Carp in the FAO program“Aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture”

Zsigmond Jeney and Matthias Halwart

NAIK-HAKI Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture

Fishery & Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division (FIA), FAO

4th International Carp Conference21-22 September 2017

Zagreb, Croatia

Carp in the FAO program“Aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture”

Draft State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Report:

• http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq584e.pdf

• It can also be found on this website http://www.fao.org/aquatic-genetic-resources/background/sow/en/

- For this presentation and the first draft of SoW AqGR (April 2016) , only 47 reports were analysed

- Today, 92 national reports are available and being analysed, so expect updates soon!

Content

1. Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Towards a State of the World Report.

Based on the presentation by Mr. Jiansan Jia at the 40th Anniversary National Scientific Conference on Fisheries & Aquaculture. Held at NAIK-HAKI, Szarvas, Hungary, June 15, 2016

2. Common carp in the SoW of Aquatic Genetic resources

Based on the SoW of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Draft of April 2016)

Introduction

• Fisheries and aquaculture are crucialfor food security and poverty alleviation.

• Capture fisheries: about 5,000 species.

• Aquaculture: more than 575 species of finfish, molluscs, crustaceans, amphibians/reptiles, aquatic invertebrates, algae …

The contribution of aquaculture to world

food fish production increased from 3.9%

in 1970 to more than 50% in 2014 with

growth expected to continue.

Aquatic genetic resources are of key

importance for the further genetic

improvement of fish strains

to achieve sustainable development of

aquaculture

Introduction

Global fisheries and aquaculture production (tonnes)

Constraints

• Capitalizing on the enormous potential of aquatic genetic resources requires overcoming specific constraints:

1. Lack of information regarding the genetic characteristics, performance, location and accessibility of aquatic genetic resources and regarding threats to their survival.

2. Inadequate national programmes and information systems for aquatic genetic resources.

3. Lack of a global policy and management approach to aquatic genetic resources.

Pathway

Lack of data/information and inadequate standardization

Poor understanding of the status and trends of Aquatic Genetic Resources

Improvements in knowledge of the status and trends of farmed aquatic species and their wild relatives

More comprehensive policy, planning and management of these essential resources.

Genetic information will be increasingly important to support sustainable aquaculture and fisheries

The challenge is to improve information on the status and trends of many aquatic species which

will facilitate maintaining and further developing a broad genetic base for the future

Goal

• At its 11th Regular Session, the Commission agreed that improving the collection and sharing of information on aquatic genetic resources is of high priority.

• The Commission included the preparation of The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (SoW AqGR) into its Multi-Year Programme of Work (MYPOW).

• Main outputs and milestones

• Presentation of The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture based on a country driven process (2017).

• Development of elements related to the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries aimed to maintain a broad genetic basis to ensure sustainable use and conservation of AqGR (2019).

CGRFA and AqGR

Work of the AqGR team

• Use and exchange of genetic resources• Background Study Paper no. 45 – The use and exchange of AqGR for

Food and Agriculture• Background Study Paper no. 55 – Climate Change and Aquatic Genetic

Resources for Food and Agriculture: State of Knowledge, Risks and Opportunities

• FAO International Expert Workshop Improving the Information Base for Aquatic Genetic Resources for The State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources. Madrid, Spain, 1–4 March 2011

• CGRFA-14/13/18 Working document on Scoping Policy Analysis: Gaps and Opportunities related to Aquatic Genetic Resources

• CGRFA-14/13/Inf.25 Information document on Draft Guidelines for the Preparation of Country Reports for The State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

• For further details, please consult the FAO FI and CGRFA websites

• Decided on scope: Farmed aquatic species and their wild relatives within national jurisdiction

• Stressed that work towards the preparation of the SoW AqGR should link to and build on the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.

• Agreed on the structure and contents of the SoW AqGR• Requested FAO to identify options for strengthening the ongoing

collection and analysis of country-level data and information on fisheries and aquaculture by including information on aquatic genetic resources.

• Called on countries to participate in the process by preparing national reports on aquatic genetic resources and to strengthen related information systems.

CGRFA 14 – critical for AqGR

• Requested FAO to also consider information contained in country reports prepared for The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture

• Noted the need to strengthen existing information systems and requested FAO to identify opportunities to strengthen them at the regional and global levels

• Invited relevant international and regional organizations with a recognized mandate and competence to contribute to the preparation of the report, including through providing reports to FAO

• Agreed to establish the Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture specifically with the task to guide the preparation of and review the report.

CGRFA 15 – move on with AqGR

Chapter 1: The Use of Aquatic Genetic Resources in Capture Fisheries, Aquaculture and Culture-Based Fisheries Chapter 2: Drivers and Trends in Capture Fisheries, Aquaculture and Culture-Based Fisheries: Consequences for Aquatic Genetic Resources Chapter 3: In Situ Conservation of Aquatic Genetic Resources Chapter 4: Ex Situ Conservation of Aquatic Genetic Resources Chapter 5: Stakeholders with Interests in Aquatic Genetic Resources Chapter 6: Policies and Legislation for Aquatic Genetic Resources, Including Access and Benefit Sharing Chapter 7: Research, Education, Training and Extension on Aquatic Genetic Resources: Coordination, Networking and Information Chapter 8: International Collaboration on Aquatic Genetic Resources

SoW AqGR - Structure

STATE OF THE WORLD’S AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE NATIONAL

STATUS OF AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES – BY NATIONAL

FOCAL POINTS THEMATIC BACKGROUND STUDIES

Scope: Farmed aquatic speciesand their wild relatives in national

jurisdictions

RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS’

REPORTS

Development of elements related to the Code of Conduct of Responsible Fisheries

Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Technical Working

Group on AqGR

Advisory Working Group on AqGR+T

(under COFI)

Expert Group on

genetic diversity and indicators

Complementary information systems on AqGR by FAO

Regional workshops

THEMATIC BACKGROUND STUDIES

1. Incorporating genetic diversity and indicators into

regular statistics and monitoring of farmed aquatic

species and their wild relatives

2. Biotechnology and genomics in aquaculture

3. Genetic resources for farmed seaweeds and freshwater

macrophytes (*divided into two separate reports)

4. Genetic resources of microorganisms of current and

potential use in aquaculture

Carp in the FAO program“Aquatic genetic resources for food and agriculture”

• Select and analyse the relevant sections for carp

• Describe the issues around carp

What can the SoW tell us about the global situation of carp genetic resources around the world?

Production of freshwater fish (2010)The majority of production volume is based on the lower trophic level species. This underscores the contribution of these species to global food security and their relatively efficient production of high quality protein relative to

other livestock systems.

Carp is cultured in wide diversity of aquaculture systems

Top 10 aquatic species being farmed

The most commonly reported species being farmed was common carp, C. carpio, and it was introduced into most of the countries where it is farmed. In fact, many of the

commonly farmed species are not native to many (most) of the countries that farm them

Genetic technologies for improving farmed types andindicative responses in farmed aquatic species.

Carp responds well to genetic imporvement methods

koi outgroup

Amur scaly (Asian wild line)

cultured carp lines kept in

gene bank

Danube scaly

Tisza scaly

(European

wild lines)

Example: Relationships of carp lines using microsatellite markers

- A basal and distinct phylogenetic

position of the Asian population has

been proved.

- Among European populations,

“wild” (natural) lines were clearly

separated form cultured ones and

from each other, too.

- The cultured lines in Hungary

showed closer genetic relationship

to each other according their

known breeding history.

- Inbreeding effects at a certain

extent could be observed as a result

of the loss of heterozygosity.

Example: Koi Herpes Virus - challenge studyCumulative mortality of the five most sensitive families (red lines)

and five most resistant families (green lines).

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Days post challenge

Cu

mu

lati

ve

mo

rtali

ty (

%)

6 71 74 80 91

8 9 20 49 62

Female

Male

Duna

Amur

Tata

15

No 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

1 X X X

2 X X X

3 X X X

4 X X X

5 X X

6 X X

7 X X

8 X X

9 X X

Duna

10 X X

1 X X X

2 X X X

3 X X X

4 X X X

5 X X

6 X X

7 X X

8 X X

9 X X

Amur

10 X X

1 X X X

2 X X X

3 X X X

4 X X X

5 X X

6 X X

7 X X

8 X X

9 X X

Tata

10 X X

1 X X X

2 X X X

3 X X X

4 X X X

5 X

6 X

7 X X

8 X X

9 X X X

15

10 X X X

X-10 L-B X- 10H-B - 10 L-V 10 H-V

The lowest and highest crosses

against bacterial ( X and X)

and

viral infections ( and )

Increased wealth and demand for fish

Over the last two decades (1995-2015) there has been a substantial increase in tradein many aquaculture products based on both low- and high-value species.

New markets have emerged in developed, transitioning and developing countries.Aquaculture is now a significant contributor to the international trade in fisherycommodities. This is dominated by high-value species such as salmon, seabass,seabream, shrimp and prawns, bivalves and other molluscs but also includes lower-value species such as tilapia, catfish (including Pangasius) and carps.

These low-value species are traded in large quantities within and between countries intwo main regions (Asia and South America) and are increasingly finding markets inother regions (e.g. Pangasius, tilapia) (SOFIA, 2014).

Consumer preferences and the relevance to genetic characteristics of farmed-type AqGR

Use of non-native species in fisheries and aquacultureTop 10 species exchanged by countries, includes both import and export.

Production from non-native species was shown to be increasing inmany areas for both fisheries and aquaculture. As expected the mostcommon form of genetic material exchanged with another countrywas living specimens.

Introductions of parasites and pathogens

Species transferred between regions for aquaculture purposes have also resulted in the introduction of diseases, which have severely impacted aquaculture production or stocks of wild relatives:

Various carp viruses have been transferred through movements of fish for aquaculture as well as for the aquarium trade (e.g. Koi Herpes Virus, CEV)

Possible risks connected to the relatively easy transportation of eggs

Dry method for transportation of fertilized eggs

Kontroll 24 óra 36 óra 42 óra 48 óra

Indirect effects of climate change on AqGR through impacts on ecosystems

Water temperature rise will enable species to extend their ranges in temperate areas and encourage the establishment of invasive species.

Top 10 species for which habitat was reported to be declining and status on IUCN Red List

(NA = not assessed; LC = Least Concern; DD = data deficient to assess; V = Vulnerable)

Table shows the top 10 wild relatives whose populations and habitat were decreasing. A comparison with the IUCN Red List shows that only two of these species are listed as vulnerable,

several are of least concern and the majority haven’t been assessed.

Impacts of purposeful stocking

Differing strategies for management of inland waters for fisheries in developed and developing countries

Ex-situ conservation of AqGR

Because of the short history of domestication, breeding programmes and relatedresearch for most farmed aquatic organisms, the free-living populations of their wildand feral relatives and of other potentially farmable aquatic species have highimportance as genetic resources.

Many of these free-living populations, especially in freshwaters, are among the world’smost seriously threatened biodiversity; for example, the wild genetic resources offarmed carps and tilapias.

Carp genetic resources in Central and Eastern Europe

They include wild forms of carp as well.

Catalogue of carp breeds of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The most recent “inventory” of carp strains.

(by Bogeruk, 2008 in frame of the EUROCARP project)Plan to publish on internet by FAO

Table 1: Genetic resources of common carp in major European carp producing countries,

based on Bogeruk, 2008.

Country

Strains

Belarus Czech

Republic

Hungary Moldova Poland Russia Ukraine

National 3 14 14 3 7 13 6

Foreign 5 8 NR NR 11 1 NR

Total 8 22 14 3 18 14 6

Cryo-bank NR Yes Yes NR NR NR NR

NR – not reported

All together 60 “national strains” and 25 “foreign

strains” described in 7 major carp producing

countries.

Main species with ex situ conservation programs

* Species used for direct human consumption only

Main species with in vitro collections

Final thoughts

It is too early to give definite conclusions on the state of genetic resources of carp – not all important producer countries had reported.

Findings on carp, from point of view of Aquatic genetic resources for Food and Agriculture.

– Produced in different aquaculture systems, in large volumes, world-wide;

– The most commonly cultured species, often used for exchange, in many places is not native;

– Original genetic resources in wild are in danger;

– Responds well to selective breeding and crossbreeding methods;

Once the final SoW AqGR is released, the situation will become clearer

Thank you for your attention!