Case Study : the development of Korean Nuclear Power Infrastructure IL SOON HWANG* and SUNG YEOL...
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Transcript of Case Study : the development of Korean Nuclear Power Infrastructure IL SOON HWANG* and SUNG YEOL...
Case Study : the development of Korean Nuclear Power Infrastructure
IL SOON HWANG* and SUNG YEOL CHOISchool of Energy Systems Engineering ([email protected])
*Director Nuclear Transmutation Energy Research Center of KoreaSeoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Workshop on the Evaluation Methodology for Nuclear Power Infrastructure DevelopmentIAEA, Vienna, 10-12 December 2008
Acknowledgments
• Alex R. Burkart of US Department of State for his encouragement to initiate this work and constant support
• Yury Sokolov, C. Russell Clark, and Ki-Sig Kang of IAEA
• Poong-Eil Juhn of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)
• Chang Hyo Kim of Korea Atomic Energy Commission
• Si Hwan Kim of Ulsan University
• Sang Doug Park of Korea Electric Power Research Institute
• Nam-Sung Ahn of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO)
• Tae-Eun Yang formerly of Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power
• Han Young Lee of KAERI
• Koo Woun Park formerly of Korea Power Engineering Company
• Soon Heung Chang of KAIST
• Chong Hun Rieh, the former KEPCO President
IAEA 10-12 December 2008 2
Outline
1 Background of Korean Case
Incubation of Korean NP Programme2
3 NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme
Lessons Learned from Korean NP Programme4
5 Summary : Korean NP Programme
IAEA 10-12 December 2008 3
Densely populated & heavily industrialized>97% energy is imported (~35% of all import)~36% of national electricity from 20 NPP’sNational Plan to increase to 59% by 2030
Background of Korean Case
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“Atom for Peace” fostered the NP Study in the devastated Korea
following Korean War (1950–53) and greatly helped successful
Startup of 1st NPP(Kori-1) in 1978
First Korean NPP StartupIn 1978
GD
P p
er C
apit
a ($
)
SeoulSeoul
Kori
Ulchin
Wolsung
Younggwang
Operation
Under planning
OPR1000
Under construction
Background of Korean Case
Kori - the site of the 1st Korean NPP : before (top) and now (bottom).
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IAEA 10-12 December 2008 6
Incubation of Korean NP ProgrammeNuclear Energy Programme Implementing Office (NEPIO)
Incubation of Korean NP Programme
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19561956PreparationPreparation 1958 Enact Atomic Energy Act & Establish NEPIO
1957 Join IAEA
1956 First ICPUAE, ROK-US Bilateral Agreement & Pre-NEPIO
19611961National planNational plan 1968 Confirm 20 year Plan, Sign NPT & Invite Bid for NPP
1964 Start Site Evaluation and Selection (confirm site in 1966)
1961 1st 5yr Economic Development Plan, MOST, KAERI, KEPCO
19691969ContractedContracted 1978 Commercial Operation of 1st NPP
1975 Entry into force of NPT & Join CSA
1971 Begin 1st NPP Construction on Turnkey Basis
19781978Operation & Operation & localizationlocalization 1990 Separate Regulator (KINS) from KAERI
1989 Start NPP Standardization & Join COCOM
1981 Nuclear Safety Center within KAERI
Phase 1
Phase 3
Phase 2
Phase 4
• Competent NEPIO for developing national plan– Endowing NEPIO strong authority and manpower for
the national plan development– Maintaining continuous infrastructural investment
under the government leadership– Close coordination with economic and industrial
development plan• Continual assessment and update of national plan
– In-depth evaluation of world NP industry & experiences– Develop a national plan and undertake internal reviews– Coordinate international reviews (including IAEA)
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NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme
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NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP ProgrammeKorean NEPIO in 1958 with competent members drawn from government, universities, research institutes.
Korean NP Programme and National Economic Developments in 1960-70s
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NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme
Systemic StrategiesNP
Program(NEPIO)
Export-driven
Economy
Heavy & Chemical Industry
Plan
Labor intensiveIndustry
Plan
AgriculturalDevelopment
Plan
Stable & inexpensiveelectricity
Reducing food imports
Labor intensive consumer products
Financing
Financing
Industrial synergy for localization
Cheap labor
NPTNPT
National security via economic development
SafetySafety
Legal & regulatory framework
Stable & inexpensiveelectricity
International Collaborations
• Human Resource Development– Training for improving technical ability and obtaining
high quality human resources support– Safeguard efforts under international cooperations
Activities (1957-1969, phase 1 and 2) Sum
International conference and symposium(both attending and hosting)
47 times
Inviting foreign technical experts 61 times (81 persons: 1 day ~18 mos.)
Sending internal human resources 310 persons under poor financial condition
Participation in international scientific projects 16 times (with IAEA)
Safety and proliferation resistance system Bi-lateral, IAEA-INFCI and NPT
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NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme
– Evaluation, Reviews and Plan Reports – Database and materials for decision making and
systematic cooperation
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Long-term plan for next 20 years
Site investigation and selection of NPP
Investigation of the trends world NP society
Long term energy supply and demand plan with NPP
Feasibility study of a NPP
NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme
several internal review
IAEA
external consultants
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NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme
Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program NEPIO played key roles during Phases 1 and 2. Developed needed infrastructures in 10 years The 1st NPP on turnkey basis for safety and QA Continued collaboration among former NEPIO members
led to competitive NP infrastructure of Korea.
IAEA 10-12 December 2008 14
1970s
Three turnkey NPP with limited internal procurement to non-safety areas: inability of Korean industry to meet strict quality standards
1980s
Standardization of 6 NPP’s with 950MWe (non-turnkey)involving domestic subcontractors:Establishing AE company & Classifying component by localization feasibility
1990s
Become the prime contractor with foreign subcontractors: Localization programcontributes to improve economy, to increase capacity factor, and to establish complete and up-to-date infrastructure for competitive NP programme
Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program
Continuous investment under the government leadership with enhancing safety feature caused TMI & Chernobyl accident
Initial overestimation of economic growth
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Chernobyl
TMI
Orange : new constructionDark Red : total generation
Still increases of total power generation because of growing availability factor
Oil Crisis
Oil Crisis
In 1980s, Korea had plan to increase NPP up to about 40 units by 2000. However, Korea did not reach it because of slowed economy and anti-nuclear movement.
WORLD
KOREA
Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program• Excellent operation and safety records.
– Increasing localization of NPP leads high load factor and low unplanned outage
– High load factor leads to low generation cost– Aiming at 100% localization of APR1400 by 2012
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Governmental Mechanisms• National position• Program management• Legislative framework• National electrical grid• Stakeholder involvement• Human resources
development
Safeguard & Security• Safeguards • Security and physical
protection
Safety & Regulations• Nuclear safety • Regulatory framework• Radiation protection
Site and Environment• Site and supporting
facilities• Environmental protection • Emergency planning
Financing & Industry• Financing• Industrial involvement• Procurement
Fuel Cycle & Wastes• Nuclear fuel cycle• Radioactive waste
Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program
IAEA 10-12 December 2008
Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program
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Phase I & II1st NPP
Preparation
Nat
iona
l Ene
rgy
& E
cono
mic
D
evel
opm
ent
Progress in Nuclear Power Technology
Phase VGen IV &Hydrogen
Phase IVNuclear Waste& Fuel Cycle
Phase IIINP Operation& Localization
Phase VIFusion &Nuclear Vehicles
Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program Non-proliferation
• National Security Concerns• North Korea Effect
Legal Framework• Safety Regulation• Waste Management
Stakeholder = Long-term Governance
Management of Departmentalism
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Present Organization
Industries and KEPCO subsidiaries
2001
KHNPOwner/operator
2001
KINACSafeguard
2004
KINSRegulator
2004KINSSafety-
Safeguard1990
MOST/KAERILegislation, R&D
2001
KEPCOOwner/operator
1968
MOST/KAERILegal Framework &
R & D 1968
NEPIOUnder MOST
1961
NEPIO1958
1961Option #1 : Cross-cutting Organization Option #2 : MCEWhy? Strong driving force
1967Why? Human resources in engineering and scientific fields
1968 , Option #1 : Separate builder/operatorOption #2 : Maintain within NEPIOWhy? Good financial standing & Business
1990Why ? Needs for independent regulation
2004Why ? Stronger Safeguards (AP)
2001Why ? Market deregulation
1975 - Why ? Rapid expansion and Specialization
Pre-NEPIO1956
Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program
Summary : Korean NP Programme
• Competent NEPIO played key roles for planning and implementations of successful NP programme
• International collaborations have been key for infrastructure development and for avoiding political mishaps and technical mistakes.
• Competitive infrastructure has been established.• Remaining Issues
– Regulatory framework– Excessive departmentalism – Nuclear waste management– Sustainable fuel cycles
IAEA 10-12 December 2008 21