Carlos Castillo-Chavez Joaquin Bustoz Jr. Professor Arizona State University
description
Transcript of Carlos Castillo-Chavez Joaquin Bustoz Jr. Professor Arizona State University
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Carlos Castillo-ChavezJoaquin Bustoz Jr. ProfessorArizona State University
Tutorials 1: Epidemiological Mathematical Modeling Applications in Homeland Security.
Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Diseases: Dynamics and Control (15 Aug - 9 Oct 2005)Jointly organized by Institute for Mathematical Sciences, National University of Singapore and Regional Emerging Diseases Intervention (REDI) Centre, Singapore
http://www.ims.nus.edu.sg/Programs/infectiousdiseases/index.htm
Singapore, 08-23-2005
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Bioterrorism
The possibility of bioterrorist acts stresses the need for the development of theoretical and practical mathematical frameworks to systemically test our efforts to anticipate, prevent and respond to acts of destabilization in a global community
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
From defense threat reduction agency
Buildings
Urban
Ports &Airports
Food Water Supply
Roads
&
Transp
ortElectric
Power
Warning
Interdiction
Detection
Treatment andConsequence Management
Attribution
PharmaceuticalsTelecom
Response
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
From defense threat reduction agency
Food SafetyMedical SurveillanceAnimal/Plant HealthOther Public Health
Urban Monitoring
CharacterizationMetros
Toxic Industrials
Choke Points
Federal
Response
Plan
Data Mining,Fusion, and
Management
EmergencyManagement
Tools
State andLocal
Governments
From defense threat reduction agency
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Research Areas
•Biosurveillance;•Agroterrorism; •Bioterror response logistics; •Deliberate release of biological agents; •Impact assessment at all levels;•Causes: spread of fanatic behaviors.
Ricardo Oliva:Ricardo Oliva:Ricardo Oliva:Ricardo Oliva:
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Modeling Challenges &Mathematical ApproachesFrom a “classical” perspective to a global scale
Deterministic Stochastic Computational Agent Based Models
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Some theoretical/modeling challenges
•Individual and Agent Based Models--what can they do?
•Mean Field or Deterministic Approaches--how do we average?
•Space? Physical or sociological?
•Classical approaches (PDEs, meta-population models) or network/graph theoretic approaches
•Large scale simulations--how much detail?
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Ecological/Epidemiological view point
Invasion Persistence Co-existence Evolution Co-evolution Control
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Epidemiological/Control Units
Cell Individuals Houses/Farms Generalized households Communities Cities/countries
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Temporal Scales
Single outbreaks Long-term dynamics Evolutionary behavior
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Social Complexity
Spatial distribution Population structure Social Dynamics Population Mobility Demography--Immigration Social hierarchies Economic systems/structures
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Links/Topology/Networks
Local transportation network Global transportation network Migration Topology (social and physical) Geography--borders.
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Control/Economics/Logistics
Vaccination/Education Alternative public health approaches Cost, cost & cost Public health infrastructure Response time
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Critical Response Time in Critical Response Time in FMD epidemicsFMD epidemics
A. L. Rivas, A. L. Rivas, S. Tennenbaum, S. Tennenbaum,
C. Castillo-Chávez et al.C. Castillo-Chávez et al.{American Journal of Veterinary Research}(Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research)
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It is critical to determine the time It is critical to determine the time needed and available to implement a needed and available to implement a
successful intervention.successful intervention.
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11 22 33
BRAZILBRAZIL
AA RR GG EE NN T
T
.. II NN AA
ATLANTIC OCEANATLANTIC OCEAN
: 1-5 cases
(1- 7 days
post-onset)
1-5 cases
(8-14 days
post-onset)
The context--Foot and Mouth DiseaseThe context--Foot and Mouth Disease
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Day 1 (April 23, 01) Day 2 (April 24, 01)Day 3 (April 25, 01)Day 4 (April 26, 01)Day 5 (April 27, 01)Day 6 (April 28, 01)Day 7 (April 29, 01)Day 8 (April 30, 01)Day 9 (May 1, 01)Day 10 (May 2, 01)Day 11 (May 3, 01)Day 12 (May 4, 01)Day 13 (May 5, 01)Day 14 (May 6, 01)Day 15 (May 7, 01)Day 16 (May 8, 01)Day 17 (May 9, 01)Day 18 (May 10, 01)Day 19 (May 11, 01)Day 20 (May 12, 01)Day 21 (May 13, 01)Day 22 (May 14, 01)Day 23 (May 15, 01)Day 24 (May 16, 01)Day 25 (May 17, 01)Day 26 (May 18, 01)Day 27 (May 19, 01)Day 28 (May 20, 01)Day 29 (May 21, 01)Day 30 (May 22, 01)
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
“exponential”growth
Daily cases in the first month of the epidemicDaily cases in the first month of the epidemicN
um
be
r o
f d
aily
cas
es
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
The Basic Reproductive Number R0
R0 is the average number of secondary cases generated by an
infectious unit when it is introduced into a susceptible population (at demographic steady state) of the same units.
If R0 >1 then an epidemic is expected to occur--number of infected units increases
If R0 < 1 then the number of secondary infections is not enough to sustain an apidemic.
The goal of public health interventions is to reduce R0 to a number below 1.
However, timing is an issue! How fast do we need to respond?
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1.4 days
2.6 days
3.0 days
Estimated CRTs for implementing intervention(s) resulting in R_o <= 1 (successful intervention)
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Epidemic Models
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Basic Epidemiological Models: SIR
Susceptible - Infected - Recovered
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
S I R
€
μN
€
γI
€
β
€
μS
€
μI
€
μR
S(t): susceptible at time tI(t): infected assumed infectious at time tR(t): recovered, permanently immuneN: Total population size (S+I+R)
€
B(S,I) = βSI
N
€
β =contacts
time
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟×
probability of transmission
contact
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
€
dS
dt= μN − βS
I
N− μS (1)
dI
dt= βS
I
N− μ + γ( )I (2)
dR
dt= γI − μR (3)
N = S + I + R (4)
dN
dt=
d
dtS + I + R( ) = 0 (5)
SIR - Equations
Per-capita death (or birth) rate
Per-capita recovery rate
Transmission coefficient
Parameters
€
μ
€
γ
€
β
€
β ≡contacts
unit time
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟×
probability of transmission
contact
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
SIR - Model (Invasion)
€
dS
dt= μN − βS
I
N− μS
dI
dt= βS
I
N− μ + γ( )I
S ≈ N
dI
dt= βI − μ + γ( )I = β − μ + γ( )( )I
or I(t) ≈ I(0)e β − μ +γ( )( ) t
I(t) ⇔ R0 =β
μ + γ>1
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Ro“Number of secondary infections
generated by a “typical” infectious individual in a population of mostly susceptibles
at a demographic steady state
Ro<1 No epidemic
Ro>1 Epidemic
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Establishment of a Critical Mass of Infectives!Ro >1 implies growth while Ro<1 extinction.
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Phase Portraits
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
SIR Transcritical Bifurcation
unstable
€
I*(R0)
€
I*
€
R0
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Deliberate Release of Biological Agents
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Effects of Behavioral Changes in a Smallpox Attack Model
Impact of behavioral changes on response logistics and public policy (appeared in Mathematical Biosciences, 05)
Sara Del Valle1,2
Herbert Hethcote2, Carlos Castillo-Chavez1,3, Mac Hyman1
1Los Alamos National Laboratory2University of Iowa3Cornell University
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
•All individuals are susceptible
•The population is divided into two groups: normally active and less active
•No vital dynamics included (single outbreak)
•Disease progression: Exposed (latent) and Infectious
•News of a smallpox outbreak leads to the implementation of the following interventions:
–Quarantine–Isolation–Vaccination (ring and mass vaccination)–Behavioral changes (3 levels: high, medium & low)
MODEL
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
The Model
Sn En
In R
V Q W
Sl El Il D
The subscript refers to normally active (n) or less active (l): Susceptibles (S), Exposed (E), Infectious (I), Vaccinated (V), Quarantined (Q), Isolated (W), Recovered (R), Dead (D)
S E I
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
The Model
The behavioral change rates are modeled by a non-negative, bounded, monotone increasing function i (for i = S, E, I) given by
€
ϕ i =ai(In + Il )
1+ bi(In + Il )
1
day with
€
ϕ S < ϕ E < ϕ I
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Numerical Simulations
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Numerical Simulations
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Conclusions•Behavioral changes play a key role.
• Integrated control policies are most effective: behavioral changes and vaccination have a huge impact.
•Delays are bad.
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Mass Transportation and Epidemics
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
"An Epidemic Model with Virtual Mass Transportation"
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Mass Transportation Systems/HUBS
Baojun SongJuan Zhang
Carlos Castillo-Chavez
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Subway Transportation ModelSubway Transportation Model
Subway
NSU
SU SU
NSU
SU
NSU
SU
NSU
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Vaccination Strategies
• Vaccinate civilian health-care and public health workers• Ring vaccination (Trace vaccination)• Mass vaccination• Mass vaccination if ring vaccination fails•Integrated approaches likely to be most effective
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Assumptions
1.The population is divided into N neighborhoods;
2.Epidemiologically each individual is in one of four status: susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered;
3.A person is either a subway user or not4.A ``vaccinated” class is included--
everybody who is successfully vaccinated is sent to the recovered class
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Proportionate mixing
K subpopulations with densities N1(t), N2(t), …, Nk(t) at time t.
cl : the average number of contacts per individual, per unit time
among members of the lth subgroup.
Pij : the probability that an i-group individual has a contact with a
j-group individual given that it had a contact with somebody.
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Proportionate mixing(Mixing Axioms)
(1) Pij >0
(2)
(3) ci Ni Pij = cj Nj Pji
Then
is the only separable solution satisfying (1) , (2), and (3).
€
Pijj=1
k∑ =1
€
Pij =P j =c
jN
j
clN
ll =1
K
∑
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
the mixing probability between non-subway users from neighborhood i given that they mixed.
the mixing probability of non-subway and subway users from neighborhood i, given that they mixed.
the mixing probability of subway and non-subway users from neighborhood i, given that they mixed.
the mixing probability between subway users from neighborhood i, given that they mixed.
the mixing probability between subway users from neighborhoods i and j, given that they mixed.
the mixing probability between non-subway users from neighborhoods i and j, given that they mixed.
the mixing probability between non-subway user from neighborhood i and subway users from neighborhood j, given that they mixed.
iaibP
jbiaP
jaiaP
jbibP
ibiaP
iaiaP
ibibP
Definitions
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Formulae of Mixing Probabilities(depends on activity level and allocated time)
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Identities of Mixing Probabilities
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State Variables i index of neighborhood Wi number of individuals of susceptibles of SU in
neighborhood i Xi number of individuals of exposed of SU in
neighborhood i Yi number of individuals of infectious of SU in
neighborhood i Zi number of individuals of recovered of SU in
neighborhood i Si number of individuals of susceptibles of NSU in
neighborhood i Ei number of individuals of exposed of NSU in
neighborhood i Ii number of individuals of infectious of NSU in
neighborhood i Ri number of individuals of recovered of NSU in
neighborhood i
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Smallpox Model for NSU in neighborhood iSmallpox Model for NSU in neighborhood i
Ei Ii
Ri
Si
iEql2
iSql1
iE
iEμ iId )( +μ
iIα
iRμ
Ai)(tBi
iSμ
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Model Equations for neighborhood i Model Equations for neighborhood i
Nonsubway users Subway usersNonsubway users Subway users
)()()()()(
)(
)()(
)()(
21
2
1
tRtItEtStQ
EqlSqlRIdt
dR
IdEdtdI
EqlEEtBdt
dE
SqlStBAdt
dS
iiiii
iii
iii
iiiii
iiiii
+++=
++−=
+++=
++−=
+−−=
μα
αμ
μ
μ
)()()()()(
)(
)()(
)()(
21
2
1
tZtYtXtWtT
XqlWqlZYdt
dZ
YdXdt
dY
XqlXXtVdt
dX
WqlWtVdt
dW
iiiii
iiiii
iii
iiiii
iiiii
+++=
++−=
+++=
++−=
+−−=
μα
αμ
μ
μΛ
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Infection Rates Infection Rates
Rate of infection for NSU
Rate of infection for SU
€
Vi(t) = β ibiW i P a i
Ii
Ti
σ i
ρ i + σ i
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟+ Qi
+ P bi
Yi
σ i
ρ i + σ i
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
Ti
σ i
ρ i + σ i
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟+ Qi
+ P b j
Y j
ρ j
ρ j + σ j
⎛
⎝ ⎜ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟ ⎟
Tj
ρ j
ρ j + σ j
⎛
⎝ ⎜ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟ ⎟
j=1
N
∑
⎡
⎣
⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢
⎤
⎦
⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥
€
Bi(t) = β iaiSi˜ P a i
Ii
Ti
σ i
ρ i + σ i
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟+ Qi
+ ˜ P bi
Yi
σ i
ρ i + σ i
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
Ti
σ i
ρ i + σ i
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟+ Qi
⎡
⎣
⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢
⎤
⎦
⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥
![Page 53: Carlos Castillo-Chavez Joaquin Bustoz Jr. Professor Arizona State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/568148b2550346895db5cab1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
RR00 for Two Neighborhoods for Two Neighborhoods(a special case)(a special case)
1 ,0 ,0 === iiq σρ
},max{ 2,01,00 RRR =
€
R0, i
= βia
i
φ
μ + φ
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
1
μ + α + d
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
ai(A
i/μ )
(aiA
i+ b
iΛ
i) /μ
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
Ai/μ
(Ai
+ Λi) /μ
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
+βib
i
φ
μ + φ
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
1
μ + α + d
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
bi(Λ
i/μ )
(aiA
i+ b
iΛ
i) /μ
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
Λi/μ
(Ai
+ Λi) /μ
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
![Page 54: Carlos Castillo-Chavez Joaquin Bustoz Jr. Professor Arizona State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/568148b2550346895db5cab1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Two neighborhood simulations
(NYC type city)1. There are 8 million long-term and 0.2 million
short-term (tourists) residents in NYC.
2. Time span of simulation is 30 days +.
3. Control parameters in the model are: q1 and q2 (vaccination rates)
4. We use two ``neighborhoods”, one for NYC residents and the second for tourists.
![Page 55: Carlos Castillo-Chavez Joaquin Bustoz Jr. Professor Arizona State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/568148b2550346895db5cab1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Curve R0 (q1, q2) =1
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Plot R0 (q1, q2) vs q1 and q2
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Cumulative deaths: One day delay (q1 = q2=0.5)
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Cases: One day delay (q1 = q2=0.5)
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Cumulative deaths: One day delay (q1 = q2=0.8)
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Cases: One day delay (q1 = q2=0.5)
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ASU/SUMS/MTBI/SFI
Conclusions•Integrated control policies are most effective: behavioral changes and vaccination have a huge impact.
•Delays are bad.