnson a way to impeach Andrew Johnson for not enforcing the First for not enforcing the First Reconstruction Act.Reconstruction Act.

Impeachment of Andrew Impeachment of Andrew JohnsonJohnson

Radical Republicans passed the Tenure of Radical Republicans passed the Tenure of Office Act (said President couldn’t Office Act (said President couldn’t remove a cabinet member that he’d remove a cabinet member that he’d appointed without 2/3 approval of the appointed without 2/3 approval of the Senate)Senate)

Johnson fired Edwin Stanton, Secretary of Johnson fired Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War and radical sympathizerWar and radical sympathizer

February 1868—found not guilty 35-19 (1 February 1868—found not guilty 35-19 (1 vote shy of 2/3 majority)—Stanton vote shy of 2/3 majority)—Stanton appointed by Lincoln, not Johnsonappointed by Lincoln, not Johnson

Effects of Reconstruction on Effects of Reconstruction on African-AmericansAfrican-Americans

Thomas Nast in Harper's Weekly, 1874.

Radical Reconstruction in the Radical Reconstruction in the South 1867-1877South 1867-1877

Plantation work—whites have the land, Plantation work—whites have the land, but no workers, African-Americans want but no workers, African-Americans want work, but have no landwork, but have no land Sharecroppers and tenant farmers emergeSharecroppers and tenant farmers emerge

More African-Americans participate in More African-Americans participate in govt.—more blacks than whites govt.—more blacks than whites registered to vote in the southregistered to vote in the south

ScalawagsScalawags CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers

Southerners sought to minimize Southerners sought to minimize Reconstruction through:Reconstruction through:

the Black Codesthe Black Codes segregation segregation the KKK the KKK poll taxespoll taxes literacy testsliteracy tests

Black CodesBlack Codes

Could marry, own property, sue in Could marry, own property, sue in court, go to schoolcourt, go to school

Could not serve on juries, marry Could not serve on juries, marry whites, testify against whites, break whites, testify against whites, break curfew, travel without permit, start curfew, travel without permit, start own businessown business

Ku Klux Klan in the 1870sKu Klux Klan in the 1870s

Known to burn churches and commit Known to burn churches and commit murdermurder

Pres. Grant passed the Force Acts in Pres. Grant passed the Force Acts in 1870-711870-71 Federal supervision of elections in the Federal supervision of elections in the

SouthSouth Pres. could declare martial law where Pres. could declare martial law where

the Klan was active (Grant sent troops the Klan was active (Grant sent troops to 9 S.C. counties in 1871)to 9 S.C. counties in 1871)

Grant’s corrupt administrationGrant’s corrupt administration

1873-Grant’s Sec. of Treasury caught 1873-Grant’s Sec. of Treasury caught accepting kickbacks and resignsaccepting kickbacks and resigns

Whiskey Ring—238 IRS officials Whiskey Ring—238 IRS officials indicted for keeping revenue taxes indicted for keeping revenue taxes collected on whiskey—Grant’s collected on whiskey—Grant’s personal secretary also indicted personal secretary also indicted

Election of 1876Election of 1876

Republican Candidate—Rutherford B. Republican Candidate—Rutherford B. HayesHayes

Democratic Candidate—Samuel J. Democratic Candidate—Samuel J. TildenTilden

Tilden had more popular votes, but Tilden had more popular votes, but was one electoral vote shy of the was one electoral vote shy of the majority to be elected Presidentmajority to be elected President

1876 Election Scandal1876 Election Scandal

20 votes in dispute (1 OR, 19 in FL, 20 votes in dispute (1 OR, 19 in FL, LA, SC)LA, SC)

Democrats scared away black votersDemocrats scared away black voters Radical Republicans threw out Dem. Radical Republicans threw out Dem.

Ballots and made up their own returnsBallots and made up their own returns Both sets of ballots sent to CongressBoth sets of ballots sent to Congress

The DecisionThe Decision

Democrats made a deal—Hayes Democrats made a deal—Hayes becomes President if becomes President if 1) troops withdrawn from FL, LA, SC 1) troops withdrawn from FL, LA, SC 2) federal $ for building railroads and 2) federal $ for building railroads and

improving waterways improving waterways 3) a conservative Southern cabinet 3) a conservative Southern cabinet

member addedmember added

Hardships on Southern African-Hardships on Southern African-Americans by 1900Americans by 1900

Voting Restrictions (1896 voters-Voting Restrictions (1896 voters-130,334; 1904 voters-1,342)130,334; 1904 voters-1,342) Discrimination went around 14Discrimination went around 14thth & 15 & 15thth

AmendmentsAmendments Literacy testsLiteracy tests Poll taxesPoll taxes Grandfather ClauseGrandfather Clause

Segregation Laws—Jim Crow LawsSegregation Laws—Jim Crow Laws