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![Page 1: Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems IT Infrastructure 70-451 Management Information Systems.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051412/551420e0550346d8488b57f1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
IT Infrastructure
70-451 Management Information Systems
Robert Monroe
September 1, 2010
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
After Today's Class You Should Be Able To:
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Quick Review: IS Functions And Resources
Source: James O’Brien, Management Information Systems, 6th ed.
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Computer Engineering in 5 Minutes!
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Principle: Systems Are Built From Components
ChipsRAM
DisksPCB’s
OutputDevicesInput
Devices
Components IS Infrastructure
Server
Server
Server
SAN
Router
Firewall
PCPC
PCPC
PDA
…PDA
SmartCard
IT Devices
ChipsRAM
DisksPCB’s
OutputDevicesInput
Devices
Server
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Binary Encoding: Computing With 0’s and 1’s
• Computers process binary representations of data – All data (and programs) encoded as sequences of 0’s and 1’s
• Examples:– Numbers: 101011
2 = 43
10
(1·32) + (0·16) + (1·8) + (0·4) + (1·2) + (1·1) = 43
– Letters: 01000001 (ASCII) = ‘A’ 01000010 (ASCII) = ‘B’
– Booleans: 0 = False1 = True
• Binary representations work well with digital electronics– Electrical current present → 1 – No electical current present → 0
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Transistors and Logic Gates
• Transistors are digital switches that either block an electrical current or allow it to pass
• This property allows them to store state and implement Boolean Logic operations
• Transistors form the basis for modern microelectronics
• Logic Gates implement Boolean operations
AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate(inverter)
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Moore’s Law
Transistors Per Chip (1971-1989)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1971 1972 1974 1978 1982 1985 1989
Transistor density on integrated circuits doublesabout every two years.
- Gordon Moore, 1965
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Moore’s Law
Transistor density on integrated circuits doublesabout every two years.
- Gordon Moore, 1965
Transistors Per Chip (1989-2003)
0
100,000,000
200,000,000
300,000,000
400,000,000
500,000,000
1989 1993 1997 1999 2000 2002 2003
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Moore’s Law
Transistor density on integrated circuits doublesabout every two years.
- Gordon Moore, 1965
Transistors Per Chip (1971-2003)
0
100,000,000
200,000,000
300,000,000
400,000,000
500,000,000
1971
1972
1974
1978
1982
1985
1989
1993
1997
1999
2000
2002
2003
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Implications of Moore’s Law
• The computing power that can be acquired for $X has approximately doubled every two years since 1965
• The cost of a given amount of computing power (Y) has fallen by approximately half every two years since 1965
• There is much debate about how long Moore’s law will continue to hold– It’s been declared dead many times before…
• There is also much debate whether it is less important now than it has been for the past two decades
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
It’s Not Just Integrated Circuits!
• Over the past decades there have also been exponential improvements in:– Random Access Memory (MB/$)– Hard disk drive capacity (MB/$)– Network bandwidth (MB/sec/$)
• Implications:– This industry dynamic should inform your hardware strategy– As the cost of computing power has plummeted, people
continue to apply IT to new, bigger, and harder problems– This trend is likely to continue
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Hardware Components
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Chips
• Integrated Circuits (ICs) are thin pieces of silicon with millions of transistors, arranged to perform specific computational tasks
• Microprocessors– A programmable general processing chip– The Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer is generally
a microprocessor
• Memory– Random Access Memory (RAM)– Read Only Memory (ROM)– Volatile vs non-volatile (flash)
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Chips
• High fixed costs to produce a modern IC– Very expensive to design– Fabrication plants (fabs) can be
tremendously expensive
• Very low marginal costs– Driven primarily by yield
• Types of IC’s– Microprocessors, RAM, CCD
sensors, nano-tech, …
An IC schematic
A packaged microprocessor
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Printed Circuit Boards
• Hold chips in place• Send power to chips• Route signals between chips• Route signals to external computing components• Examples:
– Motherboards
– Graphics cards
– Network Interface Cards
– Cellphone backplane
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Connectors and Interfaces
• Connectors link electronic components together• Interfaces are the points where components meet• Common types of connectors:
– Printed Circuit Boards– System bus (built into motherboard, managed by chipset)– Cables
• Ethernet (Cat 5) -- label and pass around• USB – Universal Serial Bus• Firewire (IEEE 1394)• SCSI – Small Computer System Interface• Power• Video
– Network Interface Card
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Power and Heat
• Electronic devices need power to operate
• Two common sources:– Power from the electric grid (plug it into the wall)
– Batteries
• Electrical usage generates heat
• Too much heat damages electronics
• Dispersing heat from electronic devices is critical
• Many technologies to do so– Heat sinks
– Airflow (fans)
– Liquid cooling
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Storage
• Data storage is handled with many different types of devices in a Memory Hierarchy
Source: James O’Brien, Management Information Systems, 6th ed.
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Storage
• Primary storage– Registers on CPU– Processor cache– RAM
• On-line storage– Flash memory– Hard disk drives
• Near-line storage– CD-ROM, DVD-ROM– CD-RW/DVD-RW
• Off-line storage– Tape drives– Tape vaults– Tape bunkers (disaster recovery)
Source: James O’Brien, Management Information Systems, 6th ed.
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Storage Devices
Flash Memory
TapeCartridge
Hard Disk Drive (opened)
RAM
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Measuring Storage Capacity and Performance
• Two basic units of measurement for storage– Capacity
• 1 Byte of data ≈ 1 character of storage (e.g. ‘a’)• MegaBytes (MB) – 1 MB ≈ 1 Million Bytes (≈ 1 minute of music)• GigaBytes (GB) – 1 GB ≈ 1 Billion Bytes (≈ 20 minutes DVD video)• Terrabytes (TB) – 1 TB ≈ 1 Trillion Bytes (≈ Google Earth Database)
– Access Speed • How fast can the processor retrieve the data from memory• Microseconds (μs) – 1 millionth of 1 second (10-6)• Milliseconds (ms) – 1 thousandth of 1 second (10-3)
• Another key metric for storage capability is how robust and fault tolerant the storage device is– Generally measured as Mean Time To Failure (MTTF)– Robustness is generally increased through redundancy
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Software Components
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Operating Systems
• An Operating System (OS) is software that handles the basic functions of a computer
Source: James O’Brien, Management Information Systems, 6th ed.
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Common Operating Systems
• There are many Operating Systems and OS vendors such as:
– Microsoft Windows (Windows 7, 2008 Server, Mobile, etc.)– Linus and UNIX (Sun Solaris, HP-UX, IBM AIX, etc.) – Mac OS X (Apple’s proprietary OS)
– Symbian (phone OS)– iOS (iPhone, iPad)– Google Android
– IBM OS/390 and z/OS (mainframes)– IBM OS/400 (common legacy midrange system)– DEC VAX (common legacy midrange system)
• Software applications are often written to a specific OS
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
• Database Management System software manages the capture, storage, organization, retrieval, and presentation of a company’s data
• Business Intelligence (BI) tools work with DBMS’s to help people analyze, visualize, and interpret the data stored in the underlying databases.
• We will study DBMS’s and BI tools in much greater detail later in the course
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
SCM, ERP, and CRM Systems
• … which we will discuss in detail next week
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Communications Software
• Software to help people communicate, collaborate, and share information
• Examples?
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Custom Applications
• Any software application written for a specific business (bespoke software)
• Often, much of the true business value that an information system creates comes from the custom applications created for it, or the systems integration work done to customize existing applications to work exactly the way that the business needs them to work
• What examples of high-value custom applications have we discussed in previous classes?
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Building IT Devices from Components
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Building IT Devices From Components
Components IS Infrastructure
Server
Server
Server
SANFirewall
PCPC
PCPC
PDAPDA
SmartCard
IT Devices
ChipsRAM
DisksPCB’s
OutputDevicesInput
Devices
…
Operating System
ChipsRAM
DisksPCB’s
OutputDevicesInput
Devices
Server
Operating System NetworkMgmt Sys
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Computer Categories: Client Systems
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Computer Categories: Back-End Systems
• Servers– Built from (powerful) PC components– Generally located in controlled environment and accessed remotely– Designed to support multiple users, generally for dedicated tasks– Generally run a Unix variant (including Linux) or a MS Windows Server variant
• Mainframes– Very large computers designed to support hundreds of users concurrently– Emphasis on very, very high reliability and concurrent usage– Still a viable platform for some applications– Many, many legacy systems running on mainframes
• Midrange (mini) computers– Not widely used for new systems– Lots of legacy systems still running– Vax and HP are most common systems
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Storage Systems• Storage systems provide large, shared repositories for data
• Advantages of a storage system include:– Shared data and storage space between computers– Higher reliability and availability than individual devices– Single point for administration and maintenance
• Disadvantages include:– Much higher cost per GB of storage (~ 3x to 100x the cost/GB)– More complex to configure and administer
• Common storage systems include:– RAID arrays– File servers– Network Attached Storage (NAS)– Storage Area Networks (SAN)
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Dedicated Hardware Devices
• Mobile phones• Xbox 360, Wii, Playstation 3 • Flight simulators• Automotive informatics (nav systems, audio, etc…) • Factory control systems • Computer Numeric Control (CNC) machining tools• DVR’s and Satellite TV boxes
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Networking
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Common Networking Equipment
• Network Interface Cards (NICs) provide an interface from a computer to a network
• Hubs and switches concentrate connections from clients (computers) in a network
• Routers and Gateways form connections between networks (internetworking)
• Firewalls limit the types of connections a computer will accept from the network, and from whom it will accept them
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Putting It All Together: Prototypical Network
Source: O’Brien, Management Information Systems, 6th ed.
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Network Stacks
Source: O’Brien, Management Information Systems, 6th ed.
(TCP)
(IP)
(HTTP)
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Constructing Information Systems Infrastructure From IT Devices
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Putting It All Together: IS Infrastructure
Components IS Infrastructure
Server
Server
Server
SANFirewall
PCPC
PCPC
PDAPDA
SmartCard
IT Devices
ChipsRAM
DisksPCB’s
OutputDevicesInput
Devices
…
Operating System
ChipsRAM
DisksPCB’s
OutputDevicesInput
Devices
Server
Operating System NetworkMgmt Sys
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Putting It All Together: Systems Architecting
• Successful information system deployment and adoption requires an IT infrastructure that is:– Reliable (highly available)– Robust– Managable– Cost effective
• Achieving these goals requires careful planning, management, and investment
• This is the responsibility and role of a Systems Architect
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Systems Architecting: Building Blocks
• Client machines– PC’s– PDA’s– Cell phones– Etc…
• Servers– File Servers– Web Servers– Mail Servers– Etc…
• Software– Operating systems– Web, application, e-mail servers– Network management systems
• Networking equipment– Firewalls– Routers– Gateways– Load Balancers
• Storage systems– File servers– RAID arrays– Storage Area Networks (SANs)– Network Attached Storage (NAS)
• Uninteruptable power supplies
• Heating, Ventilation, Cooling (HVAC)
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Example: System Architecture Diagram
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
The Data Center
• A data center provides the technical physical infrastructure to run your web business
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
The Data Center
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Data Centers Provide
• Core physical infrastructure– Power– HVAC– Fire prevention and suppression– Seismic monitoring and bracing– Physical security
• Hardware, networking, software infrastructure– Rack space– Networking infrastructure (big pipes, lots of ‘em)– Servers – Storage – Backup
• Management services (optional)– NOC
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Managing IT Infrastructure: TCO
• Total Cost of Ownership is more important than purchase price.
• The cost to power, support, and update hardware devices over their useful lifetime often exceeds initial purchase price.
• Some challenges in building a hardware infrastructure include:– Understanding where your true costs of ownership lie – Identifying what is essential and what is not– Training and managing qualified personnel – Feed and caring (maintenance) of machines and network– Software licensing– Software and hardware obsolescence and upgrade cycles– Maintaining inventory (spares)– Power and HVAC
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TCO Exercise:
• Write down five recurring expenses that an organization incurs in running a large information system in a data center.
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Backup and Disaster Recovery
• Provided by data centers, specialists, or in-house
• Put together a plan for disaster scenarios– Evaluate cost of downtime– Devise plans to handle disasters– Plan DR strategy based on cost/benefit analysis
• Disaster Recovery Services– Data backup and storage (host-site, cold-site) – Data recovery and restoration– Business process fallback plans
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Carnegie Mellon University ©2006 - 2010 Robert T. Monroe 70-451 Management Information Systems
Backup and Disaster Recovery
• How do you know how much to spend for backup? For disaster recovery?
• How do you decide how often to back up your organization’s data?
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Network Operations Center (NOC)
A NOC provides:
• System monitoring
• Tech support calls
• On-site technicians
• Network security
• Platform admin
• Application admin
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User Support Center (Help Desk)
• Everything to this point has focused on keeping the system running smoothly
• What about handling user problems?• There are analagous processes and procedures for
dealing with users– User support center (phones, e-mail, IM)
– Troubleshooting guides
– Processes for common requests
– Escalation procedures
– etc.
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Strategic Question: Outsource Your Data Center?
Host Yourself:
• Better control
• Easier to update system quickly (Warning! Danger!)
• More expensive to do well than 3rd party hosting
• Much harder to build a robust data center yourself than to rent facility and expertise.
3rd Party hosting
• Quickly get a highly robust infrastructure
• No need to develop data center staff expertise
• Generally cheaper and easier overall than building yourself
• Loss of control – This can be both a blessing and
a curse
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Recap: After Today's Class You Should Be Able To:
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For Monday:
• Monday we will look at Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM)
• More detailed information is available on the wiki– Readings will be up on wiki tomorrow