Caribbean Peoples Response to Oppression and Genocide

7/25/2019 Caribbean Peoples Response to Oppression and Genocide

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ar ean eop eResponse to

Oppression andGenocide:PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES TO THE IMMEDIATE POST-EMANCIPATION PERIOD


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Focus Points

Defnition o Key Terms

Oppression and Resistance in Pre-columbian times

Oppression and Resistance under Encomienda

Blacs Resistance to !la"ery- T#e $aitian Re"olution

T#e Peasantry

%ndentured &abourers


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What is oppression?


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Defnition o Key Term

Genocide: t#e deliberate illin' o a lar'e 'roup o people( especia

a particular nation or et#nic 'roup)

Resistance: e*orts made to stop or f'#t a'ainst somet#in' or som

demonstratin' opposition to somet#in')

%nsurrectionary Resistance: an act or instance o "iolent uprisin' a'

ci"il aut#ority or an establis#ed 'o"ernment)

on-insurrectionary Resistance: non-"iolent( usually indi"idual actio

a'ainst oppression)


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Defnition o Key Term

Re"olution: a sudden( radical( or complete c#an'e( oten accompan"iolence+ an o"ert#ro. and t#orou'# replacement o an establis#e'o"ernment or political system by t#e people 'o"erned resultin' iper"asi"e c#an'e in society and t#e social structure)

Peasantry: a social class constituted by small armers and tenants(

s#arecroppers( and laborers on t#e land .#ere t#ey orm t#e main in a'riculture)

/arrona'e: a strate'y o resistance in .#ic# indi"iduals and small 'a.ay rom t#e source o oppression)


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Oppression and Resistanbeore 149

Durin' t#e pre-Columbian era t#e Kalina'os .ere a source o oppression or tKno.n or t#eir .arlie nature( t#ey .ere dili'ent in creatin' .eapons and ustrate'ies t#at .reaed #a"oc in t#e Tainos li"es)

Kalina'os raided Taino "illa'es and ensla"ed t#eir .omen ol)

T#e Taino resisted .it# bo.s and arro.s( spears and t#e inamous macana1.ooden 2s.ord club3 .#ic# .as eared by t#eir oppressors because o its supotential)

Because t#e Kalina'os .ere more rut#less and silled in .ar( t#ey .ere oteand t#e Tainos resisted by mo"in' out o t#e &esser 4ntilles into t#e lar'er 4nislands)


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"I found very many islands lled with people without numbe

all of them I have taken possession for their Highnesses... Aas I arrived in the Indies, on the rst Island which I found, I some of the natives by force in order that they might learn might give me information on whatever there is in these pa

"hey...brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears an

other things... hey would make ne servants... !ith fty mcould subugate them all and make them do whatever we w

Christoph


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Oppression and Resistaunder !ncomienda

%n urt#erin' t#eir imperialist ambitions t#e !panis# establis#ed settt#e indi'enes5 #omeland)

6T#e comin' o t#e Europeans .it# t#eir .eapons o iron and steel atracer do's and #orses( .as an unprecedented e7perience or t#e npeoples3 8/o#ammed 9;= ar'ue t#at t#e term 2'esuitable in describin' t#e !panis# treatment o t#e Taino) T#ey estim6some ?( people .ere belie"ed to li"e in $ispaniola in ;@A9) Bonly


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Oppression and Resistanunder !ncomienda

T#e !paniards e*orts to settle t#ese colonies .ere met .it# resistance roTainos and Kalina'os alie)

Becles and !#ep#erd 89@= uote #istorian G)K) &e.is .#o ar'ues t#at and Kalina'o #ad built a ci"ili0ation and a #omeland( .#ic# t#ey .ere prepdeend in a spirit o defant 2patriotism5)

Bot# non-insurrectionary and insurrectionary orms o resistance .ere utili

indi'enes deended t#eir #omelands)


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on-insurrectionary orms o Resistance:

reusal to .ormalin'erin'

suicide 8#an'in'( poisonin'=

inanticide

pretence 8deaness( lac o understandin' o oppressors5 instru

marrona'e 8#idin' in ca"es and mountains=


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Oppression and Resistanceunder !ncomienda

Becles and !#ep#erd 89@= state t#at t#ere .as constant tension

encomenderos #ad deep ears because t#e Tainos continuously res

ensla"ement


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Oppression and Resistance u!ncomienda

T#e frst orm o insurrectionary resistance documented in Caribbe#istorio'rap#y is t#e destruction o ort a"idad ater Columbus5 re!pain in ;@A9)


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"bad feeling had arisen and had broken out in warfare bof the licentious conduct of our men towards the Indian for each Spaniard had ve women to minister to his plea

Guillermo Coma


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#en Columbus returned to $ispaniola in ;@A?( #e ound t#at t#e #e #ad let on &a a"idad .ere all dead( illed by t#e %ndians ater in"aded t#e in'dom o /a'uana 'o"erned by t#e earless caciue

T#e rape o t#eir .omen( t#et o t#eir property as .ell as an a.ar

t#e !paniards sou'#t to coloni0e t#eir #omeland .ere t#e main reainFuenced insurrection amon' t#e Tainos)


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/o#ammed 89;


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%nsurrectionary orms o Resistance:

destroyin' o crops

poisonin' .ater supplies

burnin' store#ouses

orcin' !paniards to see ood in t#e #interlands and ambus#in'

ormin' alliances .it# t#e Kalina'os and .a'in' .ar a'ainst t#e


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Oppression and Resistance u!ncomienda

;@A@ caciue Guacana'ari ou'#t a'ainst Columbus and @ meencroac#ed on t#e interior o $ispaniola)

;


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Oppression and Resistance !ncomienda

T#e Kalina'os resisted t#e !panis# and ot#er Europeans t#rou'#:

;) 'uerilla .arare 8a orm o irre'ular .arare in .#ic# a small 'roup

combatants use military tactics includin' ambus#es( sabota'e( rai

and-run tactics( and mobility to f'#t a lar'er and less-mobile trad

military=)

9) bein' #i'#ly mobile and eludin' capture in canoes on numerous oc

?) ormin' alliances .it# one set o Europeans a'ainst ot#ers)


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T#e Kalina'os .ere unrelentin' in t#eir resistance a'ainst Europeadomination) %n t#e end Europeans si'ned treaties .it# t#em .#ic# t#eir sur"i"al into contemporary times)


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"#ac$s Resistance to %#a&

on-insurrectionary met#ods:

malin'erin'

pretendin' to misunderstand instructions

suicide

inanticide

abortions

marrona'e


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"#ac$s Resistance to %#a& .omen capitali0ed on issues associated .it# t#eir emininity- a= e7a'

emale complaints b= prolon'in' t#e period o 'estation( sometimes

breasteed babies or as lon' as t.o years)

#ucsterin'

amputated t#eir bodies

syncretic reli'ious practices use o 4rican .ords8 baan( poto-poto

mimicin' European masters t#rou'# son' and dance

marrona'e


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%nsurrectionary /et#ods:

destruction o property 8maimin' o animals( dama'e to mac#ine

o felds=

murder 8illin' o"erseers=


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"#ac$s Resistance to %#a& Re"olts Rebellions

/aroon ars

;>?; C#ristmas!am !#arpe Rebellion

Berbice Re"olt

Bussa Re"olt

Bus# e'ro Iprisin'

Tacy Rebellion

Guadeloupe Blo.-Ip


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e. ensla"ed blacs .ere able to purc#ase t#eir reedom )


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The Hiti!

Reolutio!

#$%#-#&'(

Th ' iti R # ti


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The 'aitian Re&o#ution(1)91*1+,4-

T#e most successul sla"e re"o

#istoryJ

Th ' iti R # ti


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$aiti 8!aint Dominue= .as t#e .orlds leadin' su'ar producer) Kno6Pearl o t#e %ndies3 t#e renc# colony #ad o"er > su'ar plantat

made more proft t#an all ;? 4merican colonies combined)

T#e .#ites .#ic# totaled LM o t#e population o.ned t#e means o

production and amassed #u'e profts rom su'ar .#ile t#e ensla"e.#ic# ormed AM .ere e7ploited under a brutal system o sla"ery

Th ' iti R # ti


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#en t#e renc# Re"olution be'an( .#ite settlers on $aiti called oindependence)

Bouman Dutty( a blac ensla"ed $aitian called on #is ello. ensla#a"e t#eir o.n re"olutionJ

%n ;NA;( about ;( sla"es rose in re"olt) T#ey burned su'arcaand illed planters) T#e uprisin' ormed t#e impetus or ;? years oin .#ic# bot# sides su*ered massacres)

Th ' iti R # ti


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Toussaint &5Ou"erture( a reed( educated blac .anted to end sla"e'ain independence or $aiti)

$e rallied t#e ensla"ed peoples to re"olt in ;NA; 1 led armies a'ainrenc#( !panis# and Britis#)

By ;>;( #e too control o t#e territory( reed t#e ensla"ed and crconstitution)

%n ;>9 Toussaint .as captured and renc# domination and sla"eryreinstated in $aiti)

The 'aitian Re&o#ution


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$In overthrowing me, you have done no more than cut downtrunk of the tree of the black liberty in %t. &omingue ' it wilback from the roots, for they are numerous and deep.#

Toussaint ./Ou&erture

The 'aitian Re&o#ution


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T#e taste o reedom t#at Toussaint #ad 'i"en t#e blacs caused t#continue to f'#t t#e renc#)

&ed by General Dessalines( t#e $aitian army ou'#t a brutal .ar arenc# army)

$aiti became t#e frst and only blac colony to ree itsel rom Eurodomination)

On anuary ;( ;>@ ean acues Dessalines proclaimed $aitian

independence)


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The Peasantry as Resista

T#e de"elopment o a peasant class in t#e Caribbean is lined to t#abolition o sla"ery) %n act peasantry in t#e re'ion dates bac to ;>

T#e peasantry e7isted in opposition to and in competition .it# t#e despite t#eir interdependence)

$istorically peasants in t#e Caribbean e7isted on t#e cre"ices o soany area .#ere t#e main economic acti"ities o t#e Europeans did control)


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4ccordin' to /ars#all( Caribbean peasantries incorporated non-a'r

acti"ities suc# as fs#in'( s#op eepin'( and casual estate .or)

Caribbean peasantries #a"e al.ays in"ol"ed t#e production o 'oo

subsistence and or sale in local and international marets)


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En#anced money and time mana'ement sills) En'endered sel-relplannin' and political a.areness amon' e7-sla"es) /aintainin' soceconomic stability in rural and non-plantation areas "ia attempts to'eneratin' communities( "illa'es( c#urc#es( sc#ools)

4dded to t#e establis#ment o t#e local cooperati"es mo"ement anBans

4dded to t#e e7port and trade o Caribbean countries "ia t#e di"ero a'ricultural produce)

Resistance by 0ndenture


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Resistance by 0ndenture.abourers

%ndentured labourers resisted by:

protestin'

runnin' a.ay

reusin' to .or

establis#in' small businesses

Caribbean Peoples Response to Oppression and Genocide

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