Cause and Incidence Rape Among Middle Age in Nigeria (Jurnal 4)

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Research Journal of Biological Sciences 5 (10): 670-677,2010

ISSN: 115-!6

" #e$%ell J ournals, 201 0

Causes and Incidence of Rape among Middle Age and

Young Adult in Lagos State, Nigeria

I&'' e*ers an$ 20'+' (lo%a

Na*ional en .ni/ersi* of Nigeria, ha$u Bello +a, 3ic*oria Islan$, 4agos, Nigeria

2e$eral ollege of $uca*ion (&echnical) 8o8a, 4agos, Nigeria

Abstract: &he s*n$ e9aine$ *he cause an$ inci$ence of rae aongs* i$$le age an$ oung a$ul* in (:o$u,

a ;or$er *o%n ;e*%een 4agos an$ gun s*a*es' Rae can ;e $efine$ in /arious %as ;u* in os* uris$ic*ion,

i* is $efine$ as se9ual in*ercourse or o*her fors of se9ual ene*ra*ion ; one erson (*he accuse$) %i*h or

agains* ano*her erson (*he /ic*i) %i*hou* *he consen* of *he /ic*i' *o*al of 100 reson$en*s %ere

ss*ea*icall selec*e$ for *his s*n$ an$ %i*h *he use of sile $escri*i/e *echni<ue analse$' &he ou*coe

re/eale$ *ha* *here are inci$ences of rae %i*hin *he socie* %hich an sai$ is criinal' &here are s*rong

in$ica*ions *ha* socio-cul*ural fac*ors are ar* of *he con*ri;u*ing fac*ors' It recoen$e$ aong o*her *hing

*ha* ere*ra*ors shoul$ ;e unishe$ an$ /ic*is shoul$ ;e %ell suor*e$'

Key ords: Rae, 4agos, /ic*is, se9, ioral, %oen, Nigeria

IN!R"#$C!I"N

.ni/ersall, rae is consi$ere$ *o ;e an ioral ac*

%hich is no* eculiar *o an na*ion, race, cree$ or gen$er'

It is a non consensual, forci;le se9ual rela*ion or o*her

se9ual ac*i/i*' It is an un%an*e$ se9ual in*ercourse %hich

nee$ no* ;e full ene*ra*ion ;u* a in/ol/e onl con*ac*

;e*%een *he geni*als'

S*u$ ; ohen an$ Segho in 2006 sugges*e$ four

classifica*ions of rais*s %hich o*her researchers

suor*e$, *his inclu$es:

= >islace$ aggression

= Iulse

= Se9 aggression $iffusion an$

= oensa*ion

ll *hese ha/e *heir secific charac*eris*ic' B

$islace$ aggression, *he ean *he rae *ha* is

coi**e$ *o hsicall har *he /ic*i %ho is usuall a

s*ranger' &he ere*ra*or uses rae as an ou*le* for his

anger %hich alos* al%as follo%s soe unleasan*e/en* in/ol/ing hi an$ his %ife, girl frien$ or o*her'

Iulse rae is ;ase$ on iulse an$ is no* o*i/a*e$ ;

se9ual hunger or feelings' or e9ale, a rae *ha* is

carrie$ ou* $uring a $acoi* or ro;;er' Se9 aggression

$iffusion is *he one in %hich *he rais* is arouse$ ;

aggressi/e *hough* as *he aggressi/e an$ se9ual

coonen*s coe9is*' &he ere*ra*or sees *he /ic*is

s*ruggle as se$uc*i/e an$ e/en ;elie/es *ha* %oen li8e

*o ;e rae$' In coensa*ion, *he 8e coonen* is se9

an$ if *he /ic*i s*ruggles or *ries *o escae, he %oul$ ;e

rais* flees' &he recurren* fan*as of *he rais* is *ha* *he

/ic*i %ill iel$' &he rais* is assi/e an$ *he ac* is

os*l re lanne$' Rae can ;e coi**e$ agains* a

inor %ho is legall incaa;le of consen*, a en*all

iaire$ or an unconscious erson' Research

$eons*ra*es *ha* os* rae /ic*is are feale an$ ?@

ale %i*h ??@ of *he offen$ers ;eing ales (+ha*le,

2005)' &here are se/eral *es of rae aongs* %hich are

$a*e rae, gang rae, ac<uain*ance rae, %ar rae an$

s*a*n*or rae' Rae is no* al%as $one for se9ual

sa*isfac*ion of *he ere*ra*or' Blac8ail, unishen*,

curiosi*, one an$ o%er are all o*i/es for rae

as %ell as se9'

In *his socie*, rae is a**ache$ *o s*iga*iAa*ion, *his

is *he aor reason for lo% reor* of rae inci$ence %hile

*he criinal rosecu*ion of rae cases in/ol/es *he

%illingness of *he /ic*i an$ a;ili* *o reor* an$ $escri;e

a rae' Biologicall e/i$ence such as seen, ;loo$,

/aginal secre*ions an$ ei*helia cells, sali/a, e*c', are

*icall collec*e$ ; rae 8i*, cul*ure are o;*aine$ foranalsis of se9uall *ransi**e$ infec*ions, IC screening

is $one an$ sae is reea*e$ in D-6 on*hs'

hsical an$ schological *raua are *he effec* an$

af*era*h of rae, *he os* coon *raua are *hose

rela*e$ *o rero$uc*i/e heal*h, i'e', gnaecological %hich

inclu$e regnanc, se9uall *ransi**e$ infec*ions,

ar *rac* infec*ion, e*c' schological *raua

inclu$e rae *raua sn$roe inclu$ing self ;lae,

Corresponding Aut%or: &'' e*ers, Na*ional en .ni/ersi* of Nigeria, ha$u Bello +a, 3ic*oria Islan$, 4agos, Nigeria



Res. J. Bioi. Sci', 5 (10): 670-677, 2010

suici$eEsuici$al a**e*, lo%ere$ self es*ee, an9ie*,

ea*ing $isor$ers an$ os* *raua*ic s*ress $isor$er' &he

inci$ence of rae /aries in $ifferen* ar*s of *he %orl$' In

.ni*e$ S*a*es of erica, cases of raeEse9ual assaul* of

a;ou* 2121?0 %ere recor$e$ ; *he .S >ear*en* ofJus*ice in 2006'

In *he .ni*e$ Fing$o accor$ing *o Bri*ish

Broa$cas*ing ooera*ion, one (BB1)s resen*a*ion of

12*h No/e;er 2007, a;ou* 5,00 %oen %ere rae$ in

2006, *his is a;ou* 2D0 cases $a G an$ a ra*io of a;ou*

1:200 %oen of *he oula*ion' In as*ern ongo, *he

%ors* rae cases in *he %orl$ is recor$e$ *o $a*e' &here

are a;ou* 200,000 sur/i/ing rae /ic*is li/ing in

>eocra*ic Reu;lic of ongo' In Sou*h frica, *he

highes* inci$ences of chil$ an$ ;a; rae in *he %orl$

%i*h H67,000 cases of rae an$ se9ual assaul*s agains*

chil$ren %ere reor*e$ in 2000'

In Nigeria, 10,07? cases of rae %ere reor*e$

;e*%een 2001-2005, *he affec*e$ feales are usuall

;e*%een *he ages of 16-!5 ears, *his a ;e an

un$eres*ia*e since, a;ou* 1@ of rae /ic*is ac*uall

reor* *o olice' &he high inci$ence of rae is a recursor

for *he srea$ of I3 an$ I>S' S*u$ies li8e *his is

ior*an* *o crea*e ore a%areness an$ e/ol/e i$eas an$

olicies *o%ar$s s*eing, *he $anger ose$ ; *his

/ices *o *he socie*' +i*h high inci$ence of rae, I3 an$

I>S is ;oun$ *o srea$ li8e %il$ fire an$ consue ore

eole %ho are of *he %or8ing age an$ *hus $e/as*a*e *he

econo'

+hile uch is 8no%n an$ ha/e ;een s*u$ie$ a;ou*

causes an$ inci$ence of rae in o*her clies uch *ha* is

8no%n a;ou* rae in Nigeria are anec$o*al ra*her *han

eirical' In *he ligh* of *his, *he s*u$ %ill cri*icall

analAe *he rae inci$ences aong en in *he i$$le age

an$ oung a$ul* in 4agos using o$u area, a ;or$er

*o%n 8no%n for ;u;;ling econoic ac*i/i*ies as a case

s*u$' &o *his en$s, *his s*u$ %ill s*ri/e *o ro/i$e

ans%er *o *he follo%ing <ues*ions:

= o% uch $o en of i$$le age an$ oung a$ul*s

8no% a;ou* rae

= +ha* are *hose fac*ors con*ri;u*ing *o rae

= &o %ha* e9*en* has cul*ural fac*ors affec*s *heinci$ence of rae aong en

• +ha* are *he af*era*h or conse<uences of rae on

*he /ic*is

gains* *his ;ac8groun$, *he s*u$ is: *o access *he

le/el of 8no%le$ge an$ a%areness of rae ; en of

i$$le age an$ oung a$ul* i$en*if *he causes an$

o*i/es of rae aong *he selec*e$ age grou analAe

*he cul*ural fac*ors con*ri;u*ing *o rae inci$ences'

"perational definition: &he oera*ional $efini*ion is as

follo%s:

Middle age: &his is a long erio$ in *he life san ;e*%een

ages !0-60 ears' It can ;e earl i$$le age, a erio$ ;e*%een !0-50 ears or a$/ance$ i$$le age, a erio$

;e*%een 50- 60 ears'

Rape: &his is *he criinal, forci;le se9ual in*ercourse

%i*hou* *he consen* of *he in$i/i$ual'

Young men: &hese are ale gen$er *ha* fall un$er *he age

of !0 ears %hich is earl i$$le age or a$ul*hoo$'

Literature re&ie

're&alence and types of rape: Recen*l, .NI

coen*e$ *ha* rae occur ore on %oen an$ chil$ren

in frican conflic* Aones' It %as no longer ere*ra*e$

; co;a*an*s ;u* also ; ci/ilians' ccor$ing *o

+ (1??7), rae is coon in coun*ries affec*e$ ;

%ars an$ na*ural $isas*ers, $ra%ing a lin8 ;e*%een *he

occurrence of se9ual /iolence %i*h *he significan*

uroo*ing of a socie* an$ *he cru;ling of *he social

nors'

Reor*e$ case of rae in Fena $ou;le$ follo%ing

os* elec*ion conflic*s' ccor$ing *o .NI, rae %as

re/alen* in conflic* Aones in Su$an, ha$ an$ *he

>eocra*ic Reu;lic of ongo, 200,000 feales are li/ing

%i*h se9ual /iolence (rae)' n es*ia*e$ 500,000 %oen

%ere rae$ $uring *he 1??! R%an$an genoci$e' &he

In*erna*ional riinal &ri;unal for R%an$a foun$ *ha*

ss*ea*ic rae %as use$ eseciall, agains* *he *u*si

%oen *o $es*ro *he e*hnic grou'

&here are se/eral *es of rae, generall ca*egoriAe$

; reference *o *he si*ua*ion in %hich *he rae occurs an$

also *o *he se9 an$Eor charac*eris*ics of *he /ic*i or

ere*ra*or' &he /ic*i $oes no* ha/e *o ;e ene*ra*e$ *o

;e rae$ o;ec*s or han$ can ;e use$ ; *he rais* *o

s*iula*e *he geni*als'

&he ere*ra*or can use $rugs or hnosis *o

incaaci*a*e *he /ic*i in or$er *o carr ou* his o*i/es

%hich a ;e for ;lac8ail, unishen*, curiosi*, one,

o%er an$ se9' Soe of *he *es inclu$e $a*e rae, gangrae, ari*al rae or sousal rae, inces*ual rae, chil$

se9ual a;use, rison rae, ac<uain*ance rae, %ar rae

an$ s*a*u*or rae'

C%ild se(ual abuse: Kel$er sho%s *ha* *he re/alence of

se9ual a;use fro sur/e an$ criinal s*a*is*ics is

es*ia*e$ *o ;e 10@ of chil$ a;use' eale chil$ren are

ore of*en a;use$ *han ale chil$ren, a ra*io of a;ou*

2-D:1 (in8elhor, 1?5)' ffen$ers are of*enale' #an se9



a;use *a8es lace %i*hin *he fail' S*e fa*hers are also

o/er reresen*e$ aong a;users (Russell, 1??!)'

ccor$ing *o Kel$er, sai$ re*rosec*i/e s*u$ies sugges*

*ha* ;e*%een 20-50@ of %oen in oula*ion, sur/e

recalle$ ;een a;use as a chil$' &he sur/e inclu$es %i$erange of e9eriences fro inor *ouching *o reea*e$

in*ercourse'

Incestual rape: &he chil$ an$ *he ere*ra*or are rela*e$

;iologicall or ; arriage' In a* leas* 50@ of cases, *he

rais* is *he chil$s fa*her or s*e fa*her' &he uncle,

;ro*hers, s*e ;ro*hers, gran$fa*her an$ o*her ale

rela*i/es (inclu$ing coon la% rela*i/es such as *he

o*hers ;ofrien$) are also in/ol/e$' Fir8%oo$ an$ ecil

(2001) sho%s *ha* a;ou* 75@ of reor*e$ cases of se9ual

a;use in/ol/e$ fa*her-$augh*er inces*, an cases of

si;ling inces* are $enie$ ; aren*s' &he also s*resse$*ha* *he inces*uous ;eha/ior usuall ;egin %hen *he

$augh*er is 10 ears ol$' S*affer (1??), $escri;e *he

follo%ing as fors of inces*rual se9ual a;use:

= In/ol/ing chil$ren in ornograhic ac*i/i*ies such as

osing for nu$e ic*ures or %a*ching ornograhic

fil for ei*her one or fa/our

= $ul* iloring chil$ren *o *ouch *heir geni*alia,

*here; s*iula*ing *he

= Keni*al fon$ling ; a$ul* on chil$ren ; *ouching a

chil$ inaroria*el in *he ;reas*', /ul/a or enis

%hile *he a$ul* $eri/es leasure ; *he ac*

= In/ol/ing chil$ren in o/al geni*al rela*ions ;re<ues*ing *he chil$ *o use her ou*h *o arouse a

ans erus

= $ul* inser*ing a finger or enis in*o *he chil$s anus

Statutory rape: arol$ $efine$ i* as in*ercourse *ha* is

harful ;e*%een an ol$er a$ul* an$ a feale un$er *he age

of consen* un$er 1! ears (no*e *ha* a ale of 1 ears

an$ a feale of 15 ears a ha/e a consensual se9' It

a ;e non-assaul*i/e, non /iolen* nor is i* a $e/ian* ac*,

unless *he age $iscreanc is sufficien* for *he an *o ;e

$efine$ as a e$ohile' harges are resse$ ; *he

aren*s of *he /ic*is an$ no* *he /ic*i (*he a;use$ girl)'

)ar rape: Rae accor$ing *o .NI is coon in

coun*ries affec*e$ ; %ars' Rae in *he course of %ar,

$a*es ;ac8 *o an*i<ui*, ol$ enough *o ;e en*ione$ in

*he ol Boo8 (Bi;le)' &he Israeli*e, ersian, Kree8 an$

Roan aries reor*e$l engage$ in %ar rae' >uring *he

%orl$ %ar II, 200,000 Forean an$ hinese %oen %ere

force$ in*o ros*i*u*ion in Jaanese ili*ar ;ro*hels an$

*he %ere calle$ cofor* %oen' ;ou* 20,000 Bosnian

#usli %oen %ere rae$ ; Ser; forces $uring *he

Bosnian %ar' It %as es*ia*e$ *ha* a;ou* 60@ of

co;a*an*s in ongo are I3 infec*e$'

*ang rape: &his is re$oinan*l coi**e$ ; en

(Bourgeois, 2006), se9ual aggressi/eness is of*en a

$efining charac*eris*ics of anhoo$ in *he grou an$ is

significan*l rela*e$ *o *he %ish of ;eing hel$ in high

es*ee' Se9uall aggressi/e ;eha/ior aong oung en

has ;een lin8e$ %i*h gang e;ershi an$ ha/ing

$elin<uen* eers' It is ;een /ie%e$ ; en in/ol/e$ an$

soe*ies ; o*hers *oo as legi*ia*e in *ha* i* is seen *o

$iscourage or unish ercei/e$ ioral ;eha/iour aong

%oen such as %earing shor* s8ir*s or fre<uen*ing ;ars'

Marital+spousal rape: &his is a re/alen* for of /iolence

agains* %oen'It

can ;e $efine$ as an un%an*e$in*ercourse or ene*ra*ion (/aginal, anal or oral) o;*aine$

; force or %hen *he %ife is una;le *o consen* (agelo%,

1??2 Russell, 1??!)' #ar*ial rae ha/e inclu$e$ coules

%ho are legall arrie$ seara*e$, $i/orce$ or coha;i*ing

%i*h *he un$ers*an$ing *ha* *he $naics of se9ual

/iolence in a long *er coha;i*ing rela*ionshi are siilar

*o *hose of a arrie$ coule (#ahone et al., 2001)'

Research has sho%n *ha* 10-1!@ of arrie$ %oen

e9erience rae in arriage (in8elhor an$ Cllo, 1?5)'

#ari*al or sousal rae is a coon rae ; in*ia*e

ar*ner' +oen %ho are in hsicall a;use$ rela*ionshi

are /ulnera;le *o rae ; *heir ar*ners' 4i**le a**en*ion is

ai$ *o *his *e of rae ; *he socie* e/en ; *he

criinal us*ice ss*e (Bergen, 2005)' It %as no* un*il

1?70 *ha* socie* ;egan *o ac8no%le$ge *ha* rae in

arriage $o occur an$ i* is s*ill ;eing ercei/e$ as a lesser

crie *han o*her fors of rae %i*hin *he cul*ure as soe

<ues*ions are ;eing raise$ as *o %he*her i* is ossi;le *o

rae ones %ife' (+ha*le, 2005 Fir8%oo$ an$ ecil,

2001)'

'rison rape: &his *e ofrae /iola*es in*erna*ional, .S

an$ s*a*e la%s ;u* i* has ;een allo%e$ *o con*inue' #en,

%oen an$ ou*h ina*es are /ulnera;le *o rae,

eseciall 1s* *ie offen$ers' rison rae occurs os*easil %hen no one is aroun$ *o see or hear, ar*icularl

a* nigh* an$ in hi$$en areas *ha* are $ifficul* *o oni*or'

4ac8 of /igilance an$ ignoring screas for hel has

al%as ;een *he colain*s of /ic*is, o/ercro%$ing an$

insufficien* s*affing are con*ri;u*or fac*ors' 3ic*is a

;e ar8e$ for fu*ure a**ac8s an$ are e/en*uall force$ in*o

long *er se9ual ensla/een*'

+oen a* ris8 are usuall *hose *ha* are oung,

en*all ill an$ firs*-*ie offen$ers' #ale cus*o$ial official



ha/e rae$ risoners an$ ha/e a;use$ *heir au*hori* ;

e9changing goo$s an$ ri/ileges for se9' #ale rison

officials are of*en allo%e$ *o %a*ch feale ina*es %hen

*he $ress u, sho%er or use *he *oile*, soe feale

ina*es are /er;all $egra$e$ an$ harasse$ ; correc*ionofficers'

Acuaintance rape: It is also referre$ *o $a*e rae an$

hi$$en rae' It s*ar*e$ assuing $aaging for in *he

u;lic consciousness in *he earl 1?0s' In ac<uain*ance

rae, *he /ic*is are ;lae$ ore *han %hen *he

ere*ra*ors are s*rangers'

Classification of rape: S*u$ ; ohen an$ Seghron

sugges*e$ four classifica*ion of rais*s, *his is suor*e$

; o*her research as:

Moti&ation and t%eories of rape: &he o*i/es of rais* can

;e ul*i-fac*orial as se/eral fac*ors ha/e ;een roose$

such as anger, $esire for o%er, sa$is, se9ual

gra*ifica*ion an$ e/olu*ionar ressure, socio econoics,

schoa*h an$ e*hical s*an$ar$s' o%e/er, i* is oen

*o $e;a*e'

Socio biological t%eories of rape: It is *he lac8 of infore$

consen* *ha* $efines rae aong huans, ho%e/er

sociologis*s' &hornhill an$ aler (2001) argue *ha* *he

a;ili* *o un$ers*an$ rae an$ *here; re/en* i* is

se/erel coroise$ ;ecause i*s ;asis in huan

e/olu*ion has ;een ignore$' &hese sociologis*s in$ica*e*ha* i* is an e/olu*ionar s*ra*eg for cer*ain ale %ho

lac8 *he a;ili* *o ersua$e *he feale ; non-/iolen*

eans'

Myt%s t%eory: &here are $angerous *hs *ha* can lea$ *o

rae (Bur*, 1??1) coonl hel$ *hs such as *hese

con*ri;u*e *o $a*e an$ ari*al rae:

= an us* ha/e se9 *o ro/e his asculini*

= +hen a %oan sas no, she eans es, so en

shoul$ ignore %oens refusals

= If a %oan engages in 8issing or e**ing, she is

o;liga*e$ *o engage in se9ual in*ercourse

= +ha* goes ;e*%een a hus;an$ an$ a %ife is no one

elses ;usiness

= &he an shoul$ ;e hea$ of *he househol$

*ender t%eory: Soe eole hol$ ;eliefs us*ifing rae

ore s*rongl *han o*hers' In$i/i$ual $ifferences are also

ior*an*' #en %ho rae *en$ *o ;elie/e ore s*rongl

in *hs a;ou* rae an$ are ore li8el *o engage in

fan*asies a;ou* coerci/e se9' &ra$i*ional gen$er roles

rescri;ing, feale su;ission an$ ale $oinance are

lin8e$ *o rae' S*u$ies in se/eral coun*ries ha/e

sugges*e$ *ha* rigi$ gen$er roles an$ roo*ion of an

i$eolog of ale *oughness are rela*e$ *o /iolence agains*

%oen'

ong *he cause of rae is *he %i$esrea$ or*raal

of girls an$ %oen in *he e$ia as se9 o;ec*s an$ a

clia*e of $isresec* *o%ar$s %oen' &he feinis* *heor

of rae is suariAe$ ; Susan Bro%n illers s*a*een*s:

rae is no*hing ore or less *han a conscious rocess of

in*ii$a*ion ; %hich all en 8ee all %oen in a s*a*e of

fear'

McCandle-s dre t%eory of se(ual &ictimi.ation:

#can$les in #ahone et al. (2001) roose$ >ri/e

*heor of in$i/i$ual ;eha/ior an$ $e/eloen*' &his*heor %as re$ic*e$ on *he /ie% *ha* all huan ;eha/ior

is ;ase$ on $ri/es an$ *he $irec*ion of ;eha/ior *a8es a

conse<uence of a ar*icular $ri/e' /er *ie, *he

in$i/i$ual learns *ha* cer*ain ;eha/ior re$uce $ri/e s*a*e

%hile soe of *hese ;eha/ior %ill li8el a**ain re%ar$s an$

*he in$i/i$ual %ill eliina*e or a/oi$ *hose $ri/e re$ucing

;eha/ior li8el *o resul* in unishen*'

&he rele/ance of *his *heor *o en of i$$le age an$

oung a$ul* is *ha* *he $irec*ion of *heir ;eha/ior *a8es a

conse<uence of a ar*icular o*i/e %hich has *o ;e

con*rolle$ *o a sociall acce*a;le %as' &he $ri/e

in$ucing ;eha/ior us* ;e a/oi$e$ *o arecia*e o*her

eoles self es*ee'

/actors increasing men-s ris0 of committing rape:

.ni/ersall, rae is consi$ere$ *o ;e an ioral ac* %hich

is no* eculiar *o an na*ion, race, cree$ or gen$er' &he

re/alence of se9ual /iolence ho%e/er reains un$er

research' >a*a on se9ual /iolen* en also sho% *ha* os*

en $irec* *heir ac*s a* %oen %ho *he alrea$ 8no%

(+, 1??7)' ong *he fac*ors, increasing *he ris8 of a

an coi**ing rae are *hose rela*e$ *o a**i*u$es an$

;eliefs as %ell as ;eha/ior arising fro si*ua*ion an$

social con$i*ions *ha* ro/i$e oor*uni*ies an$ suor*

for a;use'

Indi&idual factors: onsu*ion of alcohol an$ $rugs use

has ;een sho%n *o la a $isinhi;i*ion role in cer*ain

*es of (rae) se9ual assaul*' &he ;iological lin8 ;e*%een

alcohol consu*ion an$ /iolence are ho%e/er cole9'

Research on *he social an*hroolog of alcohol

consu*ion sugges*s *ha* connec*ions ;e*%een

/iolence, $rin8ing an$ $run8enness are sociall learn*

ra*her *han uni/ersal (# >onal$, 200!)'



162

Res. J. BioI. Sci., 5 (l0): 670-677,2010

Researchers ha/e no*e$ *ha* en un$er *he influence

of alcohol are rone *o iulsi/e an$ an*isocial ;eha/ior'

&hese eole are ore li8el *o ac* /iolen*l %hen drunk

;ecause *he $o no* consi$er *ha* *he %ill ;e hel$

accoun*a;le for *heir ;eha/ior' &heres coerci/e se9ualfan*asies an$ o*her a**i*u$es an$ ;eliefs suor*i/e of

se9ual /iolence' &heres reference for iersonal se9 ;

such en an$ also his*or of se9ual a;use as a chil$' #en

%ho rae ha/e hos*ili* *o%ar$s %oen an$ ha$

%i*nesse$ fail /iolence as a chil$'

'syc%ological factor: &here has ;een consi$era;le

research in recen* *ies on *he role of cogni*i/e /aria;les

aong *he se* of fac*ors *ha* can lea$ *o rae'

schose9ual anals*, sigun$ freu$, i$en*ifie$ oe$ius

cole9 in *he ale, s*agna*ion of %hich a8es *he ale

*o ;e rone *o ha/ing se9ual ro;les la*er in life such as

failure *o han$le coe*i*i/e rela*ionshi, con*ri;u*ing *o

rae ; such ale' #en %ho se9uall assaul* %oen are

ore li8el *o consi$er *heir /ic*is resonsi;le for *heir

rae ;eing less 8no%le$gea;le a;ou* *he iac* of rae

on /ic*is' #en %ho rae a isrea$ cues gi/en ou* ;

%oen in social si*ua*ions an$ a lac8 inhi;i*ion *ha* ac*

*o suress associa*ions ;e*%een se9 an$ aggression'

&he a ha/e cra/e se9ual fan*asies, generall

encourage$ ; access *o ornograh' fur*her

associa*ion is %i*h a$/ersel a**i*u$es on gen$er *ha*

hol$ *ha* %oen are oonen*s *o ;e challenge$ an$

con<uere$'

Relations%ip factor: Soe fors of se9ual /iolence such

as gang rae are re$oinan*l coi**e$ ; en' Se9ual

aggressi/eness is of*en a $efining charac*eris*ic of

anhoo$ in *he grou an$ is significan*l rela*e$ *o *he

%ish *o ;e hel$ in high es*ee' Se9uall aggressi/e

;eha/ior aong oung en has ;een lin8e$ %i*h gang

e;ershi an$ associa*ion %i*h criinal gang, se9uall

aggressi/e frien$s, $elin<uen* eers an$ ha/ing ;een

a;use$ as a chil$'

ail en/ironen* charac*eriAe$ ; hsical

/iolence an$ fe% resources ha/ing ;een raise$ in a

s*rongl a*riarchal fail ha/ing an eo*ionall

unsuor*i/e fail en/ironen* are soe of *he fac*ors

con*ri;u*ing *o rae ; en such en a consi$er *heir

fail honour ore ior*an* *han *he heal*h an$ safe*

of *he /ic*i'

Community factors: o/er* is lin8e$ *o ;o*h *he rais*

an$ his /ic*i, se/eral researchers ha/e argue$ *ha* *he

rela*ionshi ;e*%een o/er* an$ ere*ra*ion of se9ual

/iolence is e$ia*e$ *hrough fors of crisis of asculine

i$en*i* (#arrel, 2001)' erio$ of enforce$ i$leness, lac8 of

eloen* oor*uni*ies, $iscriina*ion ;e*%een *he

rich an$ *he oor, lac8 of ins*i*u*ional suor* fro olice

an$ u$icial ss*e in *ie of conflic*, general *olerance of

se9ual assaul* %i*hin *he couni* of se9ual /iolence areall con*ri;u*ing fac*ors *o rae ; en'

'%ysical and social en&ironment: &he fear of rae is

*icall associa*e$ %i*h ;eing ou*si$e *he hoe ;u* *o a

cer*ain e9*en* rae occur in *he hoe of *he /ic*i or

ere*ra*or' None*heless, a;$uc*ion is influence$ ; *he

hsical en/ironen*' &he social en/ironen* is ore

ior*an* *han *he hsical en/ironen* consi$ering *he

issue of rae, *he social en/ironen* hol$ in high es*ee

i*s ;elief in ale sueriori*, ale en*i*leen* *o se9 an$

feale su;ission an$ *ra$i*ional feale se9 role, lea/ing

roo for se9ual /iolence agains* %oen' lso *he social

effec* of ornograh can no* ne ignore$'

Societal factor: &here are /aria*ions in *he la%s an$

olicies ;e*%een coun*ries in *heir aroach *o rae or

se9ual /iolence' Soe legisla*ion an$ legal roce$ure has

a ;roa$ $efini*ion of rae *ha* inclu$es rae an$ %i*h

hea/ enal*ies for *hose con/ic*e$ an$ a s*rong

resonse in suor*ing /ic*i' Socie*al fac*ors %hich

increase ens ris8 of coi**ing rae inclu$e socie*al

%ors suor*e$ of se9ual /iolence, socie*al nors

suor*i/e of ale sueriori* an$ se9ual en*i*leen*

%ea8 la%s an$ olicies rela*e$ *o se9ual /iolence an$

*hose rela*e$ *o gen$er e<uali*'

1conomic factors: ac*ors oera*ing a* a na*ional le/el

ha/e an in*erna*ional $iension' Klo;al *ren$s such as

free *ra$e has ;een accoanishe$ ; an increase in *he

o/een* aroun$ *he %orl$ of %oen an$ girls for la;our

inclu$ing in *he se9 in$us*r' conoic el* $o%n

follo%e$ ; conoic S*ruc*ure $us*en* rograes,

$ra%n u ; in*erna*ional agencies ha/e accen*ua*e$

o/er* an$ uneloen* *here; increasing *he li8e

hoo$ of se9ual *raffic8ing an$ se9ual /iolence'

MA!1RIALS AN# M1!2"#S

Study area, intrument and sampling tec%niue: &he

s*u$ is non-e9erien*al, $escri*i/e across-sec*ional

aroach' &his %as a$o*e$ *o s*u$, *he cri*ical analsis

of rae inci$ence aong en of i$$le age an$ oung

a$ul* in 4agos s*a*e' &he *arge* oula*ion consis*e$ of

four selec*e$ areas in o$u area of 4agos s*a*e' In *his

research, 100 su;ec*s %ere selec*e$ for *he urose of

*he s*u$'



Res. J. Bioi. Sci', 5 (10): 670-677, 2010

&he research %as carrie$ ou* in o$u area of 4agos

s*a*e' &he four selec*e$ areas of s*u$ are o$u Berger,

Isheri, K;a$aosi an$ $ig;olua' &hese areas are

;oun$ar region ;e*%een 4agos an$ gun s*a*e' &he

fall ;e*%een o$u local go/ernen* of 4agos s*a*e an$Ifo local go/ernen* of gun s*a*e' &he are $ensel

oula*e$' ri/a*e an$ u;lic schools are loca*e$ in *hese

areas' &%o local go/ernen* riar heal*h cen*ers are

%i*hin *hese areas' &he e/er ;us 4agoslI;a$an e9ress

%a asses *hrough *he area' Nuerous financial

ins*i*u*ions are loca*e$ in *hese areas %i*h highl

oula*e$ churches an$ os<ue' &hese areas ha/e ;o*h

*he go/ernen* ;us ar8 an$ general o*or ar8s' &he

econoic ac*i/i*ies of *he eole are re$oinan*l

*ra$ing as a re*ail ar8e* is loca*e$ *here also'

Ss*ea*ic saling *echni<ue (8 = N/n %here 8 is

*he saling in*er/al an$ Il8 is *he saling frac*ion) %as

use$ in selec*ing eole *ha* reall ans%ere$ *he<ues*ionnaire $is*ri;u*e$ on *he inci$ence of rae ; en

of i$$le age an$ oung a$ul* in o$u Berger, Isheri,

K;a$aosi an$ $ig;olua couni*ies of o$u area'

&he *ool for $a*a collec*ion %as self a$inis*ere$

<ues*ionnaire %hich %as gi/en ou* *o reson$en*s' &he

<ues*ionnaire consis* of *%o sec*ions nael ;iograhical

an$ 8no%le$ge of con*ri;u*ing fac*ors' onsen* of *he

ar*ician* %as sough* an$ $ue e9lana*ion %as offere$

*o clarif $ou;* an$ confir anoni* ;efore *he self

a$inis*ere$ <ues*ionnaire %as gi/en ou*' or*una*el for

us, %e %ere a;le *o re*rie/e, 100 <ues*ionaieres gi/en

e/en *hough i* %as *e$ious e9ercise $ue e*hical issues

in/ol/e$'

#ata analysis: >a*a %as analAe$ using $escri*i/e

&a;le 1: Saling roor*ion

4oca*ion #ale

$ig;olua 15

K;a$aosi 1

Isheri 1!

Jo$u Berger 16&o*al 6D

&a;le 2: >eograhic $a*a ofreson$en*s

3aria;les

ge $is*ri;u*ion of reson$en*s (ears)

D0-D5

D6-!0

!1 an$ a;o/e

&o*al

#ari*al s*a*us

Single

#arrie$

>i/orce$

+i$o%e$

&o*al

$uca*ional s*a*us None

riar

Secon$ar

&er*iar

&o*al

Se9 of reson$en*s

#ale

eale

&o*al

&e of fail

#onoga

olga

&o*al

&e ofaccoo$a*ion

roo

Self con*ain

la*>ule9

&o*al

eale Sale siAe

10 25

7 25

11 25

D7 25D7 100

No' of res on$en* )ercen*age

2 2

D7 D5

D5 D5

100 100

16 16

6 6

10 10

6 6

100 100

! !

12 12

D1 D1

5D 5D

100 100

72 72

2 2

100 100

6! 6!

D6 D6

100 100

20 20

D2 D2

!6 !62 2

100 100

s*a*is*ics such as fre<uencies, ercen*ages, *a;les an$

char*s'

R1S$L !S AN# #ISC$SSI"N

&a;le an$ 2 sho%e$ *ha* aori* of *he

reson$en*s (a;ou* 65@) fall ;e*%een *he i$$le age

;rac8e*, ale, arrie$ an$ ha$ *er*iar e$uca*ion'

>is*ri;u*ion ; * of arriage re/eale$ *ha* reson$en*s

%ere os*l olgais*s an$ li/e$ in ei*her self-con*ainaar*en* or fla*s' Kenerall, ; e9erience li/ing in one

or %ha* is 8no%n as *eneen* ;uil$ing in *his ar* of *he

%orl$ is 8no%n *o gen$er rae or i*s *en$encies $ue *o

conges*ion an$ o/er* s*a*us of os* resi$en*s' &hus

resonses in 2n$ ar* of *he <ues*ionnaire are os*

li8el *o e9hi;i* less ;iases' ro &a;le D, ;rea8$o%n

analsis %as carrie$ ou* as follo%s *o sho% *he

a%areness, ossi;le causes an$ ou*coes of raes as

ercei/e$ ; our reson$en*'

&a;le D: Resonses of 100 reson$en*s *o gues*ionnaire in ercen*ages

Lues*ions Ces No

a/e ou hear$ of se9ual a;use or rae ! 16

>o ou 8no% rae is a criinal offence 66 D!

an rae ;e use$ as unishen* on *he feales 56 !!

Is alcoholis a con*ri;u*ing fac*or *o rae 7 22

a/e ou e/er ;een a;use$ as a chil$ 10 ?0

an rae resul* in regnanc ?2 1

>o ou ;elie/e *ha* rea$ing of ornograhic

#agaAines Influence en *o rae 75 25

an a fa*her rae his o%n $augh*er(s) 12

an in$ecen* $ressing ; feales influence en *o rae 70 D0

>oes rae lea$ *o s*iga*iAa*ion in *he socie* 72 2Is i* *rue *ha* %hen %oen sa no *o se9, i* reall !1 5?

eans es

an rae lea$ *o con*ac* of se9uall *ransi**e$ 6 1!

infec*ion an$ I3

>o ou ;elie/e in feale su;ission 60 !0

Is a %oan %i*hin *he cul*ural con*e9* allo%e$ *o ! 16

refuse her ans se9ual nee$

>o ou ;elie/e in ale $oinance 65 D5

>o ou *hin8 %a*ching li/e se9 sho%s or feale nu$e ?5 5

$ancers ai$ ra e

an rae ;e re/en*e$ ?0 10

Shoul$ a rais* ;e unishe$ ? 2



#ahone, ', L. +illias an$ '#' +es*, 2001' 3iolence

gains* +oen ; In*ia*e Rela*ionshi

ar*nershi' &housan$ a8s, Sage, '

#arrel, R', 2001' hanging #en in Sou*hern frica'

.ni/ersi* ofN a*ional ress, ie*er #ari*A;urg' )agelo%,#>', 1??2' $ul* /ic*is of $oes*ic /iolence'

J. In*erersonal 3iolence, 7: 7-120'

Russell, >''', 1??!' gains* ornograh: &he e/i$ence

of har' Russell u;lica*ions, Ber8ele'

S*affer, '>', 1??' schia*r for S*u$en*s' ca$eic

ress, .S'

&hornhill, R' an$ '&' aler, 2001' N a*ural is*or of

Rae: Biological Bases of Se9ual oercion' #I&

ress, a;ri$ge'

+, 1??7' 3iolence gains* +oen: riori* eal*h

Issue' >ocuen* + FRHlWHIl!7.", +orl$

eal*h rganiAa*ion, Kene/a'

+ha*le, #'', 2005' &he effec* of ar*ician* se9,

/ic*i $ress an$ *ra$i*ional a**i*u$e on causal

u$gen*s for ari*al rae /ic*i' J. ail 3iolence,

20: 1?1-200'

Cause and Incidence Rape Among Middle Age in Nigeria (Jurnal 4)

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Transcript of Cause and Incidence Rape Among Middle Age in Nigeria (Jurnal 4)