Carsharing: From Pilot Project to Implementation
Transcript of Carsharing: From Pilot Project to Implementation
European Conference of Ministers of Transport
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and TransportJapanese Government
2-3 March 2005 Akasaka Prince Hotel, Tokyo
CarsharingCarsharing: From Pilot Project to Implementation: From Pilot Project to Implementation
Matthew BARTHUniversity of California, Riverside
United States
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Shared-Use Vehicle Systems(a.k.a. carsharing, station cars):
–– organized shortorganized short--term vehicle rentalterm vehicle rental
–– joint access to a fleet of vehiclesjoint access to a fleet of vehicles
–– vehicles are used multiple times by multiple usersvehicles are used multiple times by multiple users
Key Benefits:–– improves transportation efficiency: improves transportation efficiency:
•• reduces number of vehicles to meet total travel demandreduces number of vehicles to meet total travel demand•• results in better land use (reduces parking requirements)results in better land use (reduces parking requirements)
–– user cost savings compared to personal car ownership: user cost savings compared to personal car ownership: vehicle payments, insurance, maintenance, etc.vehicle payments, insurance, maintenance, etc.
–– environmental benefit: lower vehicle emissions/energyenvironmental benefit: lower vehicle emissions/energy
–– transit ridership: improves access to transittransit ridership: improves access to transit
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Basic Shared Vehicle System Models:Carsharing
shared carparking
shared carparking
shared carparking
CITY
shared carparking
shared carparking
shared carparking
shared carparking
shared carparking
shared carparking
CITY• started primarily in Europe
• car sharing organizations (CSOs)
• small CSOs growing into larger systems
• most trips are round trips
• primarily reservation based
• most prevalent type of shared vehicle system
• www.carsharing.net
• www.ecoplan.org/carshare
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
STATION STATION
school
home
office
school
home
office
STATIONSTATIONSTATION STATIONSTATION
schoolschool
homehome
officeoffice
schoolschool
homehome
officeoffice
STATIONSTATION
Basic Shared Vehicle System Models:Station Cars
• initial concept was to deploy at transit station (i.e., transit feeder service)
• station cars concept now has cars placed at any high activity location
• other terms for stations: ports, pods, hubs, lots, etc.
• national station car organization: http://www.stncar.com/
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
AIRPORT
HOTEL
SHOPSRESORT
EATERY
AIRPORTAIRPORT
HOTELHOTEL
SHOPSSHOPSRESORTRESORT
EATERYEATERY
Basic Shared Vehicle System Models:Multiple-Station Shared-Use Vehicle Model
• not necessarily transit based
• suited for resorts, campuses, large parks
• trips can be one-way or round-trips
• vehicle distribution issues
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
UC RiversideIntelliShare System
Block DiagramBarth, M., M. Todd, and H. Murakami. (2000) Using intelligent transportation system technology in a shared electric vehicle program. Transportation Research Record No. 1731, pp. 88-95.
controller
MDU
CR
antenna
vehicle signals
and controls
controller
MDU
CR
antenna
vehicle signals
and controls
controller
controller
MDU
CR
antenna
vehicle signals
and controls
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Shared-Use Vehicle System Typology:
– more formal structure will help identify key elements and differences
– help clarify many terms and usage
– identifies various models in the shared vehicle continuum
– identifies key attributes, similarities, dissimilarities, and success factors
Barth, M. and Susan Shaheen. (2002) “Shared-use vehicle systems: a framework for classifying carsharing, station cars, and combined approaches”. Transportation Research Record No. 1791, pp 105 - 112, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Science.
Key Elements of Classification System:definition of basic objectives; links with other travel modes; size of target area and group to be served; organization, services offered, payments; vehicles; service; technological sophistication; sources of support
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Shared Vehicle Systems
nodes placed at transit stations
connections at trip starts/ends
Station Cars
purely services commute trips
with non-commute trips
short-term non-commute trips
hybrid designs
distributed nodes without transit
inter-nodal travel allowed
Car Sharing Organizations
no inter-nodal travel allowed
campus setting (day-use)
resort/park setting
business use (mostly)
• corporate campus• academic campus
• national parks• gated communities• resorts• city visi tors
residential use (mostly)
• classic CSOs• fleet vehicles• classic station cars • enhanced station cars
commuting use non-commuting use non-commuting use
Shared Vehicle Systems
nodes placed at transit stations
connections at trip starts/ends
Station Cars
purely services commute trips
with non-commute trips
short-term non-commute trips
hybrid designs
distributed nodes without transit
inter-nodal travel allowed
Car Sharing Organizations
no inter-nodal travel allowed
campus setting (day-use)
resort/park setting
business use (mostly)
• corporate campus• academic campus
• national parks• gated communities• resorts• city visi tors
residential use (mostly)
• classic CSOs• fleet vehicles• classic station cars • enhanced station cars
commuting use non-commuting use non-commuting use
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Intelligent Transportation Technology can play key role in fostering shared-use vehicle systems:
–– dispatching and reservation systemsdispatching and reservation systems–– smartcard technology (i.e., keyless technology)smartcard technology (i.e., keyless technology)–– intelligent communication and tracking systemsintelligent communication and tracking systems–– onon--board navigation and travel informationboard navigation and travel information
North America Carsharing has limited technology penetration:
–– 39% have advanced operations39% have advanced operations–– 17% have partially automated services17% have partially automated services–– 44% have manual operations44% have manual operations(as of mid(as of mid--2002, from: (Shaheen, 2002, from: (Shaheen, MeynMeyn, and , and WipyweskiWipyweski, 2002]), 2002])
CDPD GPSlocal RF transceiverCDPD GPSlocal RF transceiver
Barth, M. and M. Todd. “Intelligent Transportation Technology Elements and Operational Methodologies for Shared-Use Vehicle Systems”. Transportation Research Record No. 1841, pp 99 – 108, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Science.
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Continental Differences in Carsharing• Europe:
• largest organized carsharing groups• interoperability is a key element of their organization (i.e., Mobility
Switzerland)• large push toward integrating with other transit modes (i.e., trains)• technology penetration is slowly increasing
• North America:• neighborhood carsharing systems dominate• steadily increasing in numbers (7/2003: 15 major systems, 25,000
members, 800 vehicles)• successful in high density cities: Boston, Washington, Seattle,
Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia, etc.• recent U.S. Transit Cooperative Highway Research Project
• Asia:• Japan: tend towards high technology, hybrid systems• Other systems in other areas are beginning to appear (Singapore)• high potential for shared-use vehicle systems in China
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Shared Vehicle System InteroperabilityShared Vehicle System Interoperability–– it is desired to have individuals use multiple sharedit is desired to have individuals use multiple shared--use use
vehicle services with minimal hasslevehicle services with minimal hassle
–– Customer Interface Issues:Customer Interface Issues:•• users could benefit by having similar system proceduresusers could benefit by having similar system procedures•• important for linking multiple systems and other transit modesimportant for linking multiple systems and other transit modes
–– Operational Issues:Operational Issues:•• difficult to have standards here that span all carsharing modelsdifficult to have standards here that span all carsharing models•• should not stifle new innovative operational methodsshould not stifle new innovative operational methods•• important to collect critical data for evaluationimportant to collect critical data for evaluation
–– Vehicle Issues:Vehicle Issues:•• many automobile standards already existmany automobile standards already exist•• standardization here can be beneficial to vehicle OEMsstandardization here can be beneficial to vehicle OEMs•• could be based on current IDB (intelligent data bus) developmentcould be based on current IDB (intelligent data bus) development
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Recent Carsharing in JapanName of Organization Name of Project Begin Service Area No. of
StationNo, of
Vehicle No. of Member
1 CVE Sharing Co., Ltd. ITS/CEV City Car System Sep-99
Yokohama City/Kanagawa Pref., Kawasaki City/Kanagawa Pref., Chiyoda Ward/the Metropolis of Tokyo
11 27 around 500 individuals
2 Toyota City Toyota City Small Electric Vehicle Sharing Experiment Mar-01 Toyota City/Aichi Pref. 5 17 33 corporations
(around 860 individuals)
3 Eco Park and Ride Promotion Council Atsugi Eco-Park and Ride Project Jan-00 Atsugi City/Kanagawa Pref. and
Vicinity 1 12 9 individuals and 4 companies
4 West Japan Recycle Movement Citizens' Group
Car Sharing Network Non Profitable Organization Oct-02 Fukuoka City/Fukuoka Pref. 6 24 232 individuals
5Ido Support Ltd.Transportation Planning Asano Lab./Waseda University
- Feb-03 Mitaka City/the Metropolis of Tokyo 1 1 17 individuals
6 Nishio Rent All Co., Ltd., Sacos Co., Ltd.
Business Use Vehicle Sharing System(mobi-system)
Nov-03 Edogawa Ward/the Metropolis of Tokyo and Vicinity 1 13 in the firm
7 Orix Rent-a-car Co., Ltd. Park City Tokyo Bay Shinurayasu Car Sharing System Mar-04 Urayasu City/Chiba Pref. 3 6 150 individuals
8 Hankyu Saito Development Co., Ltd. Saito Car Sharing System Apr-04 Ibaraki City/Osaka Pref. 1 3 20 individuals
9Station Rent-a-car Kansai Co., Ltd.,Japan Railway West
Car Sharing "Choinori Club" Apr-04 Shin-Osaka Station, Shin Kobe Station 2 6 no information
10 User, Shiki-no-wa Non Profitable Organization Shiki "Handmade Car Sharing" May-04 Shiki City/Saitama Pref. 1 1 5 individuals
11 Kyoto University Campus Car (C-Car) Operation Committee
Kyoto University Campus Car Experiment for Practical use Aug-04 Kyoto City/Kyoto Pref., Uji
City/Kyoto Pref. 4 10 15 Lab.
12 Tokai Kyujin Service Co., Ltd. Linkul Car Sharing Oct-04 Nagoya City/Aichi Pref. 4 10 around 10 individuals
13 Sugahara Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Windcar Nov-04 Sapporo City/Hokkaido Pref. 3 3 42 individuals
14 Ube Pallet Rental Leasing Co., Ltd. UPR Car Sharing System Dec-04 Minato Ward/the Metropolice of
Tokyo 3 3 in the firm
Source: Tuenjai and Atsushi Fukuda, Department of Transportation Engineering and Socio-Technology, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Transportation in China
• China has had tremendous economic growth, presenting many challenges:
• social
• environment
• transportation
• as per capita income increases, so does amount of motorization
• infrastructure cannot handle increases in vehicles, but people want mobility and accessibility
• multi-modal approach (emphasis on public transportation) should be taken, shared-use vehicle systems can play an important role
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Potential for Shared-Use Vehicle Systems in Asian Cities• Neighborhood Carsharing: can apply towards apartment
buildings in city• shopping, education, work typically located nearby• occasional excursions required: public transit? taxis? • carsharing can fill role where public transit doesn’t reach
• carsharing has lower cost than personal car ownership• parking hassles are eliminated
•• MultiMulti--Station SharedStation Shared--Use Vehicle Systems:Use Vehicle Systems:•• academic and corporate campusesacademic and corporate campuses•• expandable small settlements (i.e., “new towns”)expandable small settlements (i.e., “new towns”)•• tourist areastourist areas
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Carsharing Successful Factors
• existing mobility problems
• high population density (e.g., Shanghai vs. Los Angeles)
• system should capture as many travel modes as possible (e.g., cars, bike, scooters)
• hybrid models tend to be the most successful
• forward-thinking community
• government support
• high penetration of technology
• integration with other transit modes (e.g., trains, bus, etc.)
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Carsharing Potential Barriers
• low cost of current mobility
• lack of community support
• lack of government buy-in
• insurance problems (high rates)
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Summary• shared-use vehicle systems could offer a flexible mobility
alternative to many locations around the globe
• type of shared-use vehicle system should be customized for specific city attributes
• potential for success for developing cities:
• high degree of success will come in cities that don’t have any deep-rooted notions of personalized ownership in terms of automobile usage
• success will occur for cities that have the strength of governance that would enable it to establish supportive automobile use policies
• All national, regional, and municipal governments should consider incorporating shared-use vehicle systems into their comprehensive development and traffic management plans
Center for Environmental Research and Technology
University of California, RiversideBourns College of Engineering
Thank you!Acknowledgements
• many others in the shared-use vehicle arena for their discussions and insights
• U.S. Transportation Research Board Carsharing Sub-Committee
• Financial: California Department of Transportation, University of California, Honda Motor Company, California PATH Program
Matthew BarthProfessor: Electrical Engineering
Director: Center for Environmental Research and TechnologyUniversity of California, Riverside