CAT FISH FARMING

8/7/2019 CAT FISH FARMING

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F ISH FARMING

Fish farming is the principal form of aquacultue while other methods may fallunder mariculture Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases young (juvenile) fish into

the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers isgenerally referred to as a fish hatchery . The most common fish species raisedby fish farms are salmon, carp, tilapia, European seabass, catfish and cod.

REASON FOR FISH FARMING

1 Bridge the gap of demand and supplies.

2 To increase the pond of fish.

3 Source of income.

4 Sporting activities.

IMPORTANCE OF FISHCULTURE

1 Quality fish

2 Extension of fish i.e bringing fish from the rive r to an enclosed place calledpond.

3 Create employment for people.

4 Bring about the new discovering of fish.


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D EPARTMENT OF FISH FARMING .

1. Hatchery This is the place where the new born fish emerges out. It consistof the incubation unit and nursery unit.

An incubation unit.It is part of a hatchery unit in the fish department. He isControlling roes (a mature fish egg) manually

2. Grow out This is place where the fish grows to marketable price andharvested.

A typical grow out department of a fish farm

3 Feed mill This is the place where the feed of the fish are produced.

4 Administration unit This is the place where all record are kept in the fishfarm.The record found there are the farm inventory and other documents.This isthe most important part of the fish farm .

5 Processing unit This is the place where the fish which are harvested arebeing transformed to different forms.


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AQUACULTURE

Aquaculture is the rearing of aquatic organism in a control environment.It isalso the farming of aquatic organisms in fresh, brackish or salt water. A widevariety of aquatic organisms are produced through aquaculture, including fishes,

crustaceans, mollusks, algae, and aquatic plants. Unlike capture fisheries,aquaculture requires deliberate human int ervention in the organisms'productivity and results in yields that exceed those from the naturalenvironment alone. Stocking water with seed (juvenile organisms), fertilizingthe water, feeding the organisms, and maintaining water quality are commonexamples of such intervention.

Most aquacultural crops are destined for human consumption. However,aquaculture also produces bait fishes, ornamental or aquarium fishes, aquaticanimals used to augment natural populations f or capture and sport fisheries,

algae used for chemical extraction, and pearl oysters and mussels, amongothers.

Aquaculture is considered an agricultural activity, despite the many differencesbetween aquaculture and terrestrial agriculture. Aquaculture mainly producesprotein crops, while starchy staple crops are the primary products of terrestrialagriculture. In addition, terrestrial animal waste can be disposed of off -site,whereas in aquaculture such waste accumulates in the culture environment.Consequently, aquaculturists must carefully manage their production units toensure that water quality does not deteriorate and become stressful to the cultureorganisms.

An Aquaculturists provide the fingerlings with food and harvest them whenthey reach market size.


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HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE

Aquaculture was developed more than 2,000 years ago in countries such asChina, Rome, and Egypt. Not long after, aquacultural practices in Europe,China, and Japan commonly involved stocking wild-caught seedfor example,carp fingerlings (juvenile fish) captured from riversin ponds or other bodiesof water for further growth.

Mollusk culture was advanced in the 1200s by the discovery in France thatmussel spat (newly settled juveniles) would settle on upright posts in theintertidal zone, and in the 1600s by the discovery in Japan that oyster spatwould settle on upright bamboo stakes driven into the sea floor. The concept of pond fertilization was developed in Europe about 1500. In this process, manureis added to the water to encourage the growth of small organisms such asaquatic invertebrates and plankton, which in turn are eaten by the fish.

The United States system of federal hatcheries for the propagation of anadromous fishes (fishes that live and mature in salt water but reproduce infresh water) was established in the 1870s. Much of the current technology usedto reproduce fish in hatcheries has been developed by these federal hatcheries.In 1959 the first marine shrimp hatchery and farm was established in Japan, andit was the forerunner of the commercial shrimp-culture industry. The salmon-culture industry in Europe and the channel-catfish-culture industry in theUnited States both began in the 1960s.


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METHO D OF AQUACULTURE

Most fish and crustacean aquaculture is undertaken in earthen ponds. Theseponds are usually equipped with water inlets and outlets that permit independentcontrol of water addition and discharge. Ponds are stocked with a specificquantity of juvenile aquatic animals. Management practices range from pondfertilization, which increases the number of natural food organisms, to provisionof a complete, formulated feed that supplies all nutrients necessary for growth.Animals that have reached market size are h arvested from the ponds. In acomplete harvest , the pond is drained and all animals are removed from thepond for processing. In a partial harvest , only a portion of the animals areremoved from a full pond using a seine net. Additional juveniles are oftenstocked into the pond after a partial harvest, and the production cycle iscontinued. Channel catfish grown in the United States, and marine shrim pgrown in China, Central America, and South America, are often cultured inearthen ponds of about 5 to 10 hectares (about 12 to 25 acres).

Fish can also be raised in cages and racewayslong, narrow earthen or concrete ponds that receive a continuous flow of water from a nearby artesianwell, spring, or stream. Often, several raceways are built in series down theslope of a hill. Cages are used to raise fish in lakes, bays, or the open ocean andare constructed of flexible netting suspended from a superstru cture floating onthe water's surface. Many more fingerlings can be stocked into raceways and

cages than into earthen ponds, but nutritionally complete formulated feed mustbe provided to fish grown in these systems. Rainbow trout are grown inraceways in many places, including Chile, Europe, and the United States.Salmon are grown in cages, and Norway leads the world in the production of farmed salmon.

Mollusk aquaculture is carried out in coastal waters either as bott om cul t ur e or off-bo tt om culture . In bottom culture, juvenile organisms are spread over prepared areas of the ocean floor in either the intertidal zone or shallow coastalwaters. In off-bottom culture, juveniles attached to a substrate, such as oyster spat attached to oyster shell, are bound to ropes and suspended from rafts or floats. Advantages of off-bottom mollusk culture include protection frompredators and the ability to use more vertical space. France has a long history of mussel culture, and the bouchet culture technique, in which rope containingnewly set mussels is wrapped in a spiral up oak poles set in intertidal areas, haschanged little in hundreds of years of use. Seaweed is also grown using off -bottom culture techniques, most notably in Asia.


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CAT FISH

Catfish, common name for a group of more than 2,500 species of fish, classifiedin about 30 families and found worldwide. Catfish are mostly nocturnalscavengers, living near the bottom in shallow waters. Two families are

primarily marine, and all other families inhabit fresh water.

Catfish are named for the feelers, or barbels, located around the mouthsuggesting the whiskers of a cat. These feelers are used for finding food. Thebody is scaleless, either naked or with bony plates. The dorsal and pectoral finsare often edged with sharp spines that are used for defense. They can inflictsevere wounds and are poisonous in some species.

Catfish range in size from about 32 mm (1.25 in) and 7 g (0.25 oz) to 4.5 m (15ft) and 320 kg (700 lb). The huge sheatfish native to Europe can weigh up to180 kg (up to 400 lb). Smaller species include stone cats and mad toms, whichbuild nests in the mud or under stones and guard the eggs and young. In manyof the marine catfish of the Ariidae family, the pea-sized eggs are carried andcared for in the mouth of the male until hatched.

The blind catfish, found in caverns in eastern Pennsylvania, has atrophied eyes.The electric catfish of the Nile and tropical central Africa is capable of givingan electric shock with enough voltage to stun an animal (350 to 450 volts) ( see Electric Fish). Some catfish of the family Mochokidae normally swim upsidedown.

The walking catfish can travel across land to areas of deeper water during dryspells. On land, it moves using a slithering motion combined with a thrashing of its tail. A stout spine in each pectoral fin digs into the ground to help balanceand propel the fish. It is able to breathe air by means of a modified gill thatforms an air chamber. This catfish originally occurred in eastern India andSoutheast Asia but was discovered near Boca Raton, Florida in 1968, followingits importation by tropical-fish dealers. Its maximum length is 56 cm (22 in).

Of the numerous catfish species native to North America, the bullhead iscommonly fished for eating. Of greatest commercial importance are fish in the

Mississippi River valley and the Gulf states, some of which weigh as much as70 kg (150 lb). The blue catfish, or chucklehead, and the channel catfish, theflesh of which is esteemed as equal to that of black bass, form the major part of the harvest.


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Scientific classification:

. Catfish make up the order Siluriformes.

. The sheatfish is classified as Si luru s gl an is.

. Stone cats belong to the genus N ot uru s and mad toms to the genusS ch i lbeodes .

. Blind catfish is classified as G roni as nigr i l abr is,

. Electric catfish as M al apte ruru s el ect r icus

. W alking catfish as C l ar ias bat r achus.

. Bullheads belong to the family Ictaluridae.

. Blue catfish is classified as I cta luru s furc at us,

. Channel catfish as I cta luru s punctat us,

. Giant catfish as P an g as ius g ig as ,

. Cave catfish as C l ar ias caver nicol a, and

. Andean catfish as A st robl epus ub id ia i . The two marine families are Ariidaeand Plotosidae


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EXAMPLES OF CAT FISH.

Brown BullheadValued for food and sport, the brown bullhead, a North American species of

catfish, lives in many freshwater streams in the eastern United States. Usuallymeasuring less than 46 cm (18 in) long, the brown bullhead exhibits the typicalwhiskerlike feelers that give the catfish its name. The brown bullhead isconsidered the most commercially important of all catfish.

A schematic diagram of a brown bullhead. Channel CatfishThe channel catfish is a commercially important food fish. Its tasty flesh hasbeen compared to black bass. Originally found in freshwater streams and lakesin central and eastern parts of the United States and southern Canada, channelcatfish have been introduced widely throughout the United States. Catfishfarming, or raising catfish commercially in large ponds, is expanding rapidly inthe southeastern United States.


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A schematic diagram of a channel fish Characteristics based on eggs

Some species, such as the catfish, carry their eggs in their mouth until theyhatch. A few bear live young.

Characteristics based on hearing

In some fish, like carp and catfish, hearing is improved by the presence of an air bladder that picks up sound waves and transmits them through small bones tothe labyrinth. These bones, like the bones in the middle ear of mammals,intensify the vibrations. Fish equipped with these structures have keen hearing

EN D ANGER SPECIES OF CAT FISH.

SpeciesRange

Reasons forD ecline

Catfish, Giant(P an g as ianod on g ig as )

China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,Cambodia, Vietnam

Dam construction,fishing

Other species of catfish have been listed as endangered on the InternationalUnion for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red Listof Threatened Species. These include the ca ve catfish, and the Andean catfish.


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W HY W E USE CAT FISH IN FISH FARMING

1 Cat fish can withstand without oxygen for hours.

2 It commerces a high price.

3 It is widely accepted by the people.

4 It may reproduce in captivity.

5 They can be process in any form.

THINGS TO CONSI D ER BEFORE GOING TO FISH FARMING

1 W ater (quality and quantity).

2 Land.

3 Security

4 Location.

5 Fishering knowledge of Manpower.

6 Feed availability.

7 Market (where to sell them).

8 Construction of pond.

9 Fianance

10 Ask for how does the fish look like before buying the fingerlings.i.e is it big


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W ATER QUALITY It is the optimal parameter in the water that can make the fish to grow well.Maintaining good water quality in production ponds is absolutely essential.Failure to do so will result, at best, in poor growth and high feed conversions or,

at worst, a total loss of all fish in the pond. Remember that the fish in the pondare living in their own wastes. Thus, the weight of fish that can be produced in apond is limited by the ability of that pond to provide adequate oxygen,(not onlyto keep the fish alive but to enable them to metabolize their food and grow) andto break down nitrogenous wastes. To achieve production in excess of 1,000 pounds per acre per year, the farmer must be able to insure that good water quality is maintained 24 hours a day, 365days a year.

PARAMETER OF W ATER QUALITY .

1 OXYGEN Oxygen is necessary for all life to make available energy contained in food. Theatmosphere is 21-23 percent oxygen at sea level.The source of oxygen in water is when Oxygen dissolves in water andoccurs as a simple solution. It does not combine chemically withwater. Causes of oxygen depletions

Respiration - Uptake of oxygen by plants and animals in the water exceeds theability of photosynthesis and diffusion from air to maintain oxygen levelsadequate for life. Algae die-off - Color of water will usually change from greenish to a blackish,brownish or clear color. This can be caused by chemical treatments, excessivealgae blooms which can release material toxic to itself or other types of algae,and heavy rain or high winds which can force algae to the b ottom where theremay be oxygendeficient water causing a die -off. W

hen well water that is devoid of oxygen but rich in iron is pumped into apond, the iron is changed chemically and forms a reddish -brown precipitate. Inthis reaction, oxygen is removed from the water. Correcting oxygen depletionsPump oxygen rich water from adjacent pond(s) if available. This is the mosteffective way to provide oxygen to keep fish alive in a pond with oxygenproblems.


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pH pH is a measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance ortherelationship between hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions.pH values alwaysfall between 0 and 14 on the pH scale. At pH 7.0 the number of H+ and OH -

ions are equal and the solution is neutral. Values below pH 7.0 denoteincreasing acidity (H+ions). Values above pH 7.0 denote increasing alkalinity(OH-ions). pH values for a given body of water reflect complex interactionsbetween

various types of plants, amount of photosynthesistaking pla ce, basic chemicalcomposition of the water supply, andrespiration of the living organisms present.pH 4 and pH 11are theacid and alkaline death points of fish. Optimum pH rangefor fishculture is about 6.5 to 9.0. pH of pond water has a 24 -hour cycleand ischanging constantly depending on many factors.

A MMONIA

Ammonia is present in water in two forms, ionized and un-ionized.The TotalAmmonia Nitrogen (TAN) concentration in pond wateris the sum of the ionizedplus un-ionize ammonia present (NH4+NH3=TAN). Nitrogen (N), a major component of protein, is necessary for all life forms. Ammonia gets into a pondin several ways, but the main source is feed. Effective removal of ammoniafrom the pond depends primarily on biological processes.

Ionized ammonia (NH4+) is non-toxic to fish. Un-ionized ammonia (NH3) is toxic to fish.

Sources of ammonia in water: They are 1. metabolic wastes from animals and plants. The major source of ammonia inpond water is fish feed. For each 100 pounds of catfish feed fed, abo ut 2.2pounds of ammonia are being added to the pond.

2. uneaten feed. 3. decaying plants and animals. 4. inflowing water, especially water run-off from a barnyard with livestock. Some other parameters are nitrate, iron, dissolved gasses, dissolvedcarbondioxide and nitrite.


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FISH BEHAVIOUR FISH BEHAVIOUR CAUSES REMEDY

1)Slow movement

1)polluted water likeuneaten feed materials2)They could be sick or affected3)Hunger.

1)change water and fillback 2)give them food.

2)Inability to eat 1)Polluted water.2)Poor quality feed.3)A loud sound can scare

them away4)Bully by fishes

1)Change the water 2)Improve the quality4)Site your farming in a

place where there is nonoise

3)Standing Vertically 1)Low dissolve oxygen2)Due to Inflection3)Build up pollutant inthe water

Change the water or getan air pump to blowoxygen.

4)Mouth wide open 1)Hunger Feed them5)Spot on the body 1)Inflection General Treatment


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FEE D PRO D UCTION Ingredient include 1) Fish head

2) Soak beans Meal3) Bone Meal

4) Salt5) Blood Meal

Steps in Feed Production 1) Get feed formula thats getting the amount of vitamins protein2) Source for feed ingredient

3) Grind feed accord to the formula specification form. using grinder or hammer mill

4) Mix ingredient to get a homogenous colour (i.e. mixing manually)5) Bring the homogenous mixture to a peletus machine add water(warm) to

bring out the strands input

Equipment for Feed Product 1) Grind or Hammer mill- To grand feed ingredient2) Pelletizing machine to produce pellets in the form of strands3) Scale- For weighing


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A P ROJECT

CATFISH FARMING

T O BE SUBMITTED

TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

IN PARTLY FULFILMENTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENTSTUDIES 311(EDS311)

BY

OSHOGBUNU FREDRICK.O

INDUSTRIAL PHYSICS (GEOPHYSICS)

08CE08481

NOVEMBER 25TH, 2010


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REFERENCE

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CAT FISH FARMING

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