CARIBBEAN POISON CARIBBEAN POISON INFORMATION NETWORKINFORMATION NETWORK

THIRD ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC THIRD ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE CONFERENCE

UHWI KINGSTON, JAMAICAUHWI KINGSTON, JAMAICAUHWI KINGSTON, JAMAICA UHWI KINGSTON, JAMAICA MAY 31MAY 31--JUNE 1,2008JUNE 1,2008

“The Use of Pesticides at“The Use of Pesticides atThe Use of Pesticides at The Use of Pesticides at the Farm Level”the Farm Level”

The Third Annual Conference of the Caribbean Poison Information Network (CARPIN)

(31st May – 1st June, 2008)

Presented by: Marina YoungPresented by: Marina Young,

Senior Plant Health / Food Safety Specialist, Technology, Training & Technical Information Division,

RADARADA.

1st June, 2008.

Farmers are increasingly asked to ensure the safety of theiry

production activitiesPublic expectationsPublic expectationsPublic expectations Public expectations

include:include:Offering products thatOffering products that present no health risk to consumers Is Persistence Bad?Is Persistence Bad?

Providing for worker protection andAvoiding environmental

t i ti fcontamination from pesticide use

Wh i P i id ?Wh i P i id ?What is Pesticide?What is Pesticide?

Pesticides are chemical or biochemical Pesticides are chemical or biochemical compounds used to kill pestscompounds used to kill pests. .

Pesticide ToxicityPesticide ToxicityPesticide ToxicityPesticide Toxicity

The TOXICITY of a substance The TOXICITY of a substance The TOXICITY of a substance The TOXICITY of a substance is defined by it’s ability to is defined by it’s ability to cause damage when ingested cause damage when ingested

by a living organismby a living organismby a living organismby a living organism

EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE :EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE :EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE :EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE :

DISTANT EFFECTSDISTANT EFFECTS--such as consumersuch as consumerDISTANT EFFECTSDISTANT EFFECTS such as consumer such as consumer purchasing plants from the retail outletpurchasing plants from the retail outletDELAYED EFFECTDELAYED EFFECT--such as farm workersuch as farm workerDELAYED EFFECTDELAYED EFFECT such as farm worker such as farm worker becomes ill long after pesticide exposurebecomes ill long after pesticide exposureINVISIBLE EFFECTSINVISIBLE EFFECTS--such as pesticidessuch as pesticidesINVISIBLE EFFECTSINVISIBLE EFFECTS such as pesticides such as pesticides leaching through soil and contaminating leaching through soil and contaminating ground waterground watergg

DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE & DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE & DATA IS LIMITEDDATA IS LIMITEDDATA IS LIMITEDDATA IS LIMITED

PESTICIDESPESTICIDES

INSECTICIDESINSECTICIDES

FUNGICIDESFUNGICIDESBACTERICIDESBACTERICIDES

INSECTICIDESINSECTICIDES NEMATICIDESNEMATICIDESMOLLUSCOCIDES

HERBICIDESRODENTICIDES

Classification According Classification According to the Target Peststo the Target Peststo the Target Peststo the Target Pests

PESTICIDE GROUPPESTICIDE GROUP PESTPEST

InsecticidesInsecticides InsectsInsectsAcaricidesAcaricides Acari (mites & ticks)Acari (mites & ticks)N ti idN ti id N t dN t dNematicidesNematicides NematodesNematodesMolluscocidesMolluscocides Molluscs (slugs & snails)Molluscs (slugs & snails)RodenticidesRodenticides Rodents (rats)Rodents (rats)FungicidesFungicides FungiFungiHerbicides / WeedicidesHerbicides / Weedicides WeedsWeeds

HAZARDS OF PESTICIDESHAZARDS OF PESTICIDES

Nearly all pesticides are toxicNearly all pesticides are toxicNearly all pesticides are toxic. Nearly all pesticides are toxic.

Th diff i thTh diff i th dd f t i itf t i itThey differ in the They differ in the degreedegree of toxicity. of toxicity.

Pesticides are potentially dangerous Pesticides are potentially dangerous to people if exposure is excessive. to people if exposure is excessive. p p pp p p

Hazard Classification Hazard Classification ((According to the World Health OrganizationAccording to the World Health Organization))

CLASS IA:Extremely hazardous (This class of d h h d ’ i ’ hpesticides must have the words’ very toxic’, on the

label.CLASS IB: Highly Hazardous This class ofCLASS IB: Highly Hazardous. This class of pesticides must have the word ’toxic’’toxic’ on the label.

CLASS II: Moderately hazardous. The word ‘harmful’ must be displayed on the label.

CLASS III: Slightly hazardous. These pesticides must have ‘caution’ written on the labelpesticides must have ‘caution’ written on the label .CLASS IV:Caution

Pesticides Registered in Jamaica for Pesticides Registered in Jamaica for Use on Agricultural Crops (2008)Use on Agricultural Crops (2008)

PesticidePesticide Pesticide Hazard Pesticide Hazard categorycategory IVIV

CAUTIONCAUTION

IIIIIISLIGHTLY SLIGHTLY

IIIIHARMFULHARMFUL

IIHIGHLY HIGHLY

HAZRDOUSHAZRDOUS HAZARDOUSHAZARDOUS

FUNGICIDESFUNGICIDES 57%57% 35%35% 8%8% 0%0%HERBICIDESHERBICIDES 43%43% 43%43% 14%14% 0%0%INSECTICIDESINSECTICIDES 32%32% 27%27% 36%36% 5%5%INSECTICIDESINSECTICIDES 32%32% 27%27% 36%36% 5%5%NEMATICIDESNEMATICIDES 20%20% 0%0% 40%40% 40%40%MOLLUSCOCIDESMOLLUSCOCIDES 25%25% 50%50% 25%25% 0%0%Source: Register of Pesticides 2008, PCA.

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES

DERMAL

INHALATIONORAL INHALATION

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES

Examples of ExposuresExamples of ExposuresExamples of ExposuresExamples of Exposures

Pesticide Poisoning SymptomsPesticide Poisoning Symptomsg y pg y p

Acute toxicity Chronic toxicityChronic toxicityrefers to the effects

from a single exposure or

repeated exposure

Chronic toxicityChronic toxicityrefers to the effects

of long-term or repeated lower level p p

over a short time exposures to a toxic substance.

Examples of acute poisoning may include:

Examples of chronic poisoning effects may include:

Dizziness, tremors, headache, nausea, cold sweat, salivation,

muscle twitching, disorientation blurred vision

Carcinogenicity (ability to cause cancer), mutagenicity (ability to cause genetic damage), teratogenicity (birth defects)disorientation, blurred vision,

tightness of chest, respiratory failure, anorexia, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps vomiting, weakness, and convulsions

teratogenicity (birth defects), oncogenicity (tumor growth), liver damage, reproductive disorders, nerve damage and allergies

RADA’s Pesticide SurveillanceRADA’s Pesticide Surveillance2459 surveillance visits made (20072459 surveillance visits made (2007--2008)2008)

Practices & Strategies observed Practices & Strategies observed (ACCEPTABLE/ UNACCEPTABLE)(ACCEPTABLE/ UNACCEPTABLE)

Treatment basisTreatment basisDosagesDosagesPesticide registration statusPesticide registration statusPP h t I t l (PHI)h t I t l (PHI)PrePre--harvest Interval (PHI)harvest Interval (PHI)Pesticide efficacyPesticide efficacyStorage & DisposalStorage & DisposalStorage & DisposalStorage & DisposalAccidental poisoningAccidental poisoningEnvironmental contaminationsEnvironmental contaminations

Summary of most often pesticide Summary of most often pesticide safety violations contributing to safety violations contributing to

the incidences of poisoningthe incidences of poisoningDescriptions of Descriptions of

i l tii l tiRemarksRemarks

violationsviolations

Storage & Storage & DisposalDisposal

Pesticides dispensed into drinking Pesticides dispensed into drinking bottles; not labeled; stored in the kitchen bottles; not labeled; stored in the kitchen Disposal Disposal counters and/or in poorly secured place.counters and/or in poorly secured place.

Direct Direct ExposureExposure

Due to poor handling and use .Due to poor handling and use .Becoming known only in cases of acute Becoming known only in cases of acute ExposureExposure g yg ypoisoning (single exposure to the high poisoning (single exposure to the high dose) dose)

Accidental Accidental poisoningpoisoning

Family members, especially childrenFamily members, especially children(example)

Environmental Environmental contaminations contaminations

Difficult to document and to trace Difficult to document and to trace

SOME FACTORS IMPACTING ON THESOME FACTORS IMPACTING ON THEINCIDENCE OF PESTICIDE POISONINGINCIDENCE OF PESTICIDE POISONING

Description Small farms Med. To LargeLit t LOW MORE EDUCATEDLiteracy rate LOW

(less likely to read pesticides labels)

MORE EDUCATED

PhysicalInfrastructure (storage / disposal / security)

LUCKING MORE RESOURCES ARE AVAILABLE

(storage / disposal / security)

Land resources CONFINED TO SMALL PARCEL OF LAND

LAND IS USUALLY AVAILBLE

Financial resources

Limited More available

BETTERAbility to attract investments

LOW BETTER

PESTICIDE STORAGEPESTICIDE STORAGEPESTICIDE STORAGEPESTICIDE STORAGE

PESTICIDE STORAGEPESTICIDE STORAGE

MONITORING OF LEVELS OF MONITORING OF LEVELS OF CHOLENESTERAZE ACTIVITYCHOLENESTERAZE ACTIVITYCHOLENESTERAZE ACTIVITYCHOLENESTERAZE ACTIVITY

Used for Used for organophosphatesorganophosphates and and carbamatescarbamates pesticidespesticides

A cholinesterase depression of 25% or more is regarded as A cholinesterase depression of 25% or more is regarded as evidence of excessive exposureevidence of excessive exposure (REQUIRES INVESTIGATION)(REQUIRES INVESTIGATION)evidence of excessive exposureevidence of excessive exposure (REQUIRES INVESTIGATION)(REQUIRES INVESTIGATION)

RANGE: 3200RANGE: 3200--7700 u/L7700 u/LNORM: 3200 AND UPNORM: 3200 AND UP

Depression of more than 40% in blood cholinesterase Depression of more than 40% in blood cholinesterase ppactivity activity from the prefrom the pre--exposure valueexposure value indicates that worker indicates that worker should be removed from the further exposureshould be removed from the further exposure

Person should be treated by doctor for acute intoxication Person should be treated by doctor for acute intoxication

No further exposure to CIC until a further test show a bloodNo further exposure to CIC until a further test show a bloodNo further exposure to CIC until a further test show a blood No further exposure to CIC until a further test show a blood cholinesterase activity within 20% of precholinesterase activity within 20% of pre--exposure valueexposure value

MasMas George George MasMas George, George, GilbertGilbertGilbertGilbert

& Little Sheila& Little Sheila& Little Sheila& Little SheilaStoryStoryStoryStory

FIRST AIDFIRST AIDFIRST AIDFIRST AID

DecontaminationDecontamination

Poisoning & TreatmentPoisoning & TreatmentPoisoning & TreatmentPoisoning & Treatment

ClassClass Poisoning SymptomsPoisoning Symptoms TreatmentTreatmentOrganochlorinesOrganochlorines(eg. (eg. Endosulphan)Endosulphan)

Dizziness, Tremors, headace, Dizziness, Tremors, headace, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, disorientation, respiratory failuredisorientation, respiratory failure

Control convulsion with Control convulsion with Phenobarbiton or DiazepamPhenobarbiton or Diazepam

O ganophosphoO ganophospho A i N C ld S tA i N C ld S t Ad i i t At iAd i i t At iOrganophosphoruOrganophosphorus compoundss compounds(e.g.. Diazinon, Rugby, (e.g.. Diazinon, Rugby, DDVP)DDVP)

Anorexia, Nausea, Cold Sweat, Anorexia, Nausea, Cold Sweat, Salivation, Muscle twitching, Salivation, Muscle twitching, disorientation, dilation of pupils, disorientation, dilation of pupils, blurred vision, tightness of chest, blurred vision, tightness of chest, abdominal cramps omiting etcabdominal cramps omiting etc

Administer Atropine Administer Atropine Sulphate within 12 hrs. Sulphate within 12 hrs. Pralidoxime Chlorite 1g.Pralidoxime Chlorite 1g.

abdominal cramps, vomiting etc.abdominal cramps, vomiting etc.

PyrethroidsPyrethroids(e.g. Baygon, Karate, (e.g. Baygon, Karate, Danitol etc.)Danitol etc.)

Stuffy runny nose, irritation of Stuffy runny nose, irritation of mouth lining, salivation, mouth lining, salivation, convulsive seizures, facial burning convulsive seizures, facial burning

Activated charcoal.Activated charcoal.Control seizures with Control seizures with Diazepam or BarbiturataDiazepam or BarbiturataDanitol etc.)Danitol etc.)

sensation sensation Diazepam or BarbiturataDiazepam or BarbiturataDO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.

CarbamatesCarbamates(e.g. Sevin, Furadan, (e.g. Sevin, Furadan,

Similar to OrganoSimilar to Organo--phosphorous phosphorous but tend to appear quicker and but tend to appear quicker and

Atropine Sulphate. Induce Atropine Sulphate. Induce vomiting followed drinking a vomiting followed drinking a

i f ti t d h li f ti t d h l( g , ,( g , ,Vydate L, Lannate )Vydate L, Lannate ) shortershorter suspension of activated charcoalsuspension of activated charcoal

AntiAnti--coagulantscoagulants(e.g. Klerat)(e.g. Klerat)

Bleeding from nose and gum, Blood in Bleeding from nose and gum, Blood in excretions. Vomiting, Nausea, Diarrhea, excretions. Vomiting, Nausea, Diarrhea, Renal colic etc.Renal colic etc.

Induce vomiting. Administer Induce vomiting. Administer Phytonodione (vit. K)Phytonodione (vit. K)

BipyridylsBipyridyls(e.g. Paraquat, Gramoxone)(e.g. Paraquat, Gramoxone)

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea (often bloody), pain, diarrhea (often bloody), kidney /liver damage..kidney /liver damage..

Give gastric lavage, Fuller’s earth Give gastric lavage, Fuller’s earth and Mannitol. For kidney failureand Mannitol. For kidney failure--use haemo dialysisuse haemo dialysis

Pesticides may be classified according to:

The type of pest they target;The type of pest they target;The type of pest they target;The type of pest they target;

The degree of toxicity to humansThe degree of toxicity to humansThe degree of toxicity to humans, The degree of toxicity to humans, animals, and environment;animals, and environment;

Their mode of action (how they act on Their mode of action (how they act on the pests) andthe pests) andthe pests) and,the pests) and,

Their chemical structuresTheir chemical structuresTheir chemical structuresTheir chemical structures..

PESTICIDE FORMULATIONSPESTICIDE FORMULATIONS

SOLIDSSOLIDS LIQUIDSLIQUIDS

WETTABLE POWDERS WETTABLE POWDERS (WP)(WP)SOLUBLE POWDERSSOLUBLE POWDERS

EMULSIFIABLE EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES (EC)CONCENTRATES (EC)SOLUTIONS (S)SOLUTIONS (S)SOLUBLE POWDERS SOLUBLE POWDERS

(SP)(SP)GRANULES GRANULES

SOLUTIONS (S)SOLUTIONS (S)

(G)(G)BAITS BAITS (B)(B)(B)(B)

Prevention of Pesticide PoisoningPrevention of Pesticide Poisoning

Reducing pesticide use through IPM/ ICM & GAPsReducing pesticide use through IPM/ ICM & GAPs(Role of Research & Development / Effective Extension (Role of Research & Development / Effective Extension services)services)services)services)

Registration & use environmentally friendly Registration & use environmentally friendly pesticides; Phasing out highly toxic pesticidespesticides; Phasing out highly toxic pesticidespesticides; Phasing out highly toxic pesticides pesticides; Phasing out highly toxic pesticides (Role of PCA)(Role of PCA)

P bli d iP bli d iPublic educationPublic education(Requires collaboration of Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry (Requires collaboration of Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, NEPA and other agencies & NGOs )of Health, NEPA and other agencies & NGOs )

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

THE HOSPITALS OR DOCTOR SHOULD HAVETHE HOSPITALS OR DOCTOR SHOULD HAVETHE HOSPITALS OR DOCTOR SHOULD HAVE THE HOSPITALS OR DOCTOR SHOULD HAVE NECESSARY ANTIDOTES IN STOCKNECESSARY ANTIDOTES IN STOCK

MEDICAL PRACTICIONERS SHOULD KNOW MEDICAL PRACTICIONERS SHOULD KNOW THE LIST OF REGISTERED PESTICIDES IN THE LIST OF REGISTERED PESTICIDES IN JAMAICA & TREATMENTS IN CASES OF JAMAICA & TREATMENTS IN CASES OF EXPOSURE EXPOSURE

Thank you Thank you

ReferencesReferences

Images from the “Guidelines for the safe and Images from the “Guidelines for the safe and effective use of pesticides”, GIFAP, May 1983effective use of pesticides”, GIFAP, May 1983ff f p , , yff f p , , yPCA ManualPCA Manual