Sarda Sahayak Canal Irrigation System – A Case studyArpan Sarkar

1 Introduction to SSP-2 CIS

1.1 What is CIS

1.2 How beneficial

1.3 Location

A 716 m. long barrage named Girija Barrage1 has been constructed on river Ghagra near Katarnia Ghat in Bahraich district comprising 35 bays of 18 m width. The purpose of the barrage is to transfer water from Ghaghra through 28.7 km. long link channel of 480 cumecs capacity into river Sarda.

A 408 m. long barrage named Sarda Barrage has been constructed on river Sarda in Lakhimpur district comprising 20 bays of 18 m width.

Figure 1 The location plan for Sarda Sahayak Pariyojana

1.4 Command Area

1 Salient features of barrage in Annex

The Command area of the Sharda Sahayak Canal System is constituted by partial or full inclusion of the 16 districts of Uttar Pradesh: Lakhimpur Khiri, Sitapur, Barabanki, Lucknow, Rae-bareli, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Ambedkar Nagar, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Mau, Allahabad, Varanasi, Ghazipur & Ballia. The total number of blocks covered in these districts adds to 182. Barabanki, Rae-bareli, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Ambedkar Nagar, Pratapgarh, Jaunpur, Azamgarh and Mau are the nine districts that are almost fully included in the Sharda Sahayak Canal command area. Kheri has one of its 15 blocks, Sitapur has 8 out of 19 blocks, Allahabad has 11 out of 20 blocks, Varanasi has 5 out of 8 blocks, Ghazipur has 3 out of 16 blocks, Ballia has 11 out of 18blocks, and Lucknow has 4 out of 8 blocks in this command area. The Geographical area of the districts falling in the command area of Sharda Sahayak Canal System is 40.79 lac hectares. The district-wise revised culturable command area is given in Table 1.

Table 1 : Regions of the Narmada Command

Sl. No. District CCA (ha.)

1. Ambedkar Nagar 6352. Sitapur 51433. Mau 74574. Ballia 181165. Lucknow 209196. Ghazipur 253817. Varanasi 320768. Allahabad 1007719. Faizabad 15163110. Sultanpur 19584011. Jaunpur 20233012. Barabanki 21509013. Azamgarh 21539414. Rae Bareli 22549015. Pratapgarh 257849

Total 1674122

2 Benefits

2.1 Irrigation

2.2 Drinking Water Supply

2.3 Power Generation

2.4 Water Supply for Industries

2.5 Ground Water use

2.6 Drought control

2.7 Employment generation

2.8 Wildlife Sanctuaries Development 2.9 Additional Benefits

3 Need for the Sarda Sahayak Pariyojana

3.1 Brief history

Sarda Canal was constructed about 60 years ago to protect the area lying in Ganga-Ghaghra doab in the districts of Pilibhit, Lakhimpur-Kheri, Sitapur, Shahjahanpur, Hardoi, Unnao, Lucknow, Barabanki, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Ghazipur, Allahabad and Varanasi from recurring famines.

The original Sarda Sahayak Pariyojna was framed in 1967 and it envisaged increase in annual irrigation to 70% of a C.C.A of 16.77 lac hectares, at a cost of rupees 99.61 crores. The planning commission cleared Stage-I of the project for Rs. 64.84 crores. The construction work was commenced in October 1968. Due to rise in cost of labour and construction materials and some changes in the extent and scope, the project estimate was revised in October 1972 and was cleared by CWC for Rs. 199.87 crores in January 1976. This project estimate envisaged enhancement of annual irrigation intensity from 70% to 85%. During the course of execution, the scope of the project was further enlarged by extending the C.C.A to 20 lac hectares and increasing the annual irrigation intensity to 96%. Remodeling of old Ghagra and Tanda pump canals, construction of a permanent pump house at Dalmau-A and linking of Dohrighat pump canal were also incorporated in this project. The estimated cost of the project was updated to Rs. 314.85 crores in October, 1976 considering the above factors.

The project was examined by C.W.C. and returned to State Government with the observation that project be updated on the basis of actual cost of works executed upto 1990 and the cost of balance work be estimated on the price schedule prevalent in 1990. On the instruction of C.W.C. the project estimate was revised in 1990 costing Rs. 1013.84 but it was not sent to C.W.C.

The project was further revised in 1995 on the basis of actual cost of works done upto March 1995 and the cost of balance works on the basis of prices of 1995. The project costing to Rs.1584.48 was submitted to C.W.C. in March 1995, but it was called back.

Finally it was decided that the project be closed in June 2000 and the revised project estimate be submitted to C.W.C. on the basis of actual cost of works done upto March 1998 and the cost of the balance work to be done upto June 2000 on price schedule prevalent in 1998. According the project estimate was framed in August 1999 and submitted to C.W.C. in January 2000.

The revised cost of the project estimated to Rs. 1276.17 crores. Which comprises of inter basin transfer of Ghagra water by constructing a barrage at Girijapuri (Bahraich District) on River Ghaghra and diverting Ghaghra water through a link channel 28.7 km long into River Sarda and thereafter utilizing both waters of Sarda and Ghaghra river by constructing a barrage at Sarda Nagar (Lakhimpur District) and diverting water through feeder channel 258.8 km,

4 Canal descriptions 4.1 Salient feature The canal takes of from river Sarda at Banbasa. Its capacity is 350 cumecs, but the supplies go down to about 130 cumecs during winter and early summer before snow melting starts. The annual irrigation was limited to 33% of the culturable commanded area of 25.5 lacs hectares. Even this irrigation was of a protective nature and in the districts lower down in the system with C.C.A of 10.08 lac hectares, it was only 19%. This region was, therefore, almost entirely dependant on rains and suffered from succession of droughts.

Sarda Sahayak Pariyojna has been implemented to augment and extend irrigation in the above referred lower reaches of Sarda Canal System. The project envisages diversion of supplies of rivers Ghagra and Sarda by constructing barrages across and linking the two. A 258.8 km. long Feeder channel with a capacity of 650 cumecs (23000 cusecs) has been constructed to supply irrigation water to a culturable command area of 16.74 lac hectares. The proposed annual irrigation intensity is 115% of C.C.A.

Against the provision of 16.74 lacs hectares C.C.A & 19.251 lacs hectares proposed irrigation with intensity of 115%, the actual potential created is 19.033 lacs hectares upto March 2001. Construction of 258.80 km. long feeder channel with capacity of 650 cumecs (23000 cusecs) crossing river Gomti and Sai through aqueducts has been done. The lining in feeder channel in filling reaches in a total length of 131.15 km. and protective lining on slopes only in user reaches in 60.52 km. length has been done.Under this project 1378.00 km. long main canal & branches and 14684.00 km. long distributaries & minors has been constructed.For improving the drainage system of the area by remodeling the departmental drains and to a larger capacity channelising the small natural drainages an extensive program has been launched under this project. The total length of drains executed were 17752 km. including their pucca works.2

The salient features of the canal system is given in Annexure I

Distribution system of Canal Sl.No.

Names of important Channels

C.C.A. in Lac Hectares (lac acres)3

Discharge in cumecs (cusecs) (rounded off)

1. Dariyabad Branch 6.87 (17.00) 242 (8533)2. Barabanki Branch 1.03 (02.55) 36 (1250)3. Haidergarh Branch 4.57 (11.31) 165 (5850)4. Allahabad Branch 3.83 (09.45) 149.0 (5264)5. Pratapgarh Branch 0.92 (02.28) 32.76 (1150)

A) Length of channel

2 Lay out of Canal network in Annex-13 Proposed 115% area in lac hectares

Sl. No. Length of channel New Remodeling Total

1. Branches - 1378.0 km2. Distributaries and Minors 8552 km 6132 km

B) Capital cost of the revised project : 1276.17 crores Actual expenditure occurred : 1299.12 croresC) Culturable Command Area : 16.74 lac hectaresD) Proposed Irrigation (lac hectares)Sl. No.

Crops Proposed irrigation Lac Hectares

Potential created Lac Hectares

1. Rabi 48% of C.C.A 7.9442. Rice 33% of C.C.A 5.4623. Sugarcane 7% of C.C.A 1.1584. Other

Kharif27% of C.C.A 4.469

Total 115% of C.C.A 19.033

5. Agricultural coverage (planned and actual)

5.1 Soil Survey Details

Soil in the Sharda Sahayak Canal Command Area are formed by alluvial deposits by the Sharda River, Ghaghra River the Ganges River and their tributaries, which are composed of weathering materials originating sand stone, shale, lime stone in the Himalaya Range and gravel or stone are not seen in the soils. Topography is generally flat and land system is divided into three portions; a) Lowland which is located in lower portion adjacent to inland ponds and marshy area such as ox-bow lakes; b) Upland which is located on the natural level formed along river course; and c) vast Midland which forms back plain of Upland and surround Lowland.

Agriculturally the alluvial soils of Uttar Pradesh are highly productive and constitute one of the most fertile formations of the country. The soils respond very well to fertilizer applications .They have immense potential for increased production levels. It have lately been increased through adopting high yielding varieties and improved practices for cultivation. The fertility status of N.P.K. are enclosed at Annexure.

5.2 Railfall

There are three main seasons such as winter, summer and Rainy season. The winter period starts from middle of March, the summer season is from middle of June to October. The normal yearly rainfall in command area is of the order of 980 mm. Normally 85% of the rainfall occurs during the months of June to September. However this timing is uncertain and the frequent breaks in the rains may be prolonged. Pre-monsoon storms occur in May and early June but minimum rainfall comes with pre-monsoon. Post-monsoon rainfall comes from late October to December and Sometimes between January to April. Average Rainfall (50 years average) in district of Sarda Sahayak Canal System is given at Annexure.

5.3 Humidity

The humidity of the area is high during the rainy season from July to September and is minimum during the summer season from April to May. The recession is gradual.

5.4 Temperature

The rise in temperature is observed with beginning of March, May becomes the hottest when mean day temperature rises upto 45°C creating unbearable hot weather in the area. Nights are still hot specially in the months of May and June. The day temperature begins to drop in the later half of the month of July with the arrival of south-west monsoon. In the month of October the day temperature continues to be more and less. Both day and night temperature continues to fall till January when the minimum temperature is about 2.7°C.

5.5 Wind

The period from October to January is characterized by calm winds. During April to June strong and scorching winds locally called ‘Loo’ continue to blow till replaced by the rain bearing winds after June, Fog occur occasionally during the winter on few occasion.

5.6 Cropping patternCrops and Cropping PatternPre project cropping pattern under rain fed conditions: The Sharda canal System, constructed in the year 1928 was to cater irrigation for 25.492 lac. Hectares With intensity of irrigation as 32.7% (Rabi 17.4% and Kharif 15.3%).

The above figures show that the existing irrigation facilities cater for only a very small percentage of the culturable area. This may be the basic reason for very low yields of the crops and most of the crops given under rain fed condition.

Cropping pattern projected in irrigation scheme: A detailed study of crops which are sown in Ghaghra-Gomti doab, Gomti-Sai doab and Sai-Ganga doab covering the tail reaches of Sharda Canal greater has been conducted in the bulletin of Agricultural Statistics for Uttar Pradesh (1963-64). The Geographical area, culturable area, crop pattern etc. district wise and doab wise in the Ganga-Ghaghra doab lying to the east of the proposed feeder channel are given as below:

Sl. No.

Name of doab Culturable area in lac hectares

%age of Rabi area to C.A.

%age of kharif area to C.A.

%age of Total area to C.A.

1. Ghaghra-Gomti doab 19.259 49.4 60.8 110.2

2. Gomti-Sai doab 7.465 46.6 59.1 105.7

3. Sai-Ganga doab 8.731 49.4 60.6 110.0

Total 35.455 48.8 60.4 109.2

The percentage of various crops shown to the culturable area are as under :-

Sl. No. Crops Area in lac hectares % of C.C.A

1. Kharif 3.90 15.3

2. Rabi 4.43 17.4

Total 8.33 32.7

Season Crops Revised Cropping Pattern (%)

Area in lac hectares

Kharif Rice 33.5 5.61

Sugarcane 4.5 0.75

Other Khrif 22.4 3.75

Total 60.4 10.11

Rabi Wheat 11 1.84

Barley 14.3 2.39

Other Rabi 23.50 3.93

Total 48.8 8.16

Grand Total 109.2 18.27

The percentage of non food crops to culturable area is very low. The average percentage of sugarcane area to the culturable area is only 4.58. This poor development is partly due to shortage of water and partly due to absence of the required structure. It is expected that due to the recent advancement in agricultural techniques and ushering of the “Green revolution”, there should be a marked change in the cropping pattern and quality of crops of this backward region. The main improvement will be the changes over of early rice to late rice increase in sugarcane area and cultivation of high yielding varieties of wheat rice and crops.

The cropping pattern has been adopted as suggested by Ministry of Agriculture, Delhi. The area of paddy is kept 6.ha out of 20.000 lac hectares.C.C.A. But instead of late variety, high yielding early to medium varieties of rice shall be introduced that matures in not more than 135 days. Transplantation of rice has to be delayed to the 2nd weak of July when the monsoon is active. The area under sugarcane has been proposed as 0.753 lac hectares and the planting to start in the month of March, water availability in summer is low and so maize showing is proposed to be taken up in the middle of June and the crops will largely be allowed to mature from rain water. The area proposed under maize is 3.64 lac hectares. Area under fodder has been proposed only 0.405 lac hectares. as the water requirement of the crop in summer is very high, in winter water availability in the month of February is critical for Rabi crops and only 4.77 lac hectares., high yielding variety of wheat which is sown later can be grown as the best choice.

With the above cropping pattern it is seen that plenty of water is available between the months of October to January when potato and ‘oil seeds can be introduced as a cash crop. Accordingly 1.41 lac hectares. of potato and 1.01 lac hectares. of oil seeds have been proposed for irrigation.

Present cropping pattern :

Cropping pattern of different crops for the years viz. 1992-93, 1997-98, 2006-07 and for projected year (2015-16) in Sharda Sahayak Canal System is given at Annexure

Statistics of crop coverage (2006-07) in all the 16 districts as a whole apportioned to the no. of blocks falling in the project area is given at Annexure. It is seen that major crops in Sharda Sahayak Canal Command are rice, maize, wheat, arhar, masoor, pea, rapeseed-mustard and sugarcane. Out of gross area sown under kharif and rabi, the area covered under Rice is 32.52%, Maize 1.99%, Wheat 41.06%, Arhar 1.86%, Masoor 1.60% and Sugarcane 4.48%.

The statistics of coverage of major crops apportioned to the number of blocks falling in the project area for the year 2006-07 as under:-

Season Sl. No.

Crop Area (ha) Productivity

(Qts/ha)

Kharif1. Paddy 1338.375 19.402. Maize 81.750 12.033. Other kharif 100125 9.23

4. Sugarcane 184.223 474.28

Rabi5. Wheat 1690.045 22.566. Barley 27.615 15.577. Arhar 76.74 11.478. Masoor 65.789 9.299. Pea 56.083 9.5510. Rapeseed mustard 39.650 7.7011. Potato 74.211 177.2612. Gram 55.086 9.26

CROPS

% OF GROSS CROPPED AREA TOTAL AREA (Hectare)

1992-93

1997-98

2006-07

Projected in the year 2015-16

1992-93

1997-98

2006-07

Projected in the year 2015-16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

RICE 34.08 34.11 32.52 37.961478218

1439430

1338375

1539031

MAIZE 2.30 1.51 1.99 2.61 99855 63795 81750 105627

BAZARA 1.19 1.19 1.15 1.29 51596 50158 47512 52232

JOWAR 1.60 2.45 1.15 1.28 69455 103270 47248 51863

URD 0.84 0.89 0.93 1.04 36392 37500 38412 42102

MOONG 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.08 2191 1846 1450 3350

MOTH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 83 11 0 25

WHEAT 37.54 38.46 41.06 45.831628471

1623080

1690045

1858217

BARLEY 1.12 0.83 0.67 0.39 48750 35004 27615 15691

GRAM 3.14 2.17 1.34 0.97 136009 91632 55086 39185

PEA 1.42 1.32 1.36 0.97 61416 55790 56083 39267

ARHAR 2.78 2.36 1.86 1.32 120767 99576 76739 53706

MASOOR 0.86 0.98 1.60 1.97 37401 41488 65789 80046

SUGARCANE 3.90 3.99 4.48 5.19 169208 168515 184223 210597

POTATO 1.89 1.87 1.80 1.74 81825 78746 74211 70376

TIL 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.17 5595 6802 7529 6800

GROUNDNUT 0.21 0.36 0.12 0.60 9241 15309 5111 24242

SOYABEEN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8 30 10 152RAPESEED& MUSTARD

0.88 1.01 0.96 1.08 38281 42617 39650 43770

LINSEED 0.14 0.13 0.05 0.06 6282 5281 2114 2270GROSS CROPPED AREA

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.004337487

4220398

4116075

4238549

Variation of GCA for RICE

29.00

30.00

31.00

32.00

33.00

34.00

35.00

36.00

37.00

38.00

39.00

% OF GROSS CROPPED AREA

% OF GROSSCROPPED AREA

34.08 34.11 32.52 37.96

1992-93 1997-98 2006--07Projected in

the year 2015-16

Variation of G.C.A for WHEAT

35.0036.0037.0038.0039.0040.0041.0042.0043.0044.0045.0046.0047.00

% OF GROSS CROPPED AREA

% OF GROSSCROPPED AREA

37.54 38.46 41.06 45.83

1992-93 1997-98 2006--07Projected in

the year

Variation of GCA for SUGARCANE

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

% OF GROSS CROPPED AREA

% OF GROSSCROPPED AREA

3.90 3.99 4.48 5.19

1992-93 1997-98 2006--07Projected in

the year 2015-16

Rice, Wheat and Sugarcane are the main crops grown in the Command Area of Sarda Sahayak Pariyojna. On analysis of the pre project, present and post project crop coverage and productivity, it is seen that area under rice, wheat, maize and sugarcane has reached over the projected area coverage in the Irrigation Scheme but productivity of these crops are at a very low level in comparison to the targeted yields in the Irrigation Project. As described earlier there has been continuous increase in the irrigated area of the project which indicates that area under these crops irrigated by canals has been increasing and thereby increases in productivity. Under CAD program when field channels up to each holding would be provided and better water distribution system is ensured through PIM4, farmers trained and demonstrated in improved cultivation practices, the crop coverage would increase at a faster rate thereby full utilization of Irrigation potential.

The percentage of non food crops to culturable area is very low. The average percentage of sugarcane area to the culturable area is only 4.5%. This poor development is partly due to shortage of water and partly due to absence of the required irrigation structure. It is expected that due to the recent advancement in agricultural techniques there should be a marked change in the cropping pattern and the quality of crops of this backward region.

4 Participatory irrigation management : A key factor in improving water use efficiency as well as productivity, is responsible of maintaining the field channels below the outlets and the field / intermediate drains are to be maintained by the water users association for which the management subsidy for the farmers association is provided by the Govt. of India at the rate of Rs. 600 per ha.

The cropping pattern has been adopted as suggested by Ministry of Agriculture, Delhi. The area of paddy is kept 16.2 lac acres out of 49.5 lac acres of C.C.A .but instead of late variety, high yielding early to medium varieties of rice shall be introduced, which will mature in not more than 135 days. Transplantation of rice has to be delayed to the 2nd week of July when monsoon is active. The area under sugarcane has been proposed as 3.0 lacs acres and the planting to start in the in the month of March. Water availability in summer is low and so maize sowing is proposed to be taken up in the middle of June and the crops will largely be allowed to mature on rain water. The area proposed under maize is 9.0 lacs acres. Area under fodder has been proposed only 1 lac acre as the water requirement of this crop in summer is very high. In winter water availability is critical for Rabi crops mainly in the month of February and only high yielding variety of wheat which is sown later can be grown as the best choice in 11.80 lac acres.

With the above cropping pattern it is seen that plenty of water is available between the months of October to January when potato and oil seeds can be introduced as a cash crop. Accordingly 3.50 lac acres land for potato and 2.5 lacs acres land for oil seeds have been proposed for irrigation.

Constraints and proposed remedial measures

In the last few years the irrigation efficiency has gone down. The reasons for non-achievement of proposed irrigation are shortage of water to meet the present requirement for high yielding varieties. Masonry works are still required to be strengthened to run the main canal and branches upto their full capacities, some works of distribution system are also required to be remodeled and strengthened, some new head and cross regulators and escape heads are required to be constructed.

The present constraints in the operation of water supply are as follows:

(a) Insufficient canal water against crop water requirements.(b) Irregular water requirements due to mixed cropping pattern.(c) Irregular water supply because of poor water management.(d) High canal water loss, especially seepage.(e) No regulation of diversion to outlets.(f) Insufficient communication system. In view of the above stated conditions, it is essential that canal banks are strengthened and masonry works are replaced, renovated and improved. It is necessary to make the detailed studies regarding design provision and actual conditions existing on the field. In case of the existing Sharda Canal System, so that remedial measures and provisions of additional facilities could be identified and executed accordingly.

Status of On Farm water management system

Water is one of the most important inputs in an assured crop production particularly in all such area where there is scarcity of water and irregular distribution of rainfall. In fact, plants need water continuously during their life and that too in huge quantities. An efficient utilization of available irrigation water is of paramount importance. Mismanagement of water as improper scheduling, over utilization, lack of proper

drainage etc.. In some area vast tract of agricultural land has been rendered unproductive due to these problems.Importance of Irrigation water for crop production

Plants need water for their growth including photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, metabolic activities and utilization of mineral nutrients. Both its shortage and excess after the growth and development of plant directly and, consequently effects its yield and quality.

Efficient Irrigation Water management

In fact irrigation water management with respect to crop production is a multidimensional which takes in account the management of water at its source, during its conveyance in irrigation channels, to the farmers fields where it is distributed and finally when it is utilized by the crop plants. Plants as well as the soil lose the water due to unabated evaporative demand of the enveloping atmosphere. As a result, water deficit occurs in plants and soil. In order to avoid the deficit the rate at which plant and soil lose the water must be compensated by the flow of water from soil to plant roots. Over a period of time, there will not be enough waters in soil to maintain the rate of supply of water to plant roots .

Therefore. in order to achieve efficient water, management all efforts are concentrated to minimize water losses in conveyance channels which can be achieved through using standard design. Maintaining designed cross sectional area, cleaning lining etc.. And uniform application of water in farmers field .

Water Management in Command Area

Irrigation management in Command Area may be defined as a process of monitoring, controlling and guiding the water flow in irrigation channels comprising of main canal, branch canal, distributaries, minor, water courses and in the farmers field so as to utilize maximum water release from reservoir or diversion bear by crop and possibly through manipulating cropping pattern to minimum water losses and achieving maximum water use efficiency without causing environmental and land degradation including water logging, salinity or alkalinity build-up in the root zone.

Project Objectives and proposed work

Aims and ObjectivesC.A.D. programme sponsored by Government of India, Ministry of Water Resources envisages utilisation of created potential and optimum production by taking up construction of field channels and formulation and implementation of osrabandi alongwith other allied activities for integrated and overall development of Command Area. With this aim and objective Sharda Canal System has been included under the centrally sponsored programme. Already there exists a comprehensive U.P. Area Development Act, 1976 in which provisions for taking up the activities have been

included. Different elements of the programme as envisaged in this act are enumerated as follows :-

1. Modernisation, maintenance and efficient operation of the irrigation system up to the outlet.

2. Development of field channels and field drains within the command of each outlet.

3. Development and maintenance of the main and intermediate drainage system.4. Land leveling on an outlet command based on the type of irrigated crop that is

to be grown.5. Consolidation of holdings and redrawing of field boundaries on an outlet

command basis, wherever necessary.Creation and Utilisation

The ultimate irrigation potential in the irrigation project is 19.25 lac ha. . Against this, potential utilization has reached the level of 891.396 th. ha. in the year 1994-95. The utilization in the year2004-05 are given below:

Season Progressive

Created Potential

(000 ha.)

Potential

Utilization

(000 ha.)

Kharif 1108.900 346.961

Rabi 794.400 373.507

Total 1903.300 720.468

6 Water utilization (planned and actual) One of the main objectives under CAD Program is to raise irrigation utilization to the level of created potential. The first activity which attracts attention in achieving this goal is, construction of field channels. In various ways the terms of potential created and utilized are defined. If the potential as having been created once when the government outlet on a distributary / minor has been constructed, then the entire command in respect of which potential has been reported as having been created, could be treated as having been utilized only if the construction of field channels upto the holding or within the block had also been fully completed. This being so, due emphasis was laid on the construction of field channels in the command. The construction network of field channels in the command provides the infrastructure, needed for supply of water to the whole of the command area.

Year wise potential creation and utilization in Sharda Sahayak Canal system is given below5 :

Sl.No.

Year Cumulative Potential Creation

Utilization Kharif Rabi Total

1 2 3 4 6 8

1 1974-75 127.00 13.0 54.0 67.0

2 1975-76 175.00 38.0 81.0 119.0

3 1976-77 385.00 55.0 91.0 146.0

4 1977-78 770.00 143.0 199.0 342.0

5 1978-79 890.00 145.0 288.0 433.0

6 1979-80 1000.00 282.0 400.0 682.0

7 1980-81 1050.00 195.0 435.0 630.0

8 1981-82 1100.00 222.0 450.0 672.0

9 1982-83 1235.00 297.0 453.0 750.0

10 1983-84 1300.00 314.0 444.0 758.0

11 1984-85 1350.23 359.3 438.7 798.0

12 1985-86 1408.33 351.2 456.7 807.9

13 1986-87 1428.33 380.1 363.8 743.9

14 1987-88 1438.52 278.3 460.6 738.9

15 1988-89 1478.56 365.0 463.1 828.1

16 1989-90 1481.11 371.9 451.1 823.0

17 1990-91 1499.26 373.1 464.7 837.8

18 1991-92 1510.44 382.7 469.1 851.8

19 1992-93 1520.42 409.9 473.6 883.5

20 1993-94 1528.71 368.5 474.6 843.1

5 Source : Irrigation Department,Lucknow (U.P.)

21 1994-95 1530.48 414.8 476.6 891.4

22 1995-96 1536.67 407.3 367.3 774.6

23 1996-97 1544.17 397.6 452.0 849.6

24 1997-98 1464.18 396.9 336.8 733.7

25 1998-99 1571.35 402.5 431.8 834.3

26 1999-00 1586.35 394.0 416.5 810.5

27 2000-01 1903.35 364.7 370.9 735.6

28 2001-02 1903.35 389.8 413.0 802.8

29 2002-03 1903.35 373.7 348.1 721.8

30 2003-04 1903.35 339.7 358.8 698.5

31 2004-05 1903.35 347.0 373.5 720.5

Comparison of Utilisation and Potential

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Year

Hec

tare

s

Cumulative Potential Creation Utilization

Factors affecting potential creation and utilization

The extent of irrigation potential created and utilized is dynamic in character and is subject to change depending on the following parameters / variables

(i) Actual availability of water being less from the planned availability.(ii) Actual canal capacities being less than the designed capacities.(iii) Actual cropping pattern being different from the planned / anticipated

cropping pattern.(iv) Actual requirement of water being different from planned requirements.(v) Actual conveyance / operational / seepage and other losses being different

from the designed losses.(vi) Absence of right irrigation and inefficient use of irrigation water as against

the norms of warabandi system.(vii) Poor maintenance of macro and micro distribution network.(viii) Inadequate construction of infrastructural works meant for conveyance

and distribution of water.(ix) Use of water more than the requirement of crops.(x) Inadequate drainage facilities leading to water logging and salinity /

alkalinity.(xi) Gestation period normally encountered in creation of and asset and its

complete utilization.Because of these parameters / variables of potential creation and its utilization before comparing a particular project, it will be necessary to take cognizance of above factors and adopt the figures of created potential realistically. The lag between the two should then be analyzed on the basis of cropping pattern adopted in addition to the other factors relating to inadequacies in the system and availability of water.

6.3 Domestic

6.4 Industrial

6.5 Historical discharge

6.6 Potential utilization and gap

Environmental precautionary measures by SSP-2

1 page

Externalities (positive & negative)

2 pages

Cost benefit analysis (methodology & gist)

2 pages

Future scenarios (water demand & supply, demographic, economic and other parameters)

4 pages

Main issues and policy implications

2 pagesTables

1. Particulars of the river

2. Location of CIS

3. Characterisctic of barrage

4. Command area details

5. Supporting tables for cropping pattern, LU, etc

ANNEXURE ISalient Features of Feeder Channel

Length - 258.80 kmTwin channel - 26 to 104.15 kmLined section- Total 131.10 km. in filling reaches

A) Designed dischargea) Upto silt ejector at 0.3 km.- 765 cumecsb) Beyond silt ejector – 650 cumecsc) Slope – 0.091 m/km (1/11000)

B) Cross drainage worksa) Major Syphons

I. Chuka river syphon – 12 barrels of 4.5 m x 4.5 mII. Ull river syphon – 18 barrels of 4.5 m x 4.5 m

III. Local river syphon - 4 barrels of 3.0 m x 3.0 mIV. Local river syphon - 4 barrels of 3.5 m x 3.5 mV. Kewani river siphon – 12 barrels of 3.5 m x 3.5 m

VI. Lashkarpur siphon - 6 barrels of 3.0 m x 3.0 mVII. Bakwa siphon - 7 barrels of 3.5 m x 3.5 m

VIII. East Kalyani siphon – 12 barrels of 3.5 m x 3.5 mIX. Reth siphon - 6 barrels of 4.5 m x 4.5 m

b) Small syphons – 30 nos. c) Acquaducts i) Gomti Acquaduct Canal discharge : 357 cumecs River discharge : 4530 cumecs No. of spans : 12 spans Length of spans : 31.8 m Size of through : 12.8 x 7.45 m

ii) Sai Acquaduct Canal discharge : 167 cumecs River discharge : 2830 cumecs No. of spans : 5 spans Length of spans : 35.5 m Size of through : 73 x 6.35

C) Bridgesi) P.R.Bs : 18 nos.ii) V.R.Bs : 70 nos.iii) Railway bridges : 4 nos.

D) Earth Work i) By manual labour, donkeys and camels : 619 lac cumecsii) By machines : 86 lac cumecs