Catalytic Nanoparticles in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells based on ...
Transcript of Catalytic Nanoparticles in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells based on ...
Catalytic Nanoparticles in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells based on Triode Operation
Vicky Broadley* and David Joyce
Mantis Deposition, Ltd., Thame, UK
Functional Thin Films meeting, 6th Vacuum Expo 15th October 2015
CPERI/CERTH Thessaloniki
Greece
Outline
1. Introduction to Fuel cells and TCell project
2. Experimental techniques
3. Experimental results – in-flight analysis of alloy NPs and TEM analysis
4. Simulation of fuel cell operating conditions
5. Summary and conclusions
Outline
Introduction to Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Operation of standard SOFC • Hydrocarbon fuel, steam, & air undergo
electrochemical reaction in the cell at 800 °C to produce electricity and H20.
Problem with standard SOFC design:
Cell lifetime compromised due to severe operating conditions of high temperature and humidity, which cause
1. Low activity towards reforming and oxidation
2. De-activation due to carbon deposition on the anode
3. Cell instability due to sulfur poisoning
TCELL Project : Solid Oxide Fuel Cell based on Triode operation To develop an improved hydrocarbon solid oxide fuel cell using two innovations: 1. Improved anode materials to include Ni, Au, and Mo catalysts to reduce C growth
and S poisoning of anodes => improve cell lifetime
2. Use of additional Triode electrode forces O2- ions to catalyst surface enhances cell performance and accesses formerly inaccessible operating potentials =>increase cell efficiency
Materials cerments used: Anode: NiO/GDC or NiO/YSZ Electrolyte: YSZ New Catalyst: (3%wt Au) or (3%wt Au 3%wt Mo) Catalyst incorporated in cerment powders
TCell Project Objective
TCELL Project : Solid Oxide Fuel Cell based on Triode operation To develop an improved hydrocarbon solid oxide fuel cell using two innovations: 1. Improved anode materials to include Ni, Au, and Mo catalysts to reduce C growth
and S poisoning of anodes => improve cell lifetime
2. Use of additional Triode electrode forces O2- ions to catalyst surface enhances cell performance and accesses formerly inaccessible operating potentials =>increase cell efficiency
Materials cerments used: Anode: NiO/GDC or NiO/YSZ Electrolyte: YSZ New Catalyst: (3%wt Au) or (3%wt Au 3%wt Mo) Catalyst incorporated in cerment powders
TCell Project Objective
Deposition of metal nanoclusters for anode modification
1. Investigate Ni-Au-Mo nanoparticles formed by gas phase condensation
– Study the formation of Ni-Au-Mo tri-metallic nanoclusters in the NanoGen aggregation zone using the mass quadrupole
– Investigate the effect of aggregation zone temperature inside the NanoGen on the NP size distribution and alloy composition and on NP structure, using HRTEM.
2. Assess suitability of gas phase nanoparticles for catalytic doping in fuel cell anode layers
– Post-growth annealing of alloy NPs to mimic reduction temperature in fuel cell anode
– Consider stability of alloy NPs under operating conditions
Mantis’s Contribution to TCell
NanoGen nanoparticle source Gas phase generation of nanoparticles from elemental or alloy targets.
UHV conditions enable ultra pure nanoparticle formation
Control over nanoparticle size from <1nm to 20nm through variation of aggregation conditions
Experimental Techniques
Metallic vapor
generated
Nucleation of vapor to form NPs
Coalescence of nuclei to form nanoclusters
Decreasing T
Controlled deposition of tri-metallic nanoparticles
Alloy nanoparticles can be created from a single alloy target using the 2”magnetron in the NanoGen.
NanoGen TRIO
• Enables generation of up to three 1” target species at a time.
• Independent control of power supplied to each target provides the user with control over the alloy composition.
• Up to 3 different materials can be studied without the need for venting to change targets.
Experimental Techniques
MesoQ - In flight analysis of the NP size distribution using Mantis’s mass quadrupole.
AC and DC voltages applied to 2 pairs of parallel rods force NPs to follow elliptical path through the MesoQ. By scanning frequency of AC voltage, mass (diameter) of NPs allowed through MesoQ is altered.
High-mass spectrometer/filter (350 - 106 amu) Resolution control through adjustment of quadrupole DC/AC voltage ratio
Mode of operation :- 1. Analysis of NP mass (size) spectrum 2. Filtering of charged NPs enables size selected NPs to be deposited on substrates.
Experimental Techniques
MesoQ - In flight analysis of the NP size distribution using Mantis’s mass quadrupole.
AC and DC voltages applied to 2 pairs of parallel rods force NPs to follow elliptical path through the MesoQ. By scanning frequency of AC voltage, mass (diameter) of NPs allowed through MesoQ is altered.
High-mass spectrometer/filter (350 - 106 amu) Resolution control through adjustment of quadrupole DC/AC voltage ratio
Mode of operation :- 1. Analysis of NP mass (size) spectrum 2. Filtering of charged NPs enables size selected NPs to be deposited on substrates.
Experimental Techniques
Alloying/Mixing in Bulk
Alloy mixing or phase separation?
Binary Materials
Enthalpy of mixing DHmix (mJ/mol)
BULK structure
Ni-Au +11 Phase separation
Mo-Au +5 Phase separation
Ni-Mo -6.15 Stable alloy formation Ni3Mo, NiMo
In the bulk the enthalpy of mixing DHmix determines the lowest energy state for a bimetallic mix driven by lattice mismatch and electronegativity mismatch
Negative DHmix enables ordering of elements (e.g. Ni3Mo)
Positive DHmix causes phase separation (e.g. Ni-Au, Mo-Au)
Binary Materials
DHmix surface energy
g (Jm-2)
Dg BULK structure Nanoscale
Ni-Au +11 Ni 2.3
0.8 Phase separation
Phase separation
Au 1.5
Mo-Au +5 Mo 3.3
1.8 Phase separation
Phase separation
Au 1.5
Ni-Mo -6.15 Ni 3.3
1.0 Stable alloy formation
Ni3Mo, NiMo Phase separation?
Mo 2.3
Alloying/Mixing at the Nanoscale
At the nanoscale, surface energy (g) is an additional driving force for segregation. driven by valence electron number and surface ordering A large difference in surface energy leads to higher surface energy material being driven to the surface. Phase separation may occur even for materials systems that form stable alloys in the bulk for binary mixes with both DHmix >0 and DHmix <0.
Investigate Ni-Mo-Au tri-metallic NPs - phase separation or alloying?
Mass spectrum for- Ni-Au-Mo NPs
• Au, Ni, and Mo run separately :- Elemental NP peaks at ~2-3nm diameter
I=60mA 100Sccm Ar flow Aggregation Zone : 100mm (max)
Mass spectrum for- Ni-Au-Mo NPs
Without bulk phase diagram it is difficult to predict structure of the NPs. TEM analysis required.
• Au, Ni, and Mo run separately :- Elemental NP peaks at ~2-3nm diameter
• Mo, Ni, and Au NPs together:- 2nm peak is suppressed, additional broadening around 6-7nm
• Larger NPs could be alloy NPs or agglomerations of elemental NPs
TEM Analysis of Mo-Ni-Au NPs
TEM shows a distribution of NPs sizes. Smaller NPs are spherical in shape. Larger NPs are agglomerations of small spherical NPs. NPs are crystalline in nature.
5 0 n m5 0 n m
5 n m5 n m
HRTEM carried out by TCell partners CERTH in Thessaloniki, Greece
using JEOL JEM 2010 HRTEM with X-ray Microanalysis (Oxford INCA)
5 nm5 nm
• At% composition resolution ±0.5%
• Spot size ~30nm
TEM Analysis of Ni-Mo-Au NPs
NP size distribution: • MesoQ and TEM follow same broad distribution
• higher proportion of larger NPs observed by TEM due to agglomeration on surface of grid
Composition Larger NPs – At% analysis • NP makeup: varied compositional mixes of all
elements At% of smaller NPs not analysed
Simulation of SOFC conditions
A second TEM grid was annealed under conditions to mimic SOFC reduction temperatures.
Ni-Mo-Au NPs as-deposited Ni-Mo-Au NPs annealed
• The annealed NPs are all spherical in shape. • Appears that smaller NPs have agglomerated during annealing. • EDS shows improved crystallinity post annealing.
stagnant Air at 800°C for 2hrs
TEM Analysis of Annealed Ni-Mo-Au NPs
• Higher magnification view of annealed tri-metallic NPs show distinct regions of contrast. • Contrast regions look like phase separation.
• EDS shows Mo-Au mix suggests Mo-Au phase separation is driven by annealing.
NP composition: Au 50-100 at% Mo 0-50 at% Ni below resolution limit
Implication of phase separation vs alloy formation on catalytic behaviour in SOFC not yet tested.
20nm NP
Nanoparticle Summary
Ni-Au-Mo alloy nanoparticles: • NanoGen Trio and gas phase synthesis • MesoQ data show small elemental NPs for single target sputtering • MesoQ data show formation of large NPs when elemental targets are run
together • TEM confirms presence of larger NPs • Discrepancy between in-flight mass spectrum and TEM size distribution
due in part to agglomeration of NPs on surface
Annealing Studies to mimic SOFC operation: • Migration and mixing of NPs into spherical crystalline NPs • Evidence of phase separation during annealing process
TEM grids sent for STEM analysis to confirm NP composition
Implications for SOFC Performance
Agglomeration of NPs reduces active surface area • Catalytic effect surface area • Surface area 1/d Consider agglomeration when calculate loading required on anode surface
Possible migration of catalyst NPs from surface of anode into bulk of layer • Catalysts are most effective at reducing surface carbon build-up when catalyst is also on
anode surface • Possible reduction in catalytic effect if NPs migrate from surface • Possible shorting across cell junction if NPs interconnect through the anode Test Au-Ni-Mo NP in functioning fuel cell
Formation of phase separated NPs rather than true alloy NPs • Catalytic behavior of alloy NPs compared to phase separated NPs is not understood
Compare catalytic behavior of phase separated and alloy NPs with discrete Mo and Au NPs incorporated in modified anode powders