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Catholic religious order

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Saint Francis of Assisi, founder of the mendicant Orderof Friars Minor , as painted by El Greco.

Catholic religious orders are, historically, a category of  atholic religious institutes.

Subcategories are canons regular  !canons and canonesses regular "ho recite the di#ine office andser#e a church and perhaps a parish$%monastics !monks or nuns li#ing and "orking ina monastery and reciting the di#ine office$% mendicants !friars or religious sisters "ho li#e from alms,recite the di#ine office, and, in the case of the men, participate in apostolic acti#ities$% and clerksregular  !priests "ho take religious #o"s and ha#e a #ery acti#e apostolic life$.

&n the past, "hat distinguished religious orders from other institutes "as the classification ofthe #o"s that the members took in religious profession as solemn #o"s. According to this criterion,

the last religious order founded "as that of the 'ethlehem 'rothers in ()*+.(-

e#ertheless, in the

course of the /0th century some religious institutes outside the category of orders obtainedpermission to make solemn #o"s, at least of po#erty, thus blurring the distinction.

Contents

  hide-

•

( Essential distinguishing mark

• / Weakening in (1(*

• + Further changes in (12+

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• 3 Authority structure

• 4 5ist of institutes of consecrated life in the

 Annuario 6ontificio

• ) See also

• * 7eferences

Essential distinguishing mark edit-

Solemn #o"s "ere originally considered indissoluble. As noted belo", dispensations began to be

granted in later times, but originally not e#en the 6ope could dispense from them.

/-

 &f for a 8ustcause a religious "as e9pelled, the #o" of chastity remained unchanged and so rendered in#alidany attempt at marriage, the #o" of obedience obliged in relation, generally, to the bishop ratherthan to the religious superior, and the #o" of po#erty "as modified to meet the ne" situation but thee9pelled religious :could not, for e9ample, "ill any goods to another% and goods "hich came to him

re#erted at his death to his institute or to the ;oly See:.+-

 Weakening in 1917edit-

<he (1(* ode of anon 5a" reser#ed the name :religious order : for institutes in "hich the #o"s"ere solemn, and used the term :religious congregation: or simply :congregation: for institutes "ithsimple #o"s. <he members of a religious order  for men "ere called :regulars:, those belonging to a

religious congregation "ere simply :religious:, a term that applied also to regulars. For "omen,those "ith simple #o"s "ere called :sisters:, "ith the term :nun: reser#ed in canon la" for those"ho belonged to an institute of solemn #o"s, e#en if in some localities they "ere allo"ed to take

simple #o"s instead.3-

;o"e#er, it abolished the distinction according to "hich solemn #o"s, unlike simple #o"s, "ereindissoluble. &t recogni=ed no totally indispensable religious #o"s and thereby abrogated forthe 5atin hurch the special consecration that distinguished :orders: from :congregations:, "hile

keeping some 8uridical distinctions.+-

&n practice, e#en before (1(* dispensations from solemn religious #o"s "ere being obtained bygrant of the 6ope himself, "hile departments of the ;oly See and superiors specially delegated by it

could dispense from simple religious #o"s.4-

<he (1(* ode maintained a 8uridical distinction by declaring in#alid any marriage attempted bysolemnly professed religious or by those "ith simple #o"s to "hich the ;oly See had attached the

effect of in#alidating marriage,)-

 "hile stating that no simple #o" rendered a marriage in#alid,

e9cept in the cases in "hich the ;oly See directed other"ise.*-

<hus members of :orders: "ere

barred absolutely from marriage, and any marriage they attempted "as in#alid. <hose "ho made

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simple #o"s "ere obliged not to marry, but if they did break their #o", the marriage "as considered#alid.

 Another difference "as that a professed religious of solemn #o"s lost the right to o"n property andthe capacity to ac>uire temporal goods for himself or herself, but a professed religious of simple#o"s, "hile being prohibited by the #o" of po#erty from using and administering property, kepto"nership and the right to ac>uire more, unless the constitutions of the religious institute e9plicitly

stated the contrary.2-

 After publication of the (1(* ode, many institutes "ith simple #o"s appealed to the ;oly See forpermission to make solemn #o"s. <he Apostolic onstitution Sponsa Christi  of /( o#ember (140made access to that permission easier for nuns !in the strict sense$, though not for religiousinstitutes dedicated to apostolic acti#ity. Many of these latter institutes of "omen then petitioned forthe solemn #o" of po#erty alone. <o"ards the end of the Second ?atican ouncil, superiors generalof clerical institutes and abbots president of monastic congregations "ere authori=ed to permit, for a

 8ust cause, their sub8ects of simple #o"s "ho made a reasonable re>uest to renounce their property

e9cept for "hat "ould be re>uired for their sustenance if they "ere to depart.1-

 <hese changes

resulted in a further blurring of the pre#iously clear distinction bet"een :orders: and :congregations:,since institutes that "ere founded as :congregations: began to ha#e some members "ho had allthree solemn #o"s or had members that took a solemn #o" of po#erty and simple #o"s of chastityand obedience.

Further changes in 1983edit-

<he current ode of anon 5a", "hich came into force in (12+, maintains the distinction bet"een

solemn and simple #o"s,(0-

 but no longer makes any distinction bet"een their 8uridical effects,

including the distinction bet"een :orders: and :congregations:. &t has accordingly dropped thelanguage of the (1(* code and uses the single term :religious institute: !"hich appears no"here in

the (1(* ode$((-

 to designate all such institutes of consecrated life alike.(/-

<hus the hurch no longer dra"s the historical distinction bet"een religious :orders: and:congregations:. &t applies to all such institutes the single name :religious institute: and the same

rules of canon la".(+-

 While solemn #o"s once meant those taken in "hat "as called a religious

order, :today, in order to kno" "hen a #o" is solemn it "ill be necessary to refer to the proper la" of

the institutes of consecrated life.:(3-

:7eligious order: and :religious institute: tend indeed to be used no" as synonyms, and canonla"yer icholas afardi, commenting on the fact that the canonical term is :religious institute:, can

"rite that :religious order: is a collo>uialism.(4-

 Authority structureedit-

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<homas Schoen (10+, Oist.

 A religious order is characteri=ed by an authority structure "here a superior general has 8urisdictiono#er the order@s dependent communities. An e9ception is the Order of St 'enedict "hich is not areligious order in this technical sense, because it has a system of :independent houses:, meaningthat each abbey is autonomous. ;o"e#er, the onstitutions go#erning the order@s global:independent houses: and its distinct :congregations: !of "hich there are t"enty$ "ere appro#ed bythe pope. 5ike"ise, according to rank and authority, the abbot primate@s :position "ith regard to theother abbots throughout the "orld- is to be understood rather from the analogy of a primate in a

hierarchy than from that of the general of an order like the ominicans andBesuits.: ()-

<he anons 7egular of Saint Augustine are in a situation similar to that of the 'enedictines. <heyare organi=ed in eight :congregations:, each headed by an :abbot general:, but also ha#e an :Abbot6rimate of the onfederated anons 7egular of Saint Augustine:. And the istercians are in thirteen:congregations:, each headed by an :abbot general: or an :abbot president:, but do not use the titleof :abbot primate:.

List of institutes of consecrated life in the Annuario Pontificioedit-

<he Annuario Pontificio lists for both men and "omen the institutes of consecrated life and the like

that are :of pontifical right: !those that the ;oly See has erected or appro#ed by formal decree$.(*-

 For the men, it gi#es "hat it no" calls the ;istoricalCBuridical 5ist of 6recedence.(2-

 <he

arrangement in this list dates back many decades. &t is found, for instance, in the (1)3 edition ofthe Annuario Pontificio, pp. 20*D2*0, "here the heading is :States of 6erfection !of pontifical rightfor men$:. &n the (1)1 edition the heading has become :7eligious and Secular &nstitutes of 6ontifical7ight for Men:, a form it kept until (1*4 inclusi#e. Since (1*), "hen "ork "as already ad#anced onre#ising the ode of anon 5a", the list has been >ualified as :historicalC8uridical: and still includes

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as :orders: the follo"ing institutes for men of the 5atin hurch, "hile not distinguishing bet"een:orders: and :congregations: in the case of the Eastern atholic hurches and 5atin hurch "omen.

Within that long list, a relati#ely small section is de#oted to 5atinC7ite :orders: for men

Canons Regular

Official Name Abbreviation Common Name

Sacer et

Apostolicus Ordo

CanonicorumRegularium S.

Augustini

C.R.S.A.

Canon Regulars,

AugustinianCanons

Congregatio

Sanctissimi

SalvatorisLateranensis

C.R.L.Canons Regular of

the Lateran

Candidus et

Canonicus Ordo

Praemonstratensis

O. Praem. Norbertines or

Premonstratensians

Ordo

Canonicorum

Regularium

O.R.C. Canons Regular of

the Hol Cross of

Coimbra

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Sanctae Crucis

Ordo !ratrum"omus Hospitalis

Sanctae #ariae

$eutonicorum in

%erusalem

O.$.&formerl $eutonic

'nights(

CanoniciRegulares Ordinis

S. Crucis

O.S.C.Crosier !athers and

)rothers

Canonici

Regulares

SanctissimaeCrucis a stella

rubea

O.#.C.R.S.

'nights of the

Cross *ith the RedStar 

Monastic Orders

Official Name Abbreviation Common Name

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Ordo Sancti

)enedictiO.S.).

)enedictines

&+ congregations(

Congregatio

-remitarum

Camaldulensium

#ontis Coronae

-.C.#.C. Camaldolese

Ordo Cisterciensis O. Cist. Cistercians&/ congregations(

Ordo Cisterciensis

Strictioris

Observantiae

O.C.S.O. $rappists

Ordo Cartusiensis Cart. Carthusians

Ordo !ratrum S.

Pauli Primi

-remitae

O.S.P.P.-. Pauline !athers

Ordo Sancti

HieronmiO.S.H. Hieronmites

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Ordo Libanensis

#aronitarumO.L.#. )aladites

Mendicant orders

Official Name Abbreviation Common Name

Ordo !ratrum

Praedicatorum O.P. "ominicans

Ordo !ratrum

#inorumO.!.#. !ranciscans

Ordo !ratrum

#inorum

Conventualium

O.!.#. Conv. Conventual!ranciscans

Ordo !ratrum

#inorum

Capuccinorum

O.!.#. Cap.Capuchin

!ranciscans

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$ertius Ordo

Regularis S.

!rancisci

$.O.R.)rothers of

Penance

Ordo !ratrum

Sancti AugustiniO.S.A. Augustinian !riars

Ordo

AugustinianorumRecollectorum

O.A.R.Augustinians

Recollects

Ordo

Augustiniensium

"iscalceatorum

O.A."."iscalced

Augustinians

Ordo !ratrum

)eatissimae

#ariae 0irginis de

#onte Carmelo

O. Carm. Carmelites

Ordo !ratrum"iscalceatorum ).

#ariae 0. de

#onte Carmelo

O.C."."iscalced

Carmelites

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Ordo Ssmae

$rinitatisO.SS.$. $rinitarians

Ordo ). #ariae

0irginis de

#ercede

O. de #. #ercedarians

Ordo PP.

-1calceatorum).#.0. "e

#ercede

O.#.". "iscalced#ercedarians

Ordo Servorum

#ariaeO.S.#. Servites

Ordo #inimorum O.#. #inims

Ordo

Hospitalarius S.

2oannis de "eo

O.H.St %ohn of 3od

Order 

Ordo !ratrum

)ethlemitarumO.!.). )ethlehemites

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Clerics Regular

Official Name Abbreviations

Common Name

Ordo Clericorum

Regularium vulgo

$heatinorum

C.R. $heatines

Congregatio

Clericorum

Regularium S.

Pauli,

)arnabitarum

). )arnabites

Societas 2esu S.%. %esuits

Ordo Clericorum

Regularium a

Somascha

C.R.S. Somascans

Ordo Clericorum

Regularium

#inistrantium

#.2. Camillians

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2nfirmis

Ordo ClericorumRegularium

#inorum

C.R.#.Clerics Regular

#inor 

Ordo Clericorum

Regularium #atris

"ei

O. #. ".Clerics Regular of

the #other of 3od

Ordo Clericorum

Regularium

Pauperum #atris

"ei Scholarum

Piarum

Sch. P. Piarists

<he /0(/ Annuario Pontificio, "hich de#otes (1 pages to this information on 5atinC7ite :orders: formen, gi#es +4 pages to 5atinC7ite :congregations: for men, * to Eastern :orders, religiouscongregations and societies of apostolic life: for men, and (12 pages to more concise informati