Carl Linnaeus   1707-Carl Linnaeus   1707-17781778

Born in SwedenBorn in Sweden

Carl Linnaeus is known as?Carl Linnaeus is known as? ""The Father of TaxonomyThe Father of Taxonomy.“.“ First scientist to use the First scientist to use the system of bionomial nomenclature system of bionomial nomenclature or “…………….” system?or “…………….” system? ““Two name”Two name”

What is Binomial nomenclatureWhat is Binomial nomenclature??

“ “BI” = two BI” = two

“ “NOMIAL” = nameNOMIAL” = name System of naming organisms System of naming organisms

by using two words:by using two words:

11stst word: Genus word: Genus - capitalized - capitalized

22ndnd word: species word: species - lowercase - lowercase Both written in italics.Both written in italics.

What is the scientific name for humans?What is the scientific name for humans?

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

Why do scientists useWhy do scientists useBinomial Nomenclature?Binomial Nomenclature?

It makes it easy for scientists to communicate about It makes it easy for scientists to communicate about

an organism because everyone uses the same name an organism because everyone uses the same name

for the same organismfor the same organism

What is the correct name of this wild cat?What is the correct name of this wild cat?

a. Pumaa. Puma

b. Cougarb. Cougar

c. Mountain Lionc. Mountain Lion

The correct scientific name is……….The correct scientific name is……….

Felis concolorFelis concolor And, it is a Mountain LionAnd, it is a Mountain Lion

What is Taxonomy?What is Taxonomy?

Taxonomy is the science of naming, Taxonomy is the science of naming,

describing and classifying organisms describing and classifying organisms

which includes:which includes:

PlantsPlants

Animals Animals

FungiFungi

ProtistsProtists

Microorganisms of the worldMicroorganisms of the world

What is Classification? What is Classification? Process of grouping organisms based Process of grouping organisms based

on their similaritieson their similarities

Today scientists can Today scientists can

classify organisms classify organisms

based on their geneticbased on their genetic

or or DNADNA similarities similarities

- Domains and Kingdoms

Three Domains of LifeThree Domains of Life Domain is the highest or broadest level of Domain is the highest or broadest level of

classificationclassification

There are three types of Domains:There are three types of Domains:

Modern Bacteria Ancient BacteriaModern Bacteria Ancient Bacteria

The Eight levels of ClassificationThe Eight levels of Classification

Domain: * Largest levelDomain: * Largest level

* Not related at all* Not related at all

Kingdom: Kingdom:

Phylum: Phylum:

Class: Class:

Order: Order:

Family: Family:

Genus: Genus:

Species: * Smallest numberSpecies: * Smallest number

of membersof members

* Closely related* Closely related

* Can reproduce* Can reproduce

Animal classification…..Animal classification…..

Sumatran Tiger: Sumatran Tiger: Pathera tigrisPathera tigris Domain: EukaryaDomain: Eukarya

Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

Class: MammaliaClass: Mammalia

Order: CarnivoraOrder: Carnivora

Family: FelidaeFamily: Felidae

Genus: Genus: PatheraPathera

Species: Species: tigristigris

How can I learn the levels of How can I learn the levels of classification? Use an Acronym!classification? Use an Acronym!

Domain: DidDomain: Did Kingdom: KingKingdom: King Phylum: PhilipPhylum: Philip Class: ComeClass: Come Order: OverOrder: Over Family: ForFamily: For Genus: GoodGenus: Good Species: Spaghetti?Species: Spaghetti?

Can you make your own acronym to help you Can you make your own acronym to help you learn the levels classification?learn the levels classification?

ReviewReviewQuestion Answer

Why do scientists classify?Why do scientists classify?

Scientists classify to help Scientists classify to help organize living things into organize living things into groups so they are easier groups so they are easier

to studyto study

What system did What system did Linnaeus use to name Linnaeus use to name

organismsorganisms??

He used a system He used a system called called binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature.

What are the levels of What are the levels of classification?classification?

Domain, kingdom, Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speciesfamily, genus, species

ReviewReviewQuestion Answer

What is a What is a Domain?Domain?

The highest or The highest or broadest level of broadest level of

classificationclassification

What are the 3 What are the 3 domains?domains?

BacteriaBacteria

ArchaeArchae

EukaryaEukarya

What is What is Taxonomy?Taxonomy?

The science of The science of naming, describing naming, describing

and classifying and classifying organismsorganisms

HOMEWORKHOMEWORK

Come up with your own Come up with your own

acronym for the eight acronym for the eight

levels of classificationlevels of classification

Due: TomorrowDue: Tomorrow

The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms

The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms When Carolus Linnaeus developed his system When Carolus Linnaeus developed his system

of classification, there were only two of classification, there were only two kingdoms: Plants and Animalskingdoms: Plants and Animals

The use of the microscope led to the The use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells identification of differences in cells

Today the system Today the system

of classification of classification

includes includes six kingdomssix kingdoms

The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms

PlantsPlants

Animals Animals

ProtistsProtists

FungiFungi

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

EubacteriaEubacteria

How are organisms placed How are organisms placed into their kingdoms?into their kingdoms?

Cell type: complex or simpleCell type: complex or simple

Their ability to make foodTheir ability to make food

The number of cells in their body The number of cells in their body Do they have a “True” nucleusDo they have a “True” nucleus

(Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes)(Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes)

AnimalAnimal Kingdom Kingdom

Belongs to the Domain Belongs to the Domain EukaryaEukarya

The largest kingdom with over 1 million known The largest kingdom with over 1 million known speciesspecies

All animals consist of All animals consist of many cells, many cells, they are?they are? They are They are eukaryotes eukaryotes – –

They are also They are also heterotrophs:heterotrophs: * Organisms that * Organisms that can’t makecan’t make their own food their own food Found in the most diverse environments in the Found in the most diverse environments in the

world world

multicellularmulticellular

have a nucleushave a nucleus

Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom Belongs to the Domain?Belongs to the Domain?

* Eukarya* Eukarya

Has over 250,000 species Has over 250,000 species

SecondSecond largest kingdom largest kingdom

Plant species range from the tinyPlant species range from the tiny

green mosses togreen mosses to giant trees.giant trees.

Plants are Plants are autotrophs,autotrophs, which means? which means?

* Organisms that make their own food * Organisms that make their own food

All plants are All plants are multicellularmulticellular

Consists of complex Consists of complex eukaryotic eukaryotic cells cells

FungiFungi

Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all

examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi

Most fungi are consists of Most fungi are consists of many many

complex cells complex cells

They have a nucleus, they are? They have a nucleus, they are?

Biologists once confused fungi with plants, but fungi Biologists once confused fungi with plants, but fungi

cannot make their own food. They are called?cannot make their own food. They are called?

Which domain do they belong in? Which domain do they belong in?

multicellularmulticellular

EukaryotesEukaryotes

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs

EukaryaEukarya

ProtistsProtists Slime molds and algae are protists Slime molds and algae are protists

Sometimes they are called the “Sometimes they are called the “Odds and endsOdds and ends” kingdom ” kingdom

and belong in the domainand belong in the domain

Why are Why are ProtistsProtists the “ the “Odds and endsOdds and ends” kingdom?” kingdom?

* Because it includes all microscopic organisms that are * Because it includes all microscopic organisms that are

notnot bacteria, bacteria, notnot animals, animals, notnot plantsplants and and notnot fungi. fungi.

Most protists are one- celled or but,Most protists are one- celled or but,

some are some are multicellularmulticellular

Unlike bacteria, protists are more complex, they are?Unlike bacteria, protists are more complex, they are?

unicellularunicellular

EukaryotesEukaryotes

EukaryaEukarya

ProtozoansProtozoans

These microscopic These microscopic

unicellular animals unicellular animals

belong to which Kingdom?belong to which Kingdom?

Protists kingdomProtists kingdom

Amoeba

Paramecium

Giardia

Sprirostoma

We are probably one of the most unique organisms. We are We are probably one of the most unique organisms. We are

a type of algae in the a type of algae in the Protists kingdomProtists kingdom. What are we?. What are we?

DIATOMSDIATOMS

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria Discovered in 1983 deep in the Discovered in 1983 deep in the Pacific Ocean where hot gases Pacific Ocean where hot gases and molten rock boiled into and molten rock boiled into the ocean. the ocean.

What does What does ““ArchaeArchae”” mean? mean? * Ancient or very old* Ancient or very old

Found in extreme environments such as:Found in extreme environments such as: * Hot boiling water* Hot boiling water * Thermal vents where there is no Oxygen* Thermal vents where there is no Oxygen * Extreme cold temperatures* Extreme cold temperatures * Very acidic environments* Very acidic environments

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria cont……cont……

We are unicellular organismsWe are unicellular organisms

called bacteriacalled bacteria

We belong in which domain?We belong in which domain?

* Archae* Archae

Scientists believe theseScientists believe these

were the first organisms on the ancient earthwere the first organisms on the ancient earth

4 BYO (4 billions years ago)4 BYO (4 billions years ago)

EubacteriaEubacteria

Modern bacteriaModern bacteria

Bacteria that are chemically Bacteria that are chemically

different from Archaebacteriadifferent from Archaebacteria

Most are helpful, even harmlessMost are helpful, even harmless

Many are pathogenic, which means?Many are pathogenic, which means?

* Disease causing* Disease causing

Can be heterotrophs or autotrophsCan be heterotrophs or autotrophs

Which domain do they belong in?Which domain do they belong in?

Bacteria domainBacteria domain

Review Questions – Six kingdomsReview Questions – Six kingdoms

1.1. What are the Six Kingdoms?What are the Six Kingdoms?

AnswerAnswer: : Plants Animals Protists FungiPlants Animals Protists Fungi

Archaebacteria EubacteriaArchaebacteria Eubacteria

2. 2. How are organisms placed into their kingdoms?How are organisms placed into their kingdoms?

AnswerAnswer: : a) Cell typea) Cell type

b) Number of cellsb) Number of cells

c) How they make their foodc) How they make their food

d) If they have a “d) If they have a “true nucleustrue nucleus” or not” or not

33. Which Kingdom is the largest?. Which Kingdom is the largest?

Answer:Answer: The Animal Kingdom = over 1 million species The Animal Kingdom = over 1 million species

44. Organisms in the . Organisms in the Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom can make their own food? can make their own food? TRUE or FALSETRUE or FALSE

AnswerAnswer:: TRUE They photosynthesize Ex: Trees, flowers…. TRUE They photosynthesize Ex: Trees, flowers….

5. 5. Mushrooms belong in the Fungi Kingdom? TRUE or FALSEMushrooms belong in the Fungi Kingdom? TRUE or FALSE

Answer:Answer: TRUE TRUE

66. Which kingdom is called the “. Which kingdom is called the “Odds and endsOdds and ends” kingdom?” kingdom?

Answer:Answer: The Protists KingdomThe Protists Kingdom

7. 7. What are Archaebacteria?What are Archaebacteria?

Answer:Answer: The oldest – ancient bacteria The oldest – ancient bacteria

88. How long ago did the first Archaebacteria exist?. How long ago did the first Archaebacteria exist?

Answer:Answer: 4 Billion years ago 4 Billion years ago

9.9. Most bacteria in the Eubacteria Kingdom can be harmless, Most bacteria in the Eubacteria Kingdom can be harmless,

even helpful. TRUE or FALSEeven helpful. TRUE or FALSE

Answer:Answer: TRUE TRUE

10.10. What are the 3 Domains of Life?What are the 3 Domains of Life?

Answer:Answer:

1. 1. Bacteria DomainBacteria Domain = Modern bacteria or Eubacteria Kingdom = Modern bacteria or Eubacteria Kingdom

2. 2. Archae DomainArchae Domain = Archaebacteria Kingdom or Ancient bacteria = Archaebacteria Kingdom or Ancient bacteria

3. 3. Eukarya DomainEukarya Domain = Animal, Plant, Fungi and Protists Kingdoms = Animal, Plant, Fungi and Protists Kingdoms