CASE DISCUSSION
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CASE DISCUSSION
Legaspi, LuisOntok, Abdul-AzizPayumo, Edelissa
Pelayo, May AngelaRodriguez, MelissaSamson, Edgardo
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HISTORY
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• Baby Boy J.C.• Full Term, 37 weeks by P.A.• 2600 g, appropriate for G.A.• Cephalic presentation• Repeat low-segment C.S.• 23 year old, G2P2
Identifying Data
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History of Present Illness
HR 60’s, limp, acrocyanotic, with no responseHR 50’s, some flexion, acrocyanotic, (+) grimaceHR 100’s, some flexion, acrocyanotic, (+) gruntingHR 130’s, active, acrocyanotic, (+) crying, RR 50-60(+) Grunting, (+) retractions
NICU 3
Thermoregulation, Suctioning, Tactile stimulation
Thermoregulation, Suctioning, Tactile stimulation, PPV
Thermoregulation, Given blow by O2, Stimulation
Weaned off from O2
Placed on O2 support via 10 lpm
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• OB Index: G2P2 (2002)• Previous Pregnancy:
Date: 2007Sex: MaleBW: 2.7 kgPlace: Perpetual Help HospitalDelivery Type: 1o Low-segment C.S.AOG: Full TermComplications: Cephalopelvic Disroportion
Maternal Obstetrical History
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• LMP: September 04, 2008• Prenatal Checkups: 2 at PGH• Medications Taken: None• Illnesses/Infection: None• Alcohol/Tobacco Use: None
Antenatal History
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• Onset of Uterine Activity: Spontaneous
• Intensity of Contractions: Moderate
• Membrane Status: Intact• Analgesia: None
Labor
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• Mode: Abdominal • Amniotic Fluid: Slightly Meconium Stained
• Analgesia: Subarachnoid Block
Delivery
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• APGAR Score: 5, 9• Resuscitation:
Supplementary O2 10 LPM via hood
Positive Pressure-Ventilation
Immediate Neonatal Period
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• (-) Hypertension• (-) Diabetes Mellitus• (-) Bronchial Asthma• (-) Blood Dyscrasias
Family History
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PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
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• GENERAL APPEARANCE:limp, in respiratory distress
• VITAL SIGNS: T: 36.6oC HR: 130 bpm RR: 50 cpmWt: 2600 g Lt: 49 cm HC: 32.5 cmCC: 31 cm AC: 28 cm
• SKIN: acrocyanotic, (-) lesions, (+) cracking, rare veins
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• HEAD:(-) molding, (-) cephalhematoma, both fontanels flat and soft, (-) overlapping sutures, BT: 8cm, BP: 9cm, SOB: 9cm, OF: 10.5cm, OM: 11.5cm
• EYES:(-) discharges, anicteric sclerae, both pupils equally reactive to light
• EARS: (-) low-set ears, formed, firm with instant recoil
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• NOSE:(+) alar flaring, both nostrils patent, (-) discharges
• MOUTH:(-) circumoral cyanosis, (-) cleft lip, formed tongue, (-) cleft palate
• CHEST/LUNGS: (-) barrel-shaped, (+) subcostal &
intercostal retractions, raised areola with 3-4 mm bud, (+) grunting, (-) tachypnea
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• HEART:adynamic precordium, (-) thrills, normal rate, regular rhythm, (-) murmur
• ABDOMEN:globular but not distended, nonpalpable liver
• UMBILICUS:translucent, (-) meconium stained, 2 arteries and 1 vein
• BACK:lanugo with bald areas, (-) dimpling, straight spine
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
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DIFFERENTIAL RULE-IN RULE-OUT
Hyaline Membrane
Disease
• (+) Grunting• (+) Retractions
•Rare in term neonates•Mother not GDM•Worsens/peaks at 48-36 hours
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
•Usually follows an uneventful normal FT SVD or CS•Early onset tachypnea with or without retractions• (+) Expiratory grunting
•Cyanosis relieved by minimal 02
•With rapid recovery in 3 days• PE: lungs clear w/o rales or rhonchi•Benign, self-limited course
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DIFFERENTIAL RULE-IN RULE-OUT
Neonatal Pneumonia
• (+) Grunting• (+) Retractions
• Pre-natal history suggests infection• Predisposed by pre-mature labor, inc-reased IE, PROM•Cannot be fully ruled-out
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
•Meconium staining•Non-vigorous, HR 60s, poor muscle tone, (-) response• (+) Grunting• (+) Retractions
•Cannot be fully ruled-out
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DIFFERENTIAL RULE-IN RULE-OUT
Neonatal Sepsis
• (+) Grunting• (+) Retractions
•Cannot be fully ruled out
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PRIMARY WORKING IMPRESSION
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• Full term, 37 weeks by PA, 2600 grams, AGA, Cephalic presentation, Delivered by repeat LSCS, APGAR Score 5,9
• Meconium Aspiration Syndrome vs. Neonatal Pneumonia
• R/O sepsis
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COURSE IN THE WARD
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• Born on May 7, 2009, 4:57 p.m.
• Started on Piperacillin-Tazobactam (75mkd) 195 mg IV q12
• Started on Amikacin (15mkd) 40 mg IV OD
Catcher’s Area
an extended-spectrum penicillin: improved activity against gram-negative organisms but can be
destroyed by -lactamases
-lactamase inhibitor
has synergistic effect with penicillins
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• Diagnostics:> CBC with PC > Na, K, Cl, Ca, > Blood typing > CXR APL> ABG > Blood C/S
• Venoclysis with D10W (80) @ 9cc/hr• NPO, Hgt q8• O2 support at 10 lpm/hood
Catcher’s Area
Why?
Why?
Why?
Why?
Why?
Why?
Why?
Why?
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Catcher’s Area
COMPONENT
05/07/09 NORMAL VALUES
WBC 5.56 5.0 – 30.0RBC 3.74 4.0 – 6.0HGB 129 120-180HCT 0.386 0.370 – 0.540Platelet 227 150 – 450Neutrophil 0.697 0.500 – 0.700Lymphocyte 0.182 0.200 – 0.500Monocyte 0.101 0.020 – 0.090Eosinophil 0.016 0.000 – 0.060Basophils 0.004 0.000 – 0.020
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
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Catcher’s AreaARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
pH 7.189
pCO2 51.20
pO2 76.00
HCO3 19.80
BEb -8.2O2sat 91.40%
COMBINED METABOLIC AND RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
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NICU
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3rd Hour of LifeS: (+) hypotension, (-) hypothermia, (-)
dyspneaO: pink all over, some flexion of
extremities, weak cryRR:24 HR:132 BP:30-40 T:36.6o
O2:85-95% (-) alar flaring, (-) circumoral cyanosisequal chest expansion, (-) grunting,
clear breath soundsadynamic precordium, (-) tachycardia,
(-) murmurglobular, soft, (-) massesgood capillary refill, fair pulses
A: Full term, 37 weeks by PA, 2600 grams, AGA, Cephalic presentation, Delivered by repeat LSCS, APGAR Score 5,9; Meconium Aspiration Sx vs. Neonatal Pneumonia
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3rd Hour of LifeP:
Given total of 50 cc PNSS IV bolus
Started on Dopamine @ 10mcg/kg/min to run for 1cc/hour (Dopamine 0.9cc + D5W 23.1cc)
UVC inserted
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5th Hour of LifeS: (+) persistent desaturation, (-)
tachycardia, (+) dyspneaO: acrocyanotic, some flexion of
extremities, weak cryRR:72 HR:144 BP:40-50 T:36.7o
O2:80% (+) alar flaring, (-) circumoral cyanosisequal chest expansion, (+) ICS
retractions, (+) gruntingadynamic precordium, (-) tachycardia,
(-) murmurglobular, soft, (-) massesgood capillary refill, fair pulses
A: Full term, 37 weeks by PA, 2600 grams, AGA, Cephalic presentation, Delivered by repeat LSCS, APGAR Score 5,9; Meconium Aspiration Sx vs. Neonatal Pneumonia
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5th Hour of LifeP:
Intubated with MV settings: FiO2100%, 18/3, RR 60 LT 0.4
D10W increased to run for 10 cc/hour
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5th Hour of LifeARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
(post-intubation)pH 7.252 pCO2 39.70pO2 188.00
HCO3 17.70
BEb -8.5O2sat 99.50%UNCOMPENSATED METABOLIC
ACIDOSIS(NaHCO3 5 meqs)
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7th Hour of LifeARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
(post-NaHCO3)
pH 7.407pCO2 28.00
pO2 146.00
HCO3 17.80
BEb -5O2sat 99.30%COMPENSATED REPIRATORY
ALKALOSIS
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1st Day of LifeS: (-) desaturation, (-) tachycardia, (-)
dyspnea, (-) fever,(+) BM x1, (+) UO x2, (-) jaundice
O: pink all over, good muscle tone, awakeRR:56 HR:128 T:36.7o O2:99% (-) alar flaring, (-) circumoral cyanosisequal chest expansion, (-) ICS
retractions, (-) gruntingadynamic precordium, (-) tachycardia,
(-) murmurglobular, soft, (-) massesgood capillary refill, strong pulses
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1st Day of LifeCHEST X-RAY
CHEMICAL PENUMONITIS
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1st Day of LifeBLOOD CHEMISTRY
CALCIUM 1.60 mmol/L
(2.12 – 2.52)
SODIUM 143 mmol/L (136 – 145)
POTASSIUM
3.9 mmol/L (3.50 – 5.10)
CHLORIDE
108 mmol/L (98 – 107)HYPOCALCEMIA
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1st Day of LifeARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
pH 7.468pCO2 14.40
pO2 191.00
HCO3 10.50
BEb -9.8O2sat 99.80%COMPENSATED RESPIRATORY
ALKALOSIS
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1st Day of LifeA: Full Term, 37 weeks by PA, 2600 g,
AGA, Cephalic presentation, Delivered by repeat LSCS, APGAR Score 5,9; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome vs. Neonatal Pneumonia; PPHN
precaution; r/o Sepsis
P: IVF shifted to D10IMB Ca 300 @
10cc/hr Decreased RR to 50 then by 2 every 2
hrs until 30 Decreased FiO2 by 5 every 2 hours
until 60%
Why?
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2nd Day of LifeS: (-) desaturation, (-) tachycardia, (-)
dyspnea, (-) fever,(+) BM x2, (+) UO x3, (-) jaundice
O: pink all over, good muscle tone, asleepRR:44 HR:136 T:37.2o O2:99% (-) alar flaring, (-) circumoral cyanosisequal chest expansion, (-) ICS
retractions, (-) gruntingadynamic precordium, (-) tachycardia,
(-) murmurglobular, soft, (-) massesgood capillary refill, strong pulses
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2nd Day of LifeARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
pH 7.360pCO2 32.70pO2 149.00
HCO3 18.40BEb -5.1O2sat 99.20%NORMAL ARTERIAL BLOOG GAS
(????)
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2nd Day of LifeA: Full Term, 37 weeks by PA, 2600 g,
AGA, Cephalic presentation, Delivered by repeat LSCS, APGAR Score 5,9; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome vs. Neonatal Pneumonia; PPHN
precaution; r/o Sepsis
P: Once FiO2 60%, may start feeding with
5cc EBM every 3 hours per with strict aspiration precaution
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2nd Day of LifeP:
Start feeding 5cc EBM as ordered, if tolerated 3x, start increments: increase 5cc every feeding until 30cc
MV setting: 60% 18/5 26 0.4 Wean FiO2 by 5 every 2 hours until 21%
Wean RR by 2 every 2 hours until 10
Extract ABGs at RR=10
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3rd Day of Life, A.M.S: (-) tachycardia, (-) dyspnea, (-) fever, (-)
jaundice
O: pink all over, good muscle tone, asleepRR:44 HR:136 T:37.2o O2:99% (-) alar flaring, (-) circumoral cyanosisequal chest expansion, (-) ICS retractions,
(-) gruntingadynamic precordium, (-) tachycardia, (-)
murmurglobular, soft, (-) massesgood capillary refill, strong pulses
A: Full Term, 37 weeks by PA, 2600 g, AGA, Cephalic presentation, Delivered by repeat LSCS, AS 5,9; MAS vs. Neonatal Pneumonia; PPHN precaution; r/o Sepsis
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3rd Day of Life, A.M.ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
(post-extubation)pH 7.324pCO2 38.60pO2 84.00HCO3 20.30BEb -4.7O2sat 95.60%
??????????????
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3rd Day of Life, A.M.P:
Extubated Placed on O2 hood FiO2 30% Revised inotropes: Dopamine 0.5cc + D5W 23.5 cc to run at 1cc/hour, then consume, then discontinue
Racemic epinephrine nebulization started, to continue 2 more doses 15 minutes apart
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3rd Day of Life, P.M.S: (-) fever, (+) jaundice, (+) coffe-ground
material/ogt
O: pink all over, good muscle tone, asleepRR:48 HR:152 T:36.7o
(-) alar flaring, (-) circumoral cyanosisequal chest expansion, (-) ICS retractions,
(-) gruntingadynamic precordium, (-) tachycardia, (-)
murmurdistended, soft, (-) massesgood capillary refill, strong pulses
A: Full Term, 37 weeks by PA, 2600 g, AGA, Cephalic presentation, Delivered by repeat LSCS, AS 5,9; MAS vs. Neonatal Pneumonia; PPHN precaution; r/o Sepsis
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3rd Day of Life, P.M.P:
For TB DB IB For CPT with proper shields Dopamine discontinued NCPAP 30% PEEP 5 ABGs Feeding decreased to 30cc
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4th Day of LifeS: (-) dyspnea, (-) fever, (+) jaundice, (+)
vomiting
O: pink all over, good muscle tone, asleepRR:44 HR:148 T:37.0o
(-) alar flaring, (-) circumoral cyanosisequal chest expansion, (-) ICS retractions,
(-) gruntingadynamic precordium, (-) tachycardia, (-)
murmurglobular, soft, (-) massesgood capillary refill, strong pulses
A: Full Term, 37 weeks by PA, 2600 g, AGA, Cephalic presentation, Delivered by repeat LSCS, AS 5,9; MAS vs. Neonatal Pneumonia; Hyperbilirubinemia no set-up
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4th Day of LifeTOTAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT
BIL.TB 16.1 mg/dl (10.00 –
180.00)DB 0 mg/dl (0.00 – 10.00)
IB 16.1 mg/dl (10.00 – 180.00)
NORMAL
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4th Day of LifeP:
Maintained on phototherapy NPO Wean FiO2 by 5 q2 until 21% Started on Famotidine 1mg IV q12
Given Vit. K 2mg slow IV push ABGs ordered at 25% PEEP 5
Why?
Why?
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5th Day of LifeS: (-) dyspnea, (-) fever, (+) jaundice, (+)
vomiting
O: pink all over, good muscle tone, asleepRR:47 HR:152 T:36.8o
(-) alar flaring, (-) circumoral cyanosisequal chest expansion, (-) ICS retractions,
(-) gruntingadynamic precordium, (-) tachycardia, (-)
murmurglobular, soft, (-) massesgood capillary refill, strong pulses
A: Full Term, 37 weeks by PA, 2600 g, AGA, Cephalic presentation, Delivered by repeat LSCS, AS 5,9; MAS vs. Neonatal Pneumonia; Hyperbilirubinemia no set-up
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4th Day of LifeARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
pH 7.329pCO2 40.80pO2 68.00HCO3 21.80BEb -3.5O2sat 92.40%
??????????????
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4th Day of LifeCHEST X-RAY
ATELECTASIS, RIGHT UPPER LOBEATELECTASIS/CONSOLIDATION, MEDIAL SEGMENT
OF RLL
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5th Day of LifeP:
For repeat CBC with PC, blood CS, eletrolytes
To start Ceftazidime (50mkd) 130mg IV q12h
IVF revised to: D10IMB Ca 400 @ 13cc/hr
Please put patient on right side up
Why?
Why?
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6th Day of Life
COMPONENT 05/07/09 05/12/09 NORMAL VALUES
WBC 5.56 24.42 5.0 – 30.0RBC 3.74 3.66 4.0 – 6.0HGB 129 122 120-180HCT 0.386 0.358 0.370 – 0.540Platelet 227 142 150 – 450Neutrophil 0.697 0.77 0.500 – 0.700Lymphocyte 0.182 .07 0.200 – 0.500Monocyte 0.101 0.10 0.020 – 0.090Eosinophil 0.016 0.006 0.000 – 0.060Basophils 0.004 0.000 – 0.020
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
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6th Day of LifeBLOOD CHEMISTRY
TEST 5/9/09 5/12/09 Normal Values
CALCIUM 1.60 mmol/L 1.92 mmol/L
(2.12 – 2.52)
SODIUM 143 mmol/L 140 mmol/L
(136 – 145)
POTASSIUM
3.9 mmol/L 4.3 mmol/L (3.50 – 5.10)
CHLORIDE
108 mmol/L 106 mmol/L
(98 – 107)
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6th Day of LifeTOTAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT
BIL.TEST 5/9/09 5/12/09 Normal
ValuesTB 16.1
mg/dl14.6 mg/dl
(10.00 – 180.00)
DB 0 mg/dl 0.0 mg/dl
(0.00 – 10.00)
IB 16.1 mg/dl
14.6 mg/dl
(10.00 – 180.00)
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MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
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Introduction•Meconium-stained amniotic fluid may be aspirated during labor and delivery, causing neonatal respiratory distress.
•Because meconium is rarely found in the amniotic fluid prior to 34 weeks' gestation, meconium aspiration chiefly affects infants at term and postterm.
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Introduction3 major constituents of meconium:
1. Intestinal secretions2. Mucosal cells3. Solid elements of swallowed
amniotic fluid are the 3 major solid constituents of meconium.
Water - major liquid constituent, (85-95%)
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Etiology• Placental insufficiency• Maternal hypertension • Preeclampsia• Oligohydramnios• Maternal drug abuse (tobacco, cocaine)
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Etiology•Maternal infection/chorioamnionitis
• Inadequate removal of meconium from the airway prior to the first breath
•Use of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) prior to clearing the airway of meconium
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PathophysiologyFetal hypoxic stress
(head or cord compression)↓Vagal stimulation↓
Mature gastrointestinal tract↓Peristalsis↓
Rectal sphincter relaxation↓Meconium passage
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PathophysiologyMeconium + amniotic fluid
↓
1. perinatal bacterial infection 2. erythema toxicum3. stained amniotic fluid
aspiration
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PathophysiologyAspiration induces hypoxia via 3 major pulmonary effects:
1. airway obstruction2. surfactant dysfunction3. chemical pneumonitis
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Pathophysiology1. Airway obstruction
• Complete obstruction - atelectasis• Partial obstruction - ball-valve effect
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Pathophysiology2. Surfactant dysfunction
• free fatty acids of the meconium (eg, palmitic, stearic, oleic), have a higher minimal surface tension than surfactant
• Meconium strip it from the alveolar surface, resulting in diffuse atelectasis
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Pathophysiology3. Chemical pneumonitis
• Enzymes, bile salts, and fats in meconium irritate the airways and parenchyma, causing a release of cytokines
• results in a diffuse pneumonia that may begin within a few hours of aspiration
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HistoryMeconium in amniotic fluid - required to cause meconium
aspiration syndrome (MAS)
Green urine - less than 24 hours after birth - meconium pigments absorbed
by lungs, excreted in urine
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Clinical ManifestationsCyanosis •End-expiratory grunting •Alar flaring • Intercostal retractions • Tachypnea •Barrel chest in the presence of air trapping •Auscultated rales and rhonchi (in some cases)
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Clinical ManifestationsYellow-green staining •Fingernails•Umbilical cord •Skin
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Laboratory Studies
Acid-base status • Metabolic acidosis from perinatal stress
• Respiratory acidosis from parenchymal disease and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN).
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Laboratory StudiesSerum electrolytes• sodium, potassium, and calcium• common perinatal stress complications:
1. syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
2. acute renal failure are frequent of
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Laboratory StudiesCBC Count •In utero or perinatal blood loss, as well as infection, contributes to postnatal stress•Hemoglobin and hematocrit
- ensure adequate oxygen-carrying capacity •Neutropenia or neutrophilia
- may indicate perinatal bacterial infection
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Chest Findings
Air trapping and hyperexpansion from airway obstruction.
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Chest Findings
Acute atelectasis
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Chest Findings
Pneumomedia-stinum from gas trapping and air leak
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Chest Findings
Left pneumothorax with depressed diaphragm and minimal mediastinal shift because of noncompliant lungs
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Chest Findings
Diffuse chemical pneumonitis from constituents of meconium
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Chest Findings• Gross overaeration of the lungs and
bilateral nodular infiltrates
• The nodular infiltrates represent areas of patchy or focal alveolar atelectasis and the overaerated spaces in between, compensatroy, focal alveolar overdistension
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ManagementMeconium Aspiration
↓Intubation
↓Suctioning
(Tracheal suctioning)
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ManagementNo clinical trials justify suctioning
based on the consistency of meconium.
Avoid:•Squeezing the chest of the baby •Inserting a finger into the mouth of the baby
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Guidelines for Management of a Baby Exposed to Meconium
by AAPNRPNOT VIGOROUS
(minimal or absent respiratory effort, poor muscle tone, or HR <100 beats/min)
↓Direct laryngoscopy intubation
and tracheal suctioning(Suction for no longer than 5 seconds)
↓NO MECONIUM IS RETRIEVED
DO NOT repeat Intubation and suction
MECONIUM IS RETRIEVED, NO BRADYCARDIA
Reintubate and suction
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Guidelines for Management of a Baby Exposed to Meconium
by AAPNRPVIGOROUS
(good respiratory effort, crying, good muscle tone, and HR >100 beats/min)
↓DO NOT electively intubate.
↓Clear secretions and meconium
from the mouth and nose with a bulb syringe or a
large-bore suction catheter
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Guidelines for Management of a Baby Exposed to Meconium
by AAPNRP
In either case,
The remainder of the initial resuscitation steps should ensue and include:
drying, stimulating, repositioning, and oxygen administration as necessary
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Continued care in the NICU
Maintain an OPTIMAL THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
Minimal handling
SEDATION - to decrease agitation
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Continued care in the NICU
Continue RESPIRATORY CARE
• Oxygen therapy - hood or positive pressure for adequate arterial oxygenation• Mechanical ventilation - minimize the mean airway pressure - short inspiratory time - oxygen saturations 90-95%
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Continued care in the NICU
SURFACTANT THERAPY
Nitric Oxide - pulmonary vasodilator of choice in PPHN
SYSTEMIC BLOOD VOLUME BLOOD PRESSURE (Volume expansion, transfusion therapy, and systemic vasopressors)
decrease: right-to-left shunt via PDA
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Complications1. Chronic lung disease2. Infections
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Prognosis Most with complete recovery of
pulmonary function
Intrapartum events initiating meconium passage may cause long-term neurologic deficits:• CNS damage• seizures• mental retardation• cerebral palsy
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HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
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Pathophysiology• Yellow color usually results from
accumulation of unconjugated, nonpolar, lipid-soluble bilirubin pigment in the skin
• May be due in part to deposition of pigment from conjugated bilirubin
• Elevated levels of indirect, unconjugated bilirubin potentially neurotoxic
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Etiology1.Increase load of bilirubin to the
liver•Hemolytic anemia, polycythemia, shortened red cell life, increased enterohepatic circulation, infection
2.Damaged or reduced activity of the transferase enzyme or other related enzymes• Genetic deficiency, hypoxia, infection, thyroid deficiency
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Etiology3.Blocked transferase
enzyme
4.Absence or decreased amounts of enzyme or reduced bilirubin uptake by liver cells•Genetic defect, prematurity
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Differential Diagnosis• Jaundice appearing after the 3rd
day and within the 1st week suggests bacterial sepsis or urinary tract infection
• Other causes: syphilis, toxoplasmosis, CMV, enterovirus
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Management•Regardless of the cause, goal of therapy is to prevent indirect-reacting bilirubin related neurotoxicity
• Tx: phototherapy and exchange therapy
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End...
... Thank you!