Prof. Peter A.L. Masawe 21 st Sept 2016

Cashew Research Innovations

Presentation Outline

2

• Introduction• Challenges in Cashew Industry• Research Innovations

– Planting Material Development – Multiplication of Planting Materials – Good Agricultural Practices– Value Addition of Cashew and Cashew By-

products

• Conclusion

Introduction

3

• Importance of cashew in Tanzania– Main Source of Cash Income– Foreign Exchange Earning (2nd to Tobacco)– Industrial Raw Materials– Health Nutrition (Kernels Cholesterol Free)– Animal/Poultry Feed and Shade – Employment (Rural and Urban)– Carbon Sequestration– Soil Conservation – Source of Fuel (wood/shells)

Challenges in Cashew Industry

4

• Low Productivity (200-1000 kg/ha)– Lack of Varieties – Inefficient Multiplication Methods– Overcrowding– Old Age of the Trees– Poor Agronomic Practices – Disease and Insect Pest– Inefficient Extension Services

• Low Level of Value Addition (kernels, shells, CNSL, apples and pulps)

Research Innovations

5

• Breeding and Propagation• Agronomy• Diseases and Insect Pests• Value Addition for Cashew and its

By-products

Achievements in Cashew Breeding

6

• The biggest Cashew Gene Bank in Place• 2 Standard Cashew Varieties Identified in

Tanzania (AZA2 & AC4)• Cashew Hybridization was Successful in

1991• 16 Varieties Registered 2006• 22 Cashew Hybrids Registered 2015

• New Dwarf Cashew Registered 2016• New Cashew Descriptor in place 2015

Criteria to Identify Improved Planting Materials and Mother Trees

7

• High Yielding• Good Nut Quality

– Nut Count (100-150/kg)– Nut Shape– Percentage Kernel Out-turn (25-32%)– Wholes Recovery at Processing– Easy Peel of Testa– Easy to Detach from the Apple

• Duration of Nut Picking- Less 90 Days

High yielding

8

Yield in Kg

Age (Yrs) <10 10-15 20-30 >30 >40

<10 Good Best Elite Elite* Elite**

10-15 Bad Good Best Elite Elite*

>15 Bad Bad Good Best Elite

AZA2 - Standard Variety – Dwarf (Nut count 141/kg, Shell %= 32, WW240)

9

Age (Years)

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Kg/tree 5 13 20 15 32 49 41 45 54 50 52 51

AC4-Standard Variety -Common(Nut count 100/kg , Shell %= 28, WW210)

10

Age (Yrs) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Kg/tree 11 9 27 22 43 37 67 61 61 65 69 50

AC4 Variety at CDC Nanyanga Tanzania

Planted by Retired President of Tanzania HE A. H. M winyi20th Sept 1991 (25 years)

Age Years

Yield Kg/tree

19 2009 92.5

20 2010 86.2

21 2011 76.0

22 2012 82.0

23 2013 87.0

24 2014 97.0

25 2015 115.0

Nut Quality Assessment in Field

12

Nut Quality Assessment

13

Nut External Appearance

14

Easy/Uneasy Separation of Nut from Apple

15

Duration of Nut Picking

16

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

15/9 30/9 15/10 30/10 15/11 30/11

A C28 A C4/105 A C4/17 A C4/285 A C4/4

Germplasm collection

Local , Regional or international

(Mass Selection)

Hybridization by

Controlled hand

Pollination

Release of Varieties or Hybrids

Advanced Genetic trials

(GxE Interaction)

DUS Test

Establishment of Scion

orchards(In Cashew Development

centers)

Multiplication (Central/Village nurseries)

5-6 Years

4-6 Years

Sell to Growers

Polyclonal Seed Orchards

2 Year Old Cashew Hybrid(5kg)

18

Multiplication of Planting Materials

19

• In modern agriculture cashew is mainly propagated by vegetative propagation – Grafting (Tip or Side) – Chip Budding– Tissue culture has not been successful,

however; embryo culture have been achieved in Tanzania

• Seed multiplications is possible through development of polyclonal seeds

Vegetative Propagation

• Tip Grafting not efficient

• Budding is More Efficient

20

Successful Embryo Culture in Tanzania 2015

21

Good Agricultural Practices

22

• Planting in a Hole with Manure• Spacing (New Planting)• Formative Pruning/Annual pruning• Thinning (Overcrowded Farms) • Intercropping with Food Crops• Rehabilitation and Upgrading Farms

– Top working

• Diseases and Insect-pests Control• Post Harvest Handling

Intercrop to Reduce Weeding Costs

23

• Avoid annual crop that shares pest– Pigeon pea– Castrol bean– Cowpeas – Intercrop Rows Facing East-West– Distance from the Tree Trunk

• 1st Year 1m each side• 2nd year 2m each side• 3rd year 3….

• Avoid tall crops that lasts more than four months

Why Top-working

24

� Change unproductive trees� Change to new varieties

� Processing demand � high %out-turn, easy shelling/peeling

� Market driven (Consumer preference i.e. uniform kernels, big kernels)

� Disease out-breaks� Insect-Pest out-breaks

� Quick economic returns

Powdery Mildew Disease (most destructive)

25

• No disease • Crop loss 50-100%

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

26•M

ost v

arie

itsar

e re

sist

ant

Cashew Leaf and Nut Blight Disease

27

• Blight on tender leaves • Blight on leaves & inflorescence

Cashew Nut Blight Disease (>50% loss)

28

Fusarium Wilt

29

a b c

Cashew Sucking Bugs

30

Coconut Bug (Pseudotheraptus wayi)

Tanzania

Anoplocnemis curvipes - Ghana

Kernels Damaged by pest (p. wayi)

31

Helopeltis spp

32

Mealybug Infestation

33

Stem Borer (Mecocorynus loripes) in East Africa

34

.

Cashew Value Addition

35

• Majority of Processors in Africa concentrate in production of kernels only

• Cashew has little profit margin– Require large volumes to break even– Require efficient processing technology– Require byproduct value addition to increase

profit

Cashew & Byproducts Value Addition

36

• Raw Cashewnuts• Cashew Kernels• Cashew Shells• CNSL• Cashew Apples

Processing Raw Cashewnuts

37

WW180 WW240 WW320 WW450

Butts Large Splits Baby bits

Cashew Kernel Products

38

Cashewnut Shells Products

39

• Cashewnut Shell Liquid (CNSL) 20-25% of nut weight

• Shell Cake / Briquette

Main Commercial Cashew Products

40

• Cashewnuts (main product)

• Cashew apples (underutilized)

Cashew Apples Products

(Vitamin C – x 5 than citrus fruits

• Juice/Jam/Syrup• Wine• Brandy• Gin• Animal feed• Poultry feed

Cashew Apple Pulps

42

• Animal feed (Direct or dried)

• Poultry Feed (Dried)• Compost Manure

Conclusion

43

• Development of varieties must be given highest priority in Africa– Share new varieties developed in Tanzania– Adhere to recommended spacing

• Monitor - Outbreak of Diseases and Insect pests – must be a priority in West Africa

• Control of Diseases and Insect-pest -Compulsory• Value addition on Cashew and Cashew By-products

will Make Processing in Africa to be competitive and will also create jobs

• Cashew-A crop suitable to drought prone areas• Cashew Combat global warming-Carbon Sequestration

Thursday, October 6, 2016

Cashew Research Programme

44