DYSTOCIA- means difficult birth

When the first or specially second stage of parturition is abnormally prolonged & it become difficult for dam to expel the fetus by its expulsive efforts alone

Causes of dystocia

Immediate causes

Basic causes

Maternal causes

Foetal causes

Narrowing of birth canal

Expulsive insufficiency Abdominal level Uterine level

Uterine level 1. uterine inertia (a) primary uterine

inertia (b) secondary uterine

2. rupture of uterus 3. torsion of uterus 4. infectious condition of uterus Abdominal level 1. age, pain, debility 2. herniation of uterus 3. perforation in trachea 4. rupture of diaphragm etc…

Foetal oversize absolute oversize relative oversize

Faulty disposition of foetus

Foetal monster

1) Hereditary causes

2) Nutritional & Managemental causes

3) Infectious causes

4) Traumatic causes

5) Miscellaneous causes

Hereditary causesHidden or recessive gene may produce defect in the

dam or foetus.Hereditary defects in dam 1. inguinal hernia 2. uterus unicornis & uterus didelphis 3. persistence of mullerian duct 4. twinning etc.Hereditary defects in foetus 1. dropsy of foetal membrane 2. foetal anasarca & gigantism 3. muscular hypertrophy 4. achondroplastic & hydrocephalic calf

etc.

Nutritional & Managemental causes Breeding of immature heifers Close confinement of pregnant animals Mating b/w small & large size breeds

Improper nutrition of growing heifers Deficiency of vitamin A, D or calcium

etc. Excessive feeding of the heifers during

last trimester of pregnancy

Infectious causesInfectious causesInfection at time of mating or AI.All infectious diseases like Brucellosis Vibriosis Leptospirosis

etc.

Traumatic causes

Ventral hernia

Rupture of prepubic tendon

Sudden slipping or falling

Fracture of pelvis

Miscellaneous causes

Improper balance of harmones

Failure of uterine muscle to react to oxytocin

Minor abnormalities in posture Lateral deviation of head

Lateral deviation of neck Flexed knee etc.