Carib. Std Module III

8/12/2019 Carib. Std Module III

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What is a Research ?

The systematic investigation/enquiry

into and study of materials and

sources in order to establish factsand reach new conclusions.


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What is a Reasearch?

work undertaken in a systematic way

in order to increase the stock of

knowledge, including knowledge ofman, culture and society, and the use

of this stock of knowledge to devise

new applications.


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What is a Reasearch?

A systematic process of

collecting and analyzing data

for a specific purpose.


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What is meant by Systematic Enquiry

or Investigation.

Methodical approach repeatable and

learnable through a step by step procedure.

having, showing, or involving a system,

method, or plan.

arranged in or comprising an ordered system.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/procedure.htmlhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/systemhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/systemhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/systemhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/systemhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/procedure.html


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Example of systematic research

Conceptualize problem Statement

Employ a literature review

Use sampling procedure Use data collection strategies

Analyze data statistically

Discuss finding etc


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What is the purpose of a Research?

Validate a theory

Add New Knowledge to existing body of

knowledge

Solve problem

exploration, description, and explanation

Establish facts Reach new conclusions


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Types of Research


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Types of Research

ARCHIVAL RESEARCH: an examination of

existing records of human activities.

Researchers often examines: old newspapers,

medical records, birth certificates, death

certificates, marriage certificates, reports,

books, diaries, letter, official documents etc.


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Types of Research

CASE STUDY: a process or record of research into

the development of a particular person, group, or

situation over a period of time. It involves testing,

interview, observation and investigation. OBSERVATION: researcher observes people as

they behave in the real world. The researcher

simply records what happens and does notintervene in the situation. This methods is mostly

used in anthropology and psychology.


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TYPES OF RESEARCH

SURVEYS: The survey is a non-experimental,

descriptive research method. Surveys can be

useful when a researcher wants to collect data

on phenomena that cannot be directly

observed (such as opinions on library

services).


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Types of surveys

There are two basic types of surveys: cross-sectional surveys and longitudinal surveys.

Cross-sectional surveys are used to gatherinformation on a population at a single point intime. for example a questionaire that collectsdata on how parents feel about Internet filtering,as of March of 1999. A different cross-sectionalsurvey questionnaire might try to determine the

relationship between two factors, likereligiousness of parents and views on Internetfiltering.


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Types of surveys

Longitudinal surveys gather data over a

period of time. The researcher may then

analyze changes in the population and

attempt to describe and/or explain them. The

three main types of longitudinal surveys are

trend studies, cohort studies, and panel

studies.


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SAMPLING

A sample is a subset of the populationbeing

studied. It represents the larger population

and is used to draw inferences about that

population. It is a research technique widelyused in the social sciences as a way to gather

information about a population without

having to measure the entire population.
http://sociology.about.com/od/P_Index/g/Population.htmhttp://sociology.about.com/od/P_Index/g/Population.htm


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TYPES OF SAMPLING

There are several different types and ways of

choosing a sample from a population, from

simple to complex. There are two broad

categories

1. Non-probability sampling

is a sampling technique where the samples are

gathered in a process that does not give all theindividuals in the population equal chances of being

selected. For example:


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Purposive or Judgmental Sample.

A purposive, or judgmental, sample is one that isselected based on the knowledge of a populationand the purpose of the study. For example, if aresearcher is studying the nature of school spirit

as exhibited at a school pep rally, he or she mightinterview people who did not appear to becaught up in the emotions of the crowd orstudents who did not attend the rally at all. In this

case, the researcher is using a purposive samplebecause those being interviewed fit a specificpurpose or description.
http://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Purposive-Sample.htmhttp://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Purposive-Sample.htm


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Snowball Sample.

A snowball sample is appropriate to use in research when the

members of a population are difficult to locate, such as homeless

individuals, migrant workers, or undocumented immigrants. A

snowball sample is one in which the researcher collects data on the

few members of the target population he or she can locate, thenasks those individuals to provide information needed to locate

other members of that population whom they know. For example, if

a researcher wishes to interview undocumented immigrants from

Mexico, he or she might interview a few undocumented individuals

that he or she knows or can locate and would then rely on thosesubjects to help locate more undocumented individuals. This

process continues until the researcher has all the interviews he or

she needs or until all contacts have been exhausted.
http://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Snowball-Sample.htmhttp://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Snowball-Sample.htm


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Quota Sample

A quota sample is one in which units are selected into asample on the basis of pre-specified characteristics sothat the total sample has the same distribution ofcharacteristics assumed to exist in the population being

studied. For example, if you a researcher conducting anational quota sample, you might need to know whatproportion of the population is male and whatproportion is female as well as what proportions ofeach gender fall into different age categories, race or

ethnic categories, educational categories, etc. Theresearcher would then collect a sample with the sameproportions as the national population.
http://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Quota-Sample.htmhttp://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Quota-Sample.htm


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Probability Sampling Techniques

Probability sampling is a sampling technique

where the samples are gathered in a process

that gives all the individuals in the population

equal chances of being selected.

For example :


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Simple Random Sample

The simple random sample is the basic sampling methodassumed in statistical methods and computations. Tocollect a simple random sample, each unit of the targetpopulation is assigned a number. A set of random

numbers is then generated and the units having thosenumbers are included in the sample. For example, letssay you have a population of 1,000 people and youwish to choose a simple random sample of 50 people.First, each person is numbered 1 through 1,000. Then,

you generate a list of 50 random numbers (typicallywith a computer program) and those individualsassigned those numbers are the ones you include inthe sample.
http://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Random-Sample.htmhttp://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Random-Sample.htm


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Systematic Sample.

In a systematic sample, the elements of the populationare put into a list and then every kth element in the listis chosen (systematically) for inclusion in the sample.For example, if the population of study contained 2,000

students at a high school and the researcher wanted asample of 100 students, the students would be put intolist form and then every 20th student would beselected for inclusion in the sample. To ensure againstany possible human bias in this method, the researcher

should select the first individual at random. This istechnically called a systematic sample with a randomstart.
http://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Systematic-Sample.htmhttp://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Systematic-Sample.htm


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Stratified Sample.

A stratified sample is a sampling technique in whichthe researcher divided the entire target population intodifferent subgroups, or strata, and then randomlyselects the final subjects proportionally from the

different strata. This type of sampling is used when theresearcher wants to highlight specific subgroupswithinthe population. For example, to obtain a stratifiedsample of university students, the researcher wouldfirst organize the population by college class and then

select appropriate numbers of freshmen, sophomores,juniors, and seniors. This ensures that the researcherhas adequate amounts of subjects from each class inthe final sample.
http://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Stratified-Sample.htmhttp://sociology.about.com/od/S_Index/g/Subgroup.htmhttp://sociology.about.com/od/S_Index/g/Subgroup.htmhttp://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Stratified-Sample.htm


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Cluster Sample.

Cluster sampling may be used when it is eitherimpossible or impractical to compile an exhaustive listof the elements that make up the target population.Usually, however, the population elements are already

grouped into subpopulations and lists of thosesubpopulations already exist or can be created. Forexample, lets say the target population in a study waschurch members in the United States. There is no list ofall church members in the country. The researcher

could, however, create a list of churches in the UnitedStates, choose a sample of churches, and then obtainlists of members from those churches.
http://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Cluster-Sample.htmhttp://sociology.about.com/od/Types-of-Samples/a/Cluster-Sample.htm

Carib. Std Module III

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