Categories - Presentation on Rosch
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Categorization
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J. L. Borges (1966) Other inquisitions 1937-1952. N. Y.,
Washington Square Press. Quoted in Ro sch, E. (1978) Principles of
categorization. In Rosch & Lloyd, Cognition and categorization.
The following is a taxonomy of the animal kingdomattributed to an ancient
chinese encyclopedia entitled the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent
Knowledge:
On those remote pages it is written that animals are dividedinto (a) those that belong to the Emperor, (b) embalmed
ones, (c) those that are trained, (d) suckling pigs, (e)
mermaids, (f) fabulous ones (g) stray dogs, (h) those that
are included in this classification, (i) those that tremble, (j)
innumerable ones, (k) those drawn with a very fine camels
hair brush, (l) others, (m) those that have just broken a
flower vase, (n) those that resemble flies from a distance.
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If these arent good categories, what are?
Ones used frequently in communication
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Good categories
Rosch
1. Cognitive Economy
Reduce number of discriminations in world
Cant have separate label for each thing Informativeness
Knowing that something is an X tells us more
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Good categories
1. Cognitive Economy
Reduce number of discriminations in world
Cant have separate label for each thing Informativeness
Knowing that something is an X tells us more
These goals are at odds
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Good categories
1. Cognitive Economy
Reduce number of discriminations in world
Yields few large categories Informativeness
Yields many small categories
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Good categories
1. Cognitive Economy
Reduce number of discriminations in world
Cant have separate label for each thing Informativeness
Knowing that something is an X tells us more
2. Reflect perceived structure of world
Correlated features feathers/beaks
Utility for us
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Vehicles
car truck boat
Furniture
chair lamp rug
Animals
snake dog cow
sedan station
wagon
garbage dump row motor
easy kitchen table floor Chinese rag
garter rattle Pekinese mutt milk beef
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Two dimensions of categorization
Vertical: Level of abstraction or
inclusiveness
Horizontal: Organization within categories
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Vertical
What are you si tt ing on?
What is this I am wearing?
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Vertical
What are you si tt ing on?
Chair, not auditorium chair or furniture
What is this I am wearing?
Sweater, not wool sweater or clothing
Preferred level of reference, why?
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List features common to members of the
following categories: Apple
Tools
Shirt Furniture
Green grapes
Watermelon
Shoes
Denim pants
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Preferred level of abstraction
Informativeness: Indexed by features
Highest-->middle: Large increase
Middle-->lowest: Small increase
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Preferred level of abstraction
Informativeness: Indexed by features
Highest-->middle: Large increase
Superordinate (vehicle) to basic level (car)
Middle-->lowest: Small increase
Basic level (car) to subordinate (4-door)
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Book review of pretentious novel:
And so, after putting away my 10 year old royal 470
manual and lining up my Mongol number 3
pencils on my Goldsmith Brothers Formica
imitation-wood desk, I slide into my oversize
squirrel-skin L. L. Bean slippers and shuffle off to
the kitchen. There, holding Decades in my
trembling right hand, I drop it, plunk, into my newSears 20-gallon, celadon-green Permanex trash
can.
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Why do these measures converge at
Basic Level?
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Basic Level distinguished by
convergence of many cognitive tasks: Common attributes
Similarity of shapes Appearance
Identifiabili ty of sha pes
Imagery
Motor programs Behavior
C om mu ni cat io n: l abe li ng
Communica tion : fa stes t ve ri fica tion
Development : f ir st l abels in l ex icon Dev elop me nt : ca te go ri za tion Communication
Language: earl ies t d if ferent ia tion with in language
Language: most f requent, shortes t labels
Language: bas ic l evel t erms neu tral
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Parts & Basic Level
Tversky & Hemenw ay
Among attributes, parts proliferate at basic
level
Parts form a bridge from appearance to
behavior
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Vertical Dimension of Categorization
Goals of categorization
Cognitive economy
Informative
Reduce # d iscr iminat ions
Reflect perceived structure of world
Basic level maximizes informativeness given #
categories that must be kept in mind
Many cognitive tasks converge on basic level
Parts underlie convergence
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What about categories of other things?
Scenes
People
Events
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Horizontal Dimension of Categorization
Characterize internal structure of categories
Knowledge representation of categories
Meaning of categories
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Early view of categorization
World is full of things varying on many
dimensions
Different cultures draw category boundaries indifferent places, color, corn, parrot, aunt
If categories are unit of thought, then different
cultures think differently
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Early view of categorization
World is full of things varying on many
dimensions
Different cultures draw category boundaries indifferent places, color, corn, parrot, aunt
If categories are unit of thought, then different
cultures think differently
BUT, cultures differ in environments, needs
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:
Language shapes Thought
How do you separate culture from language?
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Conditions for testing Whorf Hypothesis
Languages differ with respect to an attribute
Physical, culture-free measure of attribute
Non-linguistic dependent measure
Prevalent attribute; culture independent
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Conditions for testing Whorf Hypothesis
Languages differ with respect to an attribute
Physical, culture-free measure of attribute
Non-linguistic dependent measure
Prevalent attribute; culture independent
Color
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Codability of color predicts memoryBrown & Lenneberg
Group 1: codability: short, agreed-upon labels
Group 2:
See color chip
Select that color from array of colors
Memory better for more codable colors
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Codability of color predicts memoryBrown & Lenneberg
Group 1: codability: short, agreed-upon labels
Group 2:
See color chip
Select that color from array of colors
Memory better for more codable colors
BUT: didnt test across languages
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Codable colorsBerlin & Kay, De Valois
Likely to be prototypical colors across languages
Languages differ on color boundaries, not centers
Visual system especially sensitive to prototypical
colors
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Teaching color & shape names to Dani
Rosch
No names for colors or shapes; taught names
Easy to learn prototypical colors, shapes
Hard to learn peripheral colors, shapes
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Whorf Hypothesis: 2 strikes against
Colors (shapes) that are highly codable are
Central members of categories
Remembered/learned better across cultures
Perhaps these categories are universal
But, hold on.not out yet
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Define:
Vegetable
Table
Vehicle
Cup
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Rate how good each exemplar is of
category:FRUIT: pineapple, grapes, persimmon, apple
VEHICLE: bus, jeep, skateboard, car
FURNITURE: clock, table, couch, ottoman
CLOTHING: belt, shoes, shirt, pants
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Write examples of the following
categories:
Odd Number
Color
Musical instrument
Emotion
Tool
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Horizontal organization of categories
Definitions arent good
Boundaries arent good
Agreement on good examples, focal cases:
Prototypes
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Horizontal, internal structure of
categories Family resemblance
Set of characteristic features No one member has all the features
Prototypical members have more of the features
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Horizontal, internal structure of
categories Family resemblance
Set of characteristic features No one member has all the features
Prototypical members have more of the features
Furniture: legs, seat, back--chair, couch, not rug
Fruit: sweet, seeds, small--apple, not watermelon
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Cognitive tasks supporting typicality
Verification RT: faster to say yes to car is
vehicle than skateboard is vehicle
Development: typical learned earlier Production: typical produced earlier
Language: typical more frequently used
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Structure of categories
Vertical: basic level is privileged/neutral
Horizontal: think of categories in terms of Typical examples
Family resemblance
Rather than necessary and sufficient features
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Whorf Hypothesis: Act III
Levinson
Some widely dispersed languages dont use left
and right to describe locations; use NSEW
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Whorf Hypothesis: Act III
Levinson
Some widely dispersed languages dont use left
and right to describe locations; use NSEW
Task Study parade of animals, aardvark.giraffe.zebra
Order mixed up, participant turned 180 degrees
Put animals in order
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Whorf Hypothesis: Act III
Levinson
Some widely dispersed languages dont use left
and right to describe locations; use NSEW
Task Study parade of animals, aardvark.giraffe.zebra
Order mixed up, participant turned 180 degrees
Put animals in order
Results
Speakers of R/L languages line up animals L/R
Speakers of no R/L languages line up animals NSEW
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Whorf Hypothesis: Act III
Levinson
Some widely dispersed languages dont use left
and right to describe locations; use NSEW
Task Study parade of animals, aardvark.giraffe.zebra
Order mixed up, participant turned 180 degrees
Put animals in order
Results
Speakers of R/L languages line up animals L/R
Speakers of no R/L languages line up animals NSEW