Causes of Latin American Revolutions 1.Inspired by Enlightenment ideas 2.Creole discontent...
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![Page 1: Causes of Latin American Revolutions 1.Inspired by Enlightenment ideas 2.Creole discontent 3.Motivated by the “successful” American and French Revolutions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649c9a5503460f94957a47/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Causes of Latin AmericanRevolutions
1. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas
2. Creole discontent
3. Motivated by the “successful” American and French Revolutions.
4. Napoleonic Wars Preoccupy Spain & Portugal in fighting in war in Europe
5. Taken advantage of by Europeans via economic policies which benefited Europe at the expense of the native Latin Americans
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Latin American Revolutions!
Latin American Revolutions!
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First Colony to revolt…HaitiHome Country: French colony
Date of Independence: 1804
Independence Leaders:
- Toussiant-Louverture (former slave)
- Jean-Jaques Dessalines (Toussaint’s general)
Haitian Independence:
1791= slave revolt
1801= Toussaint seized 2/3 of Haiti (frees slaves)
1802= French troops arrive & agreement made
to stop revolution
1804= Dessalines starts revolution again and
declares independence
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Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1816
Independence Leaders:
- Jose de San Martin
(Spanish military officer)
Argentiaian Independence:
1816= Creole colonist rebel & seize government
in a bloodless revolution
1816= Martin declares Argentina independent!
Argentina
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The “Muscle” of the RevolutionBolivar
coming from the North.
José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains.
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Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1817
Independence Leaders:
- Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer)
- Bernard O’Higgins (military officer)
Chile Independence:
1817= San Martin leads his army across the
Andes and spreads revolution into Chile
1817= Joins forces with O’Higgins & defeat Spanish;
declares Chile independent!
Chile
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Simón Bolivar:
The “Brains”of theRevolution Creole leader of
the revolutions in Venezuela.
Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.
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Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1821/1822
Independence Leaders:
- Simon Bolivar (Venezulan Creole
/military general)
Gran Columbia Independence:
1811= Venezuela declares independence!
1811-1821= Revolution vs. Spain
1821= Bolivar wins independence!
1821= Revolution spreads to Columbia & Ecuador
1822= Bolivar elected president; the new nation
called Gran Columbia established
Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador
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Bolivar’s Accomplishment
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Simón Bolivar & José de San Martin Join Forces!
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Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1824
Independence Leaders:
- Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer)
- Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan Creole/military general)
Peruvian Independence:
1821= San Martin takes revolution to Spanish in Peru
1822= San Martin & Bolivar join forces to fight Spanish
1822= San Martin leaves for Europe
1822= Bolivar defeats Spanish at Battle of Ayacucho
Peru
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Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1825
Independence Leaders:
- Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan Creole/milit. general)
Bolivian Independence:
1824= Bolivar continues revolution by driving out the
remaining Spanish from Peru
1825= Upper & Lower Peru separate; Lower Peru
named Bolivia (after Bolivar)
Bolivia
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Home Country: Portuguese colony
Date of Independence: 1822
Independence Leaders:
- Dom Joao aka King John
(King of Portugal)
- Dom Pedro
(son of King John)
Brazillian Independence:
1807= King John flees to Brazil to escape Napoleon
1815= Napoleon defeated; King John heads back
1822= Brazilian creoles seek independence
1822= Brazilian creoles request Dom Pedro take
over Brazil as ruler; King John agrees!
Brazil
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Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1821
Independence Leaders:
- Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (priest; leader of revolution)
- Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon (priest & rebel leader)
- General Augustin de Ituribe (Creole officer)
- Venustiano Carranza (1st President of Mexico)
Mexican Independence:
1810= Costilla starts rebellion against Spanish
1811= Costilla defeated, captured, and executed
1811= Pavon leads Mexican Revolution (next 4 years)
1815= Ituribe helps Spanish defeat Pavon
1821= Ituribe turns on Spanish & makes peace with
Pavon & declares Mexican independence!
Mexico
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No Unity! Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a
united South America =
$ Civil wars erupt in many newly independent countries.
Geographic barriers (mts., the Amazon, etc.) and vast distances between lands
Cultural differences defeated attempts at unification
Geographic & Cultural Issues
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Independence Brought Poverty!
The wars disrupted trade.
The wars devastated the cities and the countryside.
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Caudillos take Over!
WHO WERE THEY?:
$ military dictators who seize power via coup
$ Mostly wealthy “creole” aristocrats.
$ Followed the fight for independence.
$ Posed as reformers.
$ BUT…once in power overthrew govt. & took away basic human rights.
$ Attempted improvements, but most just cared about themselves,their families and their friends [nepotism].
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Dependence on Foreign Nations
Foreign nations needed for investments and capital
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What is the Message?