Categorization describing resource classes and types
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Transcript of Categorization describing resource classes and types
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Categorization: Describing Resource Classes and Types.
Glushko, R. J. (Ed.). (2013). The discipline of organizing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Chapter 6.James Chuang
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Outline6.1 Introdution6.2 The What and Why of categories6.3 Principle for creating categories6.4 Category design issue and implications6.5 Implementing categories
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Introduction
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Introduction✘分類無所不在✘什麼影響我們的分類方式 ?✘圖書館學與電腦科學
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✘如何與為什麼建立分類✘哲學、邏輯、認知心理的重要理論
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The What and Why of
categories
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The What and Why of categories✘Categories are equivalence
classes, sets or groups of things or abstract entities that we treat same.
✘Include and Exclude✘Cognitive and Linguistic models
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All human languages and cultures divide up the world
into categories.
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Cultural
Institutional
Individual
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Cultural CategoriesCultural
Individual
Institutional
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Cultural Categories✘描述各種實體與人類各層面經驗✘Plato: “Carving nature at its
joints”✘Nature Language
E.g., Banana
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Cultural CategoriesLinguistic Relativity (Whorf, 1956)
陳長益 (2000)。語言相對論。雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網。取自 http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1313416/
Hopi English
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Cultural CategoriesLinguistic Relativity (Whorf, 1956)✘ 語言不僅是思考的「工具」而已,它同時也是思想的內容與思想的「塑造者」。✘ 愛斯基摩人用不同的字詞代表或指示不同類的雪。✘ 亞洲人以「稻」、「米」及「飯」指稱未剝殼的米、剝了殼的米及已煮熟的米。陳長益 (2000)。語言相對論。雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網。取自 http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1313416/
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Cultural
Institutional
Individual
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Individual Categories✘個人獨特的經驗、偏好與資源蒐集✘反映個人對於蒐集的偏好✘個人分類系統經常是無形且無法共享✘網路組織系統→文化分類與個人分類
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Individual Categories
Individual Categories✘ 應付立即行動,處理緊急狀況✘ 具獨創性,可能跳脫文化的框架✘ 自個人經歷或成長歷史中融合文化分類
Cultural Categories✘ 需長時間且發展緩慢
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Cultural
Institutional
Individual
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Institutional Categories✘有邏輯地、明確地創造,由多人協作✘Information-intensive domain✘Laws , Regulation, Standards✘Classification:
the systematic assignment of resources to categories.
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Institutional Categories✘Reconcile mismatches
betweenexisting Individual Categories.✘Overcome the vagueness and
inconsistency of Cultural Categories.
✘Collaboration of many individuals.
✘Different business or technical perspectives.
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Credit: Serge Lachinov & Den fjättrade ankanhttps://www.wikiwand.com/en/Dmitri_Mendeleev
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Categorization Continuum
Cultural
Institutional
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Categorization Continuum
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/532972937125341485/
Linnaean taxonomy
human beingshomo sapiens
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Categorization Continuum
Animal (Cultural / Institutional)
Mammal (Institutional)
Domestic short-hair (Institutional)
Cat (Cultural)
Trouble maker, favorite (Individual)
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Categorization Continuum
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Principle for creating categories
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Principle for creating categories1. Enumeration2. Single properties3. Multiple properties and
Hierarchy4. Family resemblance5. Similarity6. Theory-based categorization7. Goal-based categorization
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Enumeration✘ The simplest principle for
creating a category is enumeration.
✘Extensional definition✘Institutional Categorization✘Unambiguous, Impractical,
Inefficient.
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Single properties✘Intrinsic static
properties✗ CDs, DVDs,
8-track cartridges, etc.
✗ Author, date, location, etc.
✘Extrinsic static properties✗Alphabetic✗Numeric
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Single properties✘Extrinsic and Dynamics✘Usage or Behaviors→Context-
dependent1. Current owner or location of a resource2. Frequency of access3. Joint frequency of access with other
resources4. Current rating or preference with respect
to alternative resources
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Single properties✘Numerical
properties values
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Single properties✘Choice of properties✘A large number of items in a
system of categories→ lack coherence
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Multiple properties and Hierarchy1. Multi-level or Hierarchical
Categories2. Different properties for subsets of
resources3. Necessary and sufficient
properties
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Multi-level or Hierarchical Categories✘ Logical hierarchy✘ Inherited or inferred
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How many properties and levels do we
need?
Logically complete
It’s complete for “all intents and purposes”
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Different properties for subsets of resources
Intrinsic extrinsic
Static 依上衣、褲、襪,再依顏色 跟室友分衣櫃格子
Dynamic 依季節分 最常穿的放門邊
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Necessary and sufficient properties ✘A large set of resource dose not
always require many properties and categories to organize it.
✘E.g. Prime number✘Every member of the category is an
equally good member or example of the category.
✘Monothetic ( 單設定 ) → Classical categories
黃震昇 (2008) 。被動綜合與單╱ 多設定:舒茲現象社會學意識界域的探討 ( 碩士論文 ) 。取自 http://nthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/4734
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The Classical View of Categories
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The limits of property-based categorization
✘Basing categories on easily perceived properties is often not effective.
✘Surface E.g. the size of a book, the color of its cover.
✘Aboutness
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Family Resemblance✘Logical → Statistical
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There are three related consequence:1. An effect of typicality or
centrality.2. It isn’t all properties creates
what we call family resemblance.E.g. What is a game? (Ludwig Wittgenstein)
3. The boundaries of the category are not fixed.
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Similarity1. Featured- or Properties-based2. Geometry-based3. Alignment-based4. Transformational
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Similarity1. Featured- or Properties-based2. Geometry-based3. Alignment-based4. Transformational
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Similarity1. Featured- or Properties-based2. Geometry-based3. Alignment-based4. Transformational Things you need to feed
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Similarity1. Featured- or Properties-based2. Geometry-based3. Alignment-based4. Transformational
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Theory-based categories✘ Family resemblance and Similarity
→ Visible properties✘ Theory-based E.g. mammals✘ Origin or Causation
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Goal-derived categories✘ Satisfy a goal.✘ A particular goal in some context.
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Category design issue and
implications
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1.Resource Properties
2.Similarity3.GoalsDepth and Breadth
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Abstraction and Granularity✘ The size of class✘Context and Intent✘Find-grained categories
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Basic or NaturalClothing
Shirts
White
shirt
Long-
sleeve
dress
shirt
Socks
Black hiking socks
Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate
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Recall and Precision Tradeoff
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Audience and Propose✘Goals, Breadth, Uses.✘Language E.g. Mandarin, Wu,
Cantonese.
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Implementing categories
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Implementing categories✘Sometimes invisible
Communicate, Solve problems, Organize
✘Sometimes apparentSigns, labels, Folders, etc.✘ Institutional Categories
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Implementing classical categories✘Classical view of categories✘Decision tree Vehicles
Weight
Off-road capability
Maximum number of passengers
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Implementing that do not Conform to the classical categories
✘Novel✘Stream of Consciousness
http://cwriter-creativewriter.blogspot.tw/2012/10/when-i-think-stream-of-consciousness-i.html
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Stream of Consciousness (William James, 1842~1910)反對結構主義以意識是靜止的元素的說法,指出意識不是支離破碎的感覺原子,而是連續不絕經驗瀑流,人的思考活動與意識總在不斷流動之中。
意識流。雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網。取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1312051/http://www.stuffyoushouldknow.com/blog/tag/stream-of-consciousness/
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Implementing that do not Conform to the classical categories
✘Machine learning✗ Supervised✗ Unsupervised (Statistical pattern
recognition)
https://www.lexalytics.com/technology/machine-learning
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Implementing that do not Conform to the classical categories
✘Unsupervised→Clustering techniques1. Some measures of inter-item similarity
can be calculated.2. Hierarchical Clustering, K-means
clustering3. Refining the system of categories.
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THANK YOU!