http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/WashingtonFIwar.jpg

Causes• Land Dispute

Causes

Different Colonial Societies

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

• Permanent, expanding settlements

•Horrible Relationship with Indians

• No real communities, mainly forts

•Great Relationship with Indians

Causes

Differing Religions• British were Protestant• French were Catholic

Not the first war fought over N. America

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1756 1756 War Is Formally War Is Formally DeclaredDeclared

• War will become a world war

• SEVEN YEAR WAR (1756-1763)

• Every major European power becomes involved

• Will be a MULTI-FRONT war – very costly to fight

The Two Sides

• French are fighting with most of the Indians (Algonquian & Mohawk) and later Spain

• Britain aligns with the Iroquois and the Colonists

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin representatives representatives fromfrom New England, NY, MD, PA New England, NY, MD, PA

A Albany CongressAlbany Congress was meant to was meant to bolster colonial unity bolster colonial unity

Albany Plan of Union Albany Plan of Union (1754)(1754)

Albany Plan of Union Albany Plan of Union (1754)(1754)

France --> France --> lost all land in N. Americalost all land in N. America

Spain -->Spain --> got all land west of the got all land west of the Mississippi River, but lost Florida to Mississippi River, but lost Florida to England.England.

England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi Canada and east of the Mississippi RiverRiver

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris (1763)(1763)

Britain Wins the WarBritain Wins the War

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris (1763)(1763)

Britain Wins the WarBritain Wins the War

1.1. It increased colonial It increased colonial empire in empire in the Americas. the Americas.2.2. It greatly enlarged It greatly enlarged England’s debt.England’s debt.

3.3. England felt that a major England felt that a major reorganization of American reorganization of American Empire was necessaryEmpire was necessary

Effects on BritainEffects on BritainEffects on BritainEffects on Britain

1.1. It united them against a It united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time.time.

2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participatedcolonials who participated..

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify.would only intensify.

Effects on the Effects on the American ColonialsAmerican Colonials

Effects on the Effects on the American ColonialsAmerican Colonials

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)• Ottawa Indians

opposed British expansion

• Led by Chief Pontiac

• Began to attack British forts in Ohio Valley

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

• Britain wanted to end Native American fighting

• Forbade colonists from crossing the Appalachian Mtns.

Colonists are FURIOUSColonists are FURIOUS

Paxton Boys (PA) will react Paxton Boys (PA) will react by attacking Native by attacking Native

AmericasAmericas

Proclamation of Proclamation of 17631763

Proclamation of Proclamation of 17631763

•Britain needs to recover its Britain needs to recover its losses from the warlosses from the war

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

•Decided to end Salutary Neglect and finally begin to enforce mercantilist policies and will begin to tax colonists

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764

3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

P.M. George P.M. George Grenville’s Program, Grenville’s Program,

1763-17651763-1765

P.M. George P.M. George Grenville’s Program, Grenville’s Program,

1763-17651763-1765

Debate over Representation

• Actual vs. Virtual – Colonists wanted Actual, Grenville believed they had virtual

• Colonists willing to pay taxes that applied to WHOLE empire

• Believed taxes just on them required representation

Stamp Act (1765)

• Tax placed on all printed materials

• First direct tax placed just on AMERICAN COLONIES

• Intended to help pay for defense costs

Virginia ResolvesVirginia ResolvesVirginia ResolvesVirginia Resolves

• Written by Patrick Henry

• Rights of the Colonists were violated

• Englishmen had representatives – colonists were denied this

• “No taxation without representation”

Stamp Act Congress

• Met in NYC• 9 colonies (no NH, VA, NC, or

GA)• Wrote Declaration of Rights

and Grievances which demanded the tax be repealed

• Called for a non-importation of British goods

Sons of Liberty• Secret

organization formed by Samuel Adams

• Would tar and feather and harass tax collectors

Repeal

• Violence, boycott, & protests led to the repeal in 1766

• Declaratory Act (1766) – declared Parliament had the right to tax the colonists

Townshend Act (1767)

• Tax placed on glass, white lead, paper, paint, silk, and tea

• Also increased custom (tax) collectors

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 MA Circular Letter MA Circular Letter ** Written by Samuel AdamsWritten by Samuel Adams ** Wanted colonies to pressure Wanted colonies to pressure

Parliament to repeal & Parliament to repeal & boycottboycott3.3. Riots against customs agents: Riots against customs agents: ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston & legislature to Boston & legislature dissolveddissolved

Colonial ResponseColonial ResponseColonial ResponseColonial Response

The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre ((March 5,1770March 5,1770))

• British troops in Boston are being harassed and fire into the crowd

• 11 civilians are killed

• Labeled a “massacre”

Repeal of Townshend Act

£ Act repealed in 1770 because of boycott & violence

£ Only remaining tax was on tea

Committees Committees of Correspondenceof Correspondence

PurposePurpose warn warn neighborinneighboring colonies g colonies about about incidents incidents with Br. & with Br. & broaden broaden the the resistance resistance movement.movement.

• Formed by Samuel Adams

• Letters exchanged & published throughout the colonies

Tea Act Tea Act (1773)(1773)British East India British East India Co. is going Co. is going bankruptbankrupt

Colonists have Colonists have refused to buy tea refused to buy tea since Townshend since Townshend ActAct

Permitted to Permitted to sell tea directly to sell tea directly to cols. without col. cols. without col. middlemen middlemen (cheaper tea)(cheaper tea)

Parliament Parliament expected the expected the cols. to eagerly cols. to eagerly choose choose the cheaper tea.the cheaper tea.

Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party (December 1773)(December 1773)

• Sons of Liberty boarded ships and dumped tea into the harbor

The Coercive or The Coercive or IntolerableIntolerable

ActsActs (1774)(1774)1.1. Port Bill – Port Bill – closed Boston closed Boston harbor until harbor until reparations madereparations made2.2. Government Government Act – King took Act – King took direct control direct control over MAover MA3.3. New Quartering New QuarteringAct – to provide for Act – to provide for troops in MAtroops in MA

The Quebec Act The Quebec Act (1774)(1774)

• Intended to give more freedom to Canadians

• Colonists saw it as a threat

Philadelphia (1774)Philadelphia (1774)55 delegates from 12 55 delegates from 12

coloniescoloniesAgenda How to

respond to the Coercive Acts & the Quebec Act?

Articles of Articles of AssociationAssociation – – agreement to agreement to boycott & stop boycott & stop exporting goodsexporting goods

The British Are The British Are Coming Coming

Paul ReverePaul Revere & & William DawesWilliam Dawes make a midnight ride to warn the make a midnight ride to warn the

MinutemenMinutemen of marching British of marching British soldiers.soldiers.

• April 1775 General Gage ordered to arrest leaders of “rebellion”

• Wanted to gain control of gunpowder & weapons

The Shot Heard The Shot Heard ’Round the World!’Round the World!

LexingtonLexington & & ConcordConcord – April – April 19,177519,177573 British & 95 Americans

killed

Revolution has begun

Philadelphia (May 1775)

Olive Branch Olive Branch PetitionPetition

• All 13 colonies present• Elect G. Washington

head of the army• Wrote Olive Branch

Petition• Shift towards

independence: – Hessians– Burning of Am. Towns– Br. promised freedom to

slaves

Thomas Paine: Thomas Paine: Common Common SenseSense

Declaration of Declaration of Independence Independence (1776)(1776)