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C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INCDYNASTY Division900 East Keefe AvenueMilwaukee, Wl53212Phone 414-967-6500Fax 414-961-6506Form 41-2129 (05/99) Printed In the USA

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~"--onstant Voltage Charger Selection for Dynasty VRLA Batteries3344-7

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1. Introductiona. Charging Current Acceptanceb. Recharge Time as a Function of Depth of Discharge2. Charger Selection and Sizinga. Cycle Service Charger Selectionb. Emergency Lighting Charger Selectionc. UPS Charger I Rectifier Output Requirementsd. Telecommunications Charger I Rectifier Selection

4. SummaryList of Tables

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Table 1 -Recommended Charging VoltageTable 2 -Recommended Maximum Charging Current vs. Depth of DischargeTable 3 -Recommended Maximum AC Ripple Voltage and CurrentTable 4 -Cycle Service Charger Recommended Output CharacteristicsTable 5 -Emergency Lighting Charger Recommended Output CharacteristicsTable 6- UPS Charger Output Characteristics RecommendationsTable 7 -Telecommunications Rectifier / Charger Recommended Output

Characteristics 16List of Figures

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Figure 1 -Typical Charging ProfileFigure 2- Recharge Time vs. Depth of Discharge ( @ 2.3 v/c and 0.1CFigure 3- Float Charging Voltage vs. Float Service LifeFigure 4 -Emergency Lighting SystemFigure 5 -Off Line UPS Block DiagramFigure 6 -On Line UPS Block DiagramFigure 7 -Typical Telecommunications DC System Block DiagramFigure 8 -Charging "K" Factor at 0.1 C @ 2.40 and 2.45 v/cFigure 9 -Charging "K" Factor at 0.2C @ 2.40 and 2.45 v/cFigure 10- Charging "K" Factor at 0.1C & 0.2C @ 2.25, 2.30 & 2.40 v/cFigure 11 -Charging "K" Factor at 0.5C and 1.0C @ 2.3 v/c

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INTRODUCTIONFor optimum system cost and performance the battery and charger should be specified as asystem. Not only does the charger capability determine the recharge time required but it also hasa significant impact on the service life of the battery .Typically. other than cost, the time required to recharge a battery is the major concern of thebattery system user. The recharge time required will be a direct function of the output voltage andcurrent capability of the charger, depth of discharge of the battery and the battery temperature.Utilizing a higher charging voltage or greater charging current capability can be correctly assumedto reduce the recharge time required to attain the desired state of charge. However, higherrecharging voltage and current availability may also have a negative impact on battery service life.Other important considerations in the charger selection relate to the battery's tolerance for ACripple voltage present on the charger DC output and the limitations of any critical load connectedin parallel.Therefore, the selection of the charger must consider the characteristics and limitations of thebattery and any parallel connected load as well as the desired recharge time and charger cost.Charging Current AcceptanceA profile of battery current acceptance and charger output voltage during a typical recharge isillustrated in Figure 1. This profile will vary depending on the depth of the preceding discharge andthe charger output characteristics. In general however, that period known as the "bulk phase"takes the battery to approximately an 85% to 90% state of charge (sac} while the so called"absorption phase", with declining current acceptance, takes the battery to a 95% sac. The last5% of capacity is restored during what is called the "float phase". Due to the very low currentacceptance during this "float phase" an extensive period of time is required to attain the necessaryampere hours of recharge to reach a 100% sac.

Recharge Hours vs. Charging Voltage and Current

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Hours Recharge (13.8 Volts @ O.1C)35 40

Figure 1 -Typical Charging Profile

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