Case Studies UNDP: AMAL-CRAB BAY COMMUNITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE, Vanuatu

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: AMAL-CRAB BAY COMMUNITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE, Vanuatu

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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Vanuatu

AMAL-CRAB BAYCOMMUNITY RESOURCEMANAGEMENT INITIATIVE

Empowered live

Resilient nation


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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years

the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran

Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Amal-Crab Bay Community Resource Management Initiative, and in particular

guidance and inputs o Kevin Mores. All photo credits courtesy o the Amal-Crab Bay Community Resource Management Initiative. M

courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Amal - Crab Bay Community Resource Management Initiative, Vanuatu. Equator Initiat

Case Study Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdf


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PROJECT SUMMARYThe successes o the Amal-Crab Bay initiative in conservingmarine resources in their tabu area, located on theeastern coastline o the island o Malekula, Vanuatu, hasbeen underpinned by the use o a traditional resourcemanagement system and innovative awareness-raisingeorts. The bay orms part o the Port Stanley mangrovearea, and is home to extensive ringing rees, sea grass beds,and a high abundance o crabs. This resource is critical orlocal livelihoods and ood security, and has been the ocuso sustainable harvesting regulations since 2002, when

community chies instituted a ban on harvesting within themangrove orests.

These community-led eorts have been strengthenedwith support rom an array o international partners; as aresult, the initiative has overseen an increase in marine andcoastal resources, compiled an evidence base or the baysmangrove ecosystem, and developed local ecotourisminrastructure.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2006

FOUNDED: 2002

LOCATION: Malekula island, Malampa Province

BENEFICIARIES: Indigenous Melanesian communities

BIODIVERSITY: Marine species in Crab Bay and Amal areas

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AMAL-CRAB BAY COMMUNITYRESOURCE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVEVanuatu

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 6

Biodiversity Impacts 8

Socioeconomic Impacts 8

Policy Impacts 9

Sustainability 10

Partners 10


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Crab Bay is a critically important area or biodiversity in the Pacicrchipelago o Vanuatu, situated in Malampa Province, on the central

astern coastline o the island o Malekula. The bay orms part o the

ort Stanley mangrove area, and is composed o extensive ringing

ees with sea grass beds. The area is particularly well-known or its

igh abundance o crabs, hence its name; the bay is also home to

high diversity o invertebrate species and n shes, and provides

oosting and eeding grounds or a variety o internationally

ndangered species such as turtles, dugongs, and some terrestrial

mammals.

he local populations o Crab Bay and the neighbouring area o

Amal totaled around 1,500 in 2005, living in sixteen communities

ispersed along the eastern coastline. These indigenous Melanesianommunities speak the uripiv dialect and share traditional

ustomary belies typical o the small Nambas people o central

Malekula. Approximately eighty percent o the population is

ngaged in shing and arming to eed their amilies and earn cash

ncome; the remaining twenty percent are paid workers at the areas

wo large employers: a cattle ranch and a coconut plantation. A

igh percentage o local people use the bays marine resources to

upplement their income and meet ood security needs; the table

elow demonstrates the extent to which coastal communities are

eliant on the areas natural resources or their subsistence and

velihoods.

Cardisoma carniex: a critical local resource

One important source o protein is the land crab Cardisoma carniex

these are harvested daily by women who trade surplus catches or

ash at the local markets. Harvesting o land crabs or subsistence

ates to the 1980s; prior to this, French plantation owners had

estricted local access to the Crab Bay and Amal areas, allowing the

pecies to ourish.

With an increasing population and the advent o a cash economy

eading to an increased demand or cash income, the supply o

land crabs in the bay began to decline in the late 1990s. Withew years, crab collectors reported nding it increasingly difcu

harvest a sufcient number o crabs; their collecting methods w

conversely, seen as the cause o this decline. Collectors were u

baits and nets to trap crabs, as well as digging out individuals

holes and using lights in night shing to bundle enough crab

sale in nearby markets. In September 2002, in response to the t

o declining land crab numbers, community chies instituted a

on the mangrove orests and rees within the bay to prohibit

collection, supported by the Malampa Provincial Authority.

use o a customary resource prohibition eectively establish

temporary no-take zone, aimed at allowing the replenishme

crab resources. This created the Amal-Krabbei Tabu Eria (AKT

management committee was subsequently established to oveits implementation, marking the beginning o the Amal-Crab

Community Resource Management Initiative.

The initial process o instituting the tabu was undertaken wit

providing clear inormation to the rest o the community a

either its purpose or the rules they were supposed to obs

however. Consequently, poaching activities persisted in the

area. Weak management o the marine area was compounde

a lack o ecological inormation on land crabs, meaning that

evidence base or prohibiting their harvesting was lacking. Fin

existing national policies and legislation that could have suppo

local action were instead ocused on high-value commercial spe

and gave less consideration to resources such as the land crab

are used primarily or subsistence needs.

International support catalyzing improved manageme

In November 2003, the International Waters Project (IWP) c

AKTE as the site or its pilot programme on community reso

management in Vanuatu. The IWP ran rom 2000 to 2006, wor

with pilot communities in ourteen Pacic Island countrie

nd practical ways to strengthen environmental manageme

three key areas: coastal sheries, waste reduction, and reshw

Background and Context


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rotection. The project was unded through the Global Environment

acility (GEF) and co-managed by the Secretariat o the Pacic

egional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP). In Vanuatu, the IWP ocused

n promoting management systems at the community, provincial

nd national levels that would support sustainable management o

nshore sheries resources.

he combination o local ownership and international support has

llowed the AKTE initiative to tackle the initial challenges it aced.

As well as the lack o awareness o the need or conservation, the

aucity o empirical data on ecological conditions, and the absence

institutional support, these challenges included the scattered

istribution o the sixteen member communities, transport

ifculties in accessing the project site, the lack o a reshwater

ource near the site, and rising sea levels. Financial and technicalssistance have empowered local actors to overcome many o

these challenges, steadily improving the efciency and resilien

management eorts in delivering results or the coastal econ

and ecosystem.

The achievements o the AKTE initiative to date include signi

increases in the abundance o marine and coastal resou

improved local management capacity, national and internat

recognition, and an improved evidence base or the areas mang

ecosystem. The tabu area has provided a site or the regenera

o other marine species in addition to land crabs: in 2003,

Vanuatu Fisheries Department released 400 adult trochuniloticus) specimens in protective cages or spawning within

tabu area. Recent work has included the development o ecotou

capabilities and the building o an inormation centre or the are

April 2011, the initiatives management committee voted to ex

the implementation o the AKTE tabu area and resource regulauntil 2016.

The communities have experienced the impacts of climate change; the communities have adapte

to these changes by promoting the natural regeneration of coastline species to combat coastlin

erosion, planting in subsistence gardening outside traditional farming calendars; planting tre

on farm land; and reviving traditional farming techniques.

Kevin Mores, Amal-Crab Bay Community Resource Management Initiative

Table 1: Income sources recorded by IWPDP Household Survey (IWPDP 2005) in eighteen Crab Bay villages

Village Sources of income mentioned

Barrick Copra, cocoa, pigs, chicken, timber

Bushmans Bay Copra, cocoa, pigs, sh

Jinenarong Copra, ood crops, cocoa, pigs, Cardisoma crabs, sh, shell sh

Hatbol Copra, cocoa, pigs, chickens, timber, pandanus handicrats, bread & gateau, natangura thatch panels

Limap Copra, cocoa, pigs, chickens, shell sh, timber, kava, pandanus handicrats

Lingarakh Copra, cocoa, chicken, timber, pandanus handicrats, bread

Louni Copra, ood crops, cocoa, Cardisoma crabs, pigs, sh

Mapbest Copra, cocoa, pigs

New Bush Copra, ood crops, cocoa, chickens

Port Nabe Copra, ood crops, pigs, chickens, Cardisoma crabs, sh, shell sh, pandanus handicrats, octopus

Portindir Copra, ood crops, cocoa, pigs, chickens, Cardisoma crabs, sh, trochus, shell sh

Robako Copra, cocoa, ood crops

Taremb Copra, cocoa, ood crops, pandanus handicrats, rewood

Tenbibi Copra, ood crops, cocoa, pandanus handicrats, rewood

Tevaliaut Copra, cocoa, ood crops, pigs, chickens, sh, vanilla, bee

TevriCopra, ood crops, pigs, chickens, Cardisoma crabs, sh, trochus, shell sh, pandanus handicrats, rewood, octop

rolls o pandanus leaves

Uri island Copra, ood crops, cocoa, chickens, Cardisoma crabs, sh, trochus, shellsh, mangrove, oyster, octopus, clam shell

Vilavi Copra, trochus, pandanus handicrats


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Key Activities and Innovations

he AKTE mandate includes two zones: the tabu area, in whicharvesting is prohibited, and an access area that extends along the

oast, in which regulations ensure that crab harvesting is conducted

n a sustainable ashion. The AKTE Committee has established clear

ules to govern both, on display within the bay area. The strict

protection o biodiversity within the tabu area has spillover eects

or the access area, ensuring a reuge area or breeding stocks o

marine species.

Tabu area prohibitions:

No terrestrial or marine resources, including plants and animals,

may be killed or removed rom the AKTE.

No non-living resources, including dead wood, stones, shells,coral rubble, or sand, may be removed rom the AKTE.

All household waste must be disposed in disposal drums in the

area.

No person may make res or cook ood outside the areas

barbecue house (constructed recently or tourism purposes.)

No person may enter the tabu area without the authorization o

the AKTE committee.

Authorized visitors must pay 1,000 Vatu (approximately USper small truck and boat, or 1,500 VT (USD 16) per large truc

enter the tabu area, and must be accompanied by a memb

the AKTE committee. They are subject to all rules o the tab

Passengers o yachts are allowed to swim and walk in the A

or a 1,000 VT usage ee. They are subject to all rules o the

Members o the AKTE committee may enter or the purpo

maintenance and monitoring activities. They may cut bran

on roads and paths, but are subject to all other rules o the

Access area sustainable use regulations:

A person may collect max. 30 crabs to eat, and 80 to sell, pe

Crabs must be larger than our ngers across their carapabe harvested.

Crabs with eggs must not be harvested.

The access area is divided among the sixteen local commun

Each community access area is subject to local rules

regulations, which must be respected by all comm

members.


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Enorcement:

or all violations o the tabu area rules, a 5,000 VT (approximately

USD 53) ne is levied per entrance into the area. For instance, i a

roup or individual enters on three separate occasions to remove

rabs or sand, the ne would be 15,000 VT. This ne must be paid

o the AKTE Committee within a period o two weeks. Violations o

ocal access area rules are the responsibility o the respective local

ommunities, however.

norcement o the tabu area regulations, rom monitoring

nringements to giving and collecting penalty nes, is carried out

y the AKTE Committee. In the case o disputed penalties, parties

may state their claim to the committee, which will then make a nal

ecision. Ensuring that violators pay nes is delegated to individual

illage chies; where necessary, the Malampa Police Department also

as the responsibility to ensure that guilty parties pay the necessary

nes.

Monitoring:

As well as governing resource use, the AKTE Committee is responsible

or overseeing biological and socioeconomic monitoring. In 2004,

ommunity volunteers were trained in collecting baseline data and

onducting ongoing studies. Five principal methods have been

mployed in these eorts: ree checks, monitoring marine resources

including sh, invertebrates, and coral health; crab surveys, u

regular land crab counts; market surveys, tracking sales o crab

the local Lakatoro market; socioeconomic surveying, assessing

use o crabs and other resources at the household level; and tro

assessments, measuring stocks and harvest sizes o T. niloticus

snails, a valuable local resource.


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8

Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS

The biodiversity benets o the Crab Bay tabu area have been seen

n increased populations o various marine species collected by local

ommunities or consumption and sale in local markets, as well as

marked improvements in the mangrove orests and ree ecosystems.

n 2004, AKTE community volunteers took part in a stock assessment

nd ree check, recording the benets o sustainable management

or species including land crab, mangrove and terrestrial orests,

rochus, turtle, dugong, clams, coral rees, Crown-o-thorns starsh,

humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), mangrove bats, and various

eabird species.

Resource use regulations have positively benetted the AKTE

arget species o land crabs, as demonstrated by regular surveys

o Cardisoma crab harvests taken rom the projects access areas.

Between 2005 and 2010, the crab harvest increased rom 27,760

o 119,300, representing an increase o around 430%. This steady

ncrease in annual harvests has validated the efcacy o the tabu and

ccess area regulations or the Crab Bay and Amal communities, and

has resulted in the extension o the AKTE period until 2016.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

The AKTE initiative has generated economic benets or the

members o its constituent communities through two mainhannels. The organization collects money through ees or access to

he conservation site, as well as an anchorage ee or mooring yachts

n the access area. This is an income stream that the project hopes to

exploit through the urther development o ecotourism. The AKTE

Committee has also begun collecting revenue rom the use o the

newly-constructed inormation centre. These revenues have been

einvested in building a water system at the project site.

The second source o economic benet or the communities o Amal

nd Crab Bay has come through increased sales o land crabs at

market. The increase in harvests noted between 2005 and 201

430% has translated into an increase in annual sales rom 555

VT (USD 6,019) to 2,386,000 VT (USD 25,868) over the same pe

emphasizing the substantial benet o sustainable crab harve

to local communities. Cardisoma crabs are also a common so

o meat or villagers within the project area. While most meat

eaten a ew times a month, Cardisoma are typically gathered

4 times a week by 95% o local households; the increase in

availability has thereore also improved local ood security.


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The economic value o the areas natural resources extends beyond

cash income realized rom the sale o commercial species. Fornstance, several types o mangrove and other tree species are used

as door posts, ence posts, poles in gardens, place markers, bows,

arrows and spears, axe handles, and house raters. Socioeconomic

urveys conducted in 2004 and 2005 detail the high degree o

eliance on coastal and marine biodiversity or a variety o uses; the

ustainable management o these resources since 2002 has ensured

hat communities have continued to benet rom Crab Bays range

o provisioning ecosystem services.

POLICY IMPACTS

The Amal-Crab Bay Community Resource Management Initiative

has had a signicant impact on policies aimed at the sustainablemanagement o marine and coastal resources within Vanuatu,

orming a key component o the International Waters Project

trategy or the country and within the Pacic region. This has been

olidied by the presence o three representatives o the AKTE

communities being given positions in the Vanuatu Department

o Forestry, Fisheries and Agriculture. Technical experts rom the

department in these respective elds have also visited the site to

provide assistance.

The prole o the group has been boosted in recent years b

inclusion in the IUCN Mangroves Ecosystem or Climate Chand Livelihoods (MESCAL) project, with support rom UND

Vanuatu. The MESCAL project ocuses on activities in ve P

Island Countries Fiji, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu and Sa

to address key challenges or mangrove management

conservation. The Crab Bay initiative has been selected as a

site or this project, running rom 2011-2013, in recognition o

positive impacts o community-based conservation eorts o

areas mangrove ecosystems, seen as vital or local adaptatio

climate change. In turn, this has supported the groups claim or

recognition o the conservation site by the Vanuatu governme

In addition to having an impact on national policy, A

Committee members play important roles in local institutionsorganisation is represented by thirteen members on the bo

o two local secondary schools and our primary schools, w

two representatives work in private enterprises in local coc

plantations. At the level o Malampa province, ve AKTE Comm

members sit on the Provincial Authoritys Technical Adv

Committee. The initiatives sixteen village chies are membe

the provincial Malmetenvanu Council o Chies, an umbrella b

bringing together the provinces traditional leaders.

9

Fig. 1: Annual Land Crab Harvests, 2005-2010

Source: AKTE.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Income(VT,m

illions)

Totalrealsales(crabs,thousands)

Harvest Income (VT)


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Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYhe sustained impact o the AKTE initiative is largely based on the

trong support it enjoys among its sixteen constituent communities.

his is evidenced by the internal replication o the tabu approach

o conserving the areas natural heritage. Five member communities

ave established similar restricted access arrangements to their river

esources, replicating the success o the AKTE model on smaller

cales.

n addition to this social sustainability, the organisation is attempting

o become nancially sel-sustainable through the development o

cotourism. Beginning in 2008, the AKTE Committees Eco-culturalourism Project used unding rom the Global Environment Facility to

tart work on the AKTE Inormation Centre. This was supplemented

y unds raised rom a one-time harvesting o trochus in 2009; these

unds were used to begin the construction o a barbecue house that

will serve tourists. In 2010, the outer walls o both constructions were

ompleted, while an AKTE community member has participated in

n eco-guide workshop. An increase in tourism numbers over the

ext ew years would generate revenue rom conservation area

ntrance ees and associated enterprise growth.

Environmental education and awareness-raising

Another strategy being employed to improve long-termustainability is that o environmental education. With the support

the provincial government authority and rom international JICA

olunteers, AKTE has developed a pilot Crab Bay Environmental

ducation programme. The organization educates young pupils

rom local schools and communities about traditional methods

conservation. Designated community representatives act as

nowledge resources or this programme, while the management

ommittee has recently identied uture representatives to succeed

he sixteen current representatives o the member communities. In

010 and 2011, the organization provided environmental training

to ve schools and all sixteen communities with unding rom

provincial government.

This has also used traditional drama to convey educational mess

on conservation, supported by the Wan Smolbag Theatre group

Vanuatu-based group o actors works with communities on so

health, human rights and environmental issues, and has success

developed an awareness-raising River Play, emphasizing

importance o community conservation o coastal rivers and stre

as reshwater sources.

PARTNERS

The various partners to the AKTE initiative have clearly dened

and responsibilities; the multi-stakeholder approach to sustain

management has been a key actor in the projects sustainabilit

AKTE Committee: the central actor in the initiative; respon

or implementing management and monitoring activ

keeping nancial and event records, accompanying visitors


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1111

tabu area, maintaining roads and paths in tabu area, enorcing

the tabu, disseminating inormation rom committee meeting

decisions to local communities, making changes to rules and

management decisions o the tabu, and recommending any

changes o AKTE Committee membership to chies.

Village Chies: approve changes in the AKTE Committee

membership ater consulting communities; assists the AKTE

Committee in enorcing rules and regulations.

Fisheries Department: provides advice and technical support orthe management o AKTE and collecting monitoring data.

Forestry Department: provides advice and technical support or

management o AKTE.

Environment Department: provides advice and technical

support or the management o AKTE and analyzing data.

Provincial Authorities and police: provide enorcement support

to the AKTE Committee, i necessary.

Mapest and Bushmans Bay plantations: two private plantations

play a role in monitoring entrance into access areas.

Local acilitators: provide inormation on management decisions

and tabu regulations to the communities.

Local communities: assist in monitoring activities and consent

to management decisions taken by AKTE.

International support has come rom UNDP, the Global Environm

Facility (GEF), and the International Waters Project (IWP) thro

the Departments o Forestry and Fisheries. The project has

benetted rom the support o international volunteers thro

JICA, the Japanese International Cooperation Agency.

Wan Smolbag Theatre was created in 1989 by a group o part-

actors to work with communities on social, health, human ri

and environmental issues. With only one small bag to carry acostumes (Wan Smolbag in Bislama, pidgin English), the tro

produces plays and drama sketches, and conducts participa

drama workshops in Vanuatus most remote villages. The suc

o the theatre has triggered interest rom government agen

non-governmental organizations and development program

looking to raise awareness about sustainable development.

Wan Smolbag Theatre has produced short (20- to 50-minute) the

pieces and videos on environmental, health, human rights

population issues in remote villages located on more than sev

islands.


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FURTHER REFERENCE

Vanuatu Environment Unit. 2007. Socioeconomic study o the Crab Bay villages o Central Malekula, Vanuatu. IWP-Pacic Technical Re

(International Waters Project) Nos. 46 and 47.

Overview: sprep.org/att/publication/000554_IWP_PTR46.pd

Detailed ndings: sprep.org/att/publication/000555_IWP_PTR47.pd

Pascal, N. 2011. CostBeneft analysis o community based marine protected areas: 5 case studies in Vanuatu, South Pacifc. 107 pp. Com

nent 3A, Socioeconomic and coral ree ecosystems. CRISP Research reports. CRIOBE (EPHE/CNRS), Insular Research Center and Env

ment Observatory, Moorea, French Polynesia. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/nicolas_pascal_2011_cba_mma_spc.pd

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Case Studies UNDP: AMAL-CRAB BAY COMMUNITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE, Vanuatu

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