Carl Jung(1875-1961)

“C.G. Jung has shown that psychology and religion can not only coexist together, but they can enhance, inspire, and perhaps even complete each other—and in the process, help us complete ourselves.”

“Thus, in Western society, the deification of reason, of industrialization and technology together with the intellectualization of religion, has progressively alienated modern man from his inner world and from his feeling function….Cultures, no less than individuals, can lack wholeness and completeness.”

“Freud, for all his brilliance, shrunk us until we were little more than hormones with high IQs. Jung, for all his flaws, gave us back our souls.”

Jung vs. Freud

• In groups, compare Jung and Freud’s views on:– The unconscious– Dreams– Psychoanalysis

Jung is a Neo-Freudian

• Was a close friend and follower of Freud• Split over Freud’s sexualization of the

psyche– Jung’s libido was psychic, not sexual, energy

The Mind According to Jung

• Conscious: thoughts, feelings and experiences– Similar to Freud

• ego: "gate" or "bridge" between conscious and unconscious

The Mind According to Jung• Personal unconscious: repressed or

forgotten personal memories or experiences– "I experiences”– The contents are called “complexes”

The Mind According to Jung

• Collective unconscious: deeper stratum of the unconscious which contains inherited, collective experiences of the species– Manifested as archetypes

• organizing structures of the collective unconscious• Mentally expressed instincts of the past• Primitive and mythological• Expressed in myth, ritual, religion, customs, and

dreams

• For Jung, the unconscious is creative and independent

• For Freud, it just contained repressed thoughts and feelings

Archetypes • Can be characters, themes, settings• We organize perception through these • Accounts for the universal parallels between

elements of ancient mythology and the projections not only of Jung's patients, but of all of our projections and perceptions as well

• Provide patterns for dreams, fantasies and imagination

• We project these in art, writing, dreams and possibly neuroses

How Collective Are We?

Jung’s Archetypes

Jungian Psychoanalysis

• Individuation: continuous goal of achieving balance (balancing opposites, or dualism), psychic wholeness and "self-realization"

• Additional archetypes and roles in individuation – persona: one's "public personality" or "mask",

one's social roles– shadow: one's "dark side", parts of ourselves

that we dislike– self: central archetype of personality, represents

wholeness– anima: female archetypes, or "feminine side"

projected by a man– animus: male archetypes, or "male side"

projected by a woman

Jungian Methodology

• Dream analysis– Freud: Dreams are wish fulfillments– Jung: Dreams are gateways to a mythic world

• Word Association– Similar to a modern lie-detector test

• Painting

Do you doodle?

• Mandala: symmetrical designs based on the circle and the square, a symbol of psychic wholeness.

• [mandalas] ... are all based on the squaring of a circle. Their basic motif is the premonition of a centre of personality, a kind of central point within the psyche, to which everything is related, by which everything is arranged, and which is itself a source of energy. The energy of the central point is manifested in the almost irresistible compulsion and urge to become what one is, just as every organism is driven to assume the form that is characteristic of its nature, no matter what the circumstances. This centre is not felt or thought of as the ego but, if one may so express it, as the self. Although the centre is represented by an innermost point, it is surrounded by a periphery containing everything that belongs to the self -- the paired opposites that make up the total personality. This totality comprises consciousness first of all, then the personal unconscious, and finally an indefinitely large segment of the collective unconscious whose archetypes are common to all mankind.

- from Concerning Mandala Symbolism. C. G. Jung (p. 73)

• Attitudes: conscious attitudes toward social and physical reality– introvert: turned inward - reflective nature,

keeps to oneself – extrovert: turned outward - outgoing, candid

nature • Explained differences between people

– i.e., Jung’s split with Freud

Jungian Explanations of Personality

• Jung's four functions of the psyche– thinking: what it means– feeling: what its value is– sensing: establish that it exists– intuition: surmises about it, "a sixth sense"

The Myers-Briggs Test(Jung-Type Indicator)