Career Startegies of Accountants

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    Chapter I

    INTRODUCTION

    I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

    Success, unlike accounting elements, is not recognized when it is

    probable and measurable. Success is recognized when it is fully

    earned, when it is evident and undeniably existing. And the earning

    process of success for a CPA is a long one.

    Before a person attains the title of CPA, he must first earn a degree

    in accountancy in college. Then, after college, he must pass the CPA

    licensure examination. If one is lucky and deserving enough he may

    have the title CPA entailed in his surname. However the licensure

    examination is not the final test of an accountant. For most one of the

    hardest test is to prove ones is worthy of the title.

    It maybe true though that a CPA may even face multitude of

    opportunities and because studies show that there is a high demand

    for accountants for the past and incoming , the options an accountant

    may face may be overwhelming. Sometimes even too overwhelming

    that it may lead to confusion. Like what professionals say: The real

    world is far more complex than the problems students solve inside the

    classroom. Real life practice involves choices, real financial

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    statements, money, business decisions and risks. It will not just be a

    matter of grades but how to do well in their chosen profession.

    Despite however of the complexity of the business world, there

    are a number of accountants who had adapted to it. There are

    multitudes that have made the right choice, earned a lot and proved

    themselves worthy of the title CPA. These people are who have gained

    success and whom CPA aspirants look up to.

    Consequently, this leads aspirants to question how did those

    people become successful? What are their experiences after they pass

    the board? What are their plans and strategies back when they have

    not yet gain the status they are in now? And how did they choose the

    career path?

    This study tries to answer those questions through the lived

    experiences of selected successful accountants.

    II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

    This study focuses on the career strategies a Certified Public

    Accountant may take.

    Specifically it aims to answer the following questions:

    1. What are the Lived experiences of Certified Public Accountant in

    the context of choosing their career strategies?

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    2. What insights can be derived from the Lived experiences of

    Certified Public Accountants in the context of choosing their

    career strategies?

    3. What are the guiding principles that can be derived from the

    Lived Experiences of Certified Public Accountants in the context

    of choosing their career strategies?

    III. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

    The findings of this study can provide a deeper understanding and will

    confer benefits to the following people:

    a. BSA Students/ Aspiring CPAs This study will contribute to the

    understanding of the experiences and strategies a successful

    CPA had gone through with regards to his/her career. The life

    experiences of successful accountants will inspire and motivate

    them to be more hardworking for their dreams.

    b. New CPAs This study will provide explanations of the options,

    and strategies a CPA can take after the board examination.

    c. Professors/Members of the Academe Accounting professors will

    benefit from this study because they will be able to make use of

    the information imparted in this research in motivating their

    students to pursue their career paths.

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    d. Researchers This study will serve as a source of valuable data

    for future researchers who will make similar studies.

    IV. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

    In order to be more specific, the researchers established

    limitations that will highlight the focus of the study.

    This study will be based on the career strategies of selected

    Certified Public Accountants who have attained financial stability,

    respective status and a life envied by the general because of this

    profession.

    The following criteria are established in choosing our co-

    researchers:

    1. A Certified Public Accountant who have attained the following

    positions:

    a. Public sector: Owner or an employee of a firm or

    organization who offers their job to the public.

    b. Private sector: A CPA who attains any of the following

    positions: Assistant Chief Accountant, Chief accountant,

    Finance Manager and Comptroller.

    c. Academe: A CPA who is employed in any educational

    institutions.

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    d. Government: Head Accountant in a government agency.

    2. A Certified Public Accountant who has a net income of at least

    50,000/month.

    3. Such person must be in practice for almost 8 years.

    V. DEFINITION OF TERMS

    Successful CPA as used in this study, are those persons who have

    met the criteria laid down in this research.

    Career Strategy as used in this study is an individual's "course or

    progress through life (or a distinct portion of life)". It is usually

    considered to pertain to remunerative work (and sometimes also

    formal education).

    Commerce & Industry/ Private Sector Accountants are employed

    as Vice President for Finance, Chief Accountant, Cost accountant,

    Internal Auditor or Budget Officer.

    Public Sector Accountants who render services on a fee basis and

    staff accountants employed by them are engage in public practice.

    They practice individually or as members of public accounting firms.

    Education this area employs accountants either as researchers,

    professors or reviewers.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education
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    Government Accountants are hired as an accountant, auditor,

    budget officer or consultant of government units.

    Certified Public Accountant (CPA) - is the statutory title of qualified

    accountants in the Philippines who have passed the Certified Public

    Accountant Board Examination and have met additional state

    education and experience requirements for certification as a CPA.

    Chapter II

    REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Certified_Public_Accountant_Examinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Certified_Public_Accountant_Examinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Certified_Public_Accountant_Examinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Certified_Public_Accountant_Examination
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    This chapter summarizes the related literatures and studies that

    the researchers had gathered that could contribute to their knowledge

    about their topic. It contains both local and foreign literatures, which

    contributed to the researchers knowledge, and understanding about

    the career strategies a Certified Public Accountant may take.

    Career is defined as a sequence of jobs or activities, planned or

    unplanned, involving elements of advancement, commitment and

    personal development over a period of time(Clark, Frances A.

    1992.Total Career Management).This definition provides an overview

    on how difficult it is to plan and predict the future of an individual with

    regards to his/her chosen field. The persisting development of

    technology makes the working environment more drastic and extreme;

    a person should not only be equipped with knowledge but also the

    perseverance to succeed in their career, you must be prepared to live

    in an vague world, where the only clear is you- your ability, your

    suppleness, and your capacity to adapt to changes.

    Every professional has his/her own career path to follow, this

    path can be planned or just by circumstances, making decisions on

    where to go, on which field you want to work on defines what a career

    strategy is, Samantha in her book entitled Career Planning Process also

    defines career strategy as a deliberate process of knowing who we are

    so that we can be sure of where we want to go or what we want to be

    at some defined point in time. Since accounting is considered as a

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    profession and every accountant is faced with a numerous number of

    opportunities, planning your career and having a correct career

    strategy can help you choose on where you want to practice your

    profession and how to reach success on that field.

    The Accounting Profession

    Accountancy possesses certain attributes that qualifies it as a

    profession (Ballada, Basic Accounting, 2000 ed.). All members of the

    accountancy profession have earned a Bachelor of Science in

    Accountancy and have passed the Certified Public Accountant

    Licensure Examination. They also have their own jargon or body of

    language that is distinctive to the profession. Certified Public

    Accountants also follow a Code of Professional Ethics, which is

    promulgated or issued by the Board of Accountancy. This code upholds

    the CPAs task to serve or provide the public with competence and

    integrity and also all Certified Public Accountants are members of a

    national organization, the Philippine Institute of Certified Public

    Accountant (PICPA) whose function is to guarantee the continued

    improvement of the accountancy profession over time.

    CAREER STRATEGIES

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    The idea of life stages interweaving with career stages has

    become of current thinking about career. According to this hypothesis

    people are said to devote the early part of their work experiences on

    exploration (Gunz, H. 1989. The Dual Meaning of Managerial Careers).

    This hypothesis supports the trend that is currently happening in the

    working environment. This idea could also be associated on why newly

    licensed Certified Public Accountant chooses to be employed in public

    accounting firms in order to gain experience.

    According to Evans (Must Success Cost So Much?, 1980), there

    are three stages of career based on age:

    1. Launching the career 25-35

    2. Turning to private life 35- 45

    3. Integrating professional and private life 45-55

    In this model it is sensible to accept the phases and not the ages,

    for the ages stated therein may vary from reality. Launching means

    that there is a high commitment and continuous striving will occur.

    Success creates a lot of opportunities that will exhibit even more

    accomplishment which will lead to another striving pattern. This phase

    explains why accountants who are just starting up tend to create a

    good foundation for their career. They try to impress others to earn a

    good reputation.

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    The second phase may be interpreted as a supporting work, in this

    phase a person is torn between his work and family. This problem

    occurs in the lives of almost all professionals, accountants especially

    those who are employed in the public sector have to work for hours in

    order to finish the piles of work they have. According to a survey

    conducted by the same author, professionals tended to deny this as

    they saw their efforts as being for the benefit of the family. This might

    be true but for those who are already successful at this phase, the

    importance of the family role must be taken into consideration. In the

    third phase, professionals have reached the top of their careers, they

    switched off from career or they are dissatisfied with work and accept

    that there will be no further progress. This might explain the reason

    why most accountants who are already successful have a propensity to

    establish a new business which is sometimes not related to their work,

    in other words they try to enter another career.

    Pictorial Model

    To further understand the different career strategies, it can be

    helpful to interpret it using pictorial terms. Clark (Total Career

    Management, 1992) has interpreted the career strategies using the

    following pictures:

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    A: The Triangle everyone enters at the bottom of the organization,

    and works their way up by awaiting the tap of the shoulder in

    response to their contribution.

    This kind of strategy is applicable to CPAs who are employed in

    Public Accounting firm as well as those who are employed in the

    government sector. In Public Accounting firms, they do have an

    organizational hierarchy but promotion is somewhat limited. If you are

    a newly licensed CPA and you chose to be employed in a public

    accounting firm, you will start at the bottom of the organization, youll

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    be employed as an associate intern first, in which you are responsible

    for learning and using technical skills and you will work as a temporary

    part of a team in carrying out tasks under close coaching and

    supervision, during this time, you must develop the ability to mingle

    and to work in a group. Once you have your promotion, youll climb

    your way up from that position to Associate, Senior, Manager and

    Senior Manager/ Director.

    Most of the time, newly licensed CPAs main objective is to put up

    a strong foundation by earning experiences that will help them face

    the tough world of business, that is why they do enter public practice

    first, because in this sector your work is focused on auditing financial

    statements, performing tax returns and, providing financial planning.

    This model also explains the career strategies made by those

    accountants who are employed in the government sector. Newly

    licensed accountants seldom choose to be employed in this area;

    salary and promotion are just some of reasons why this kind of trend is

    happening. New CPAs also start at the bottom of the organization and

    as said earlier promotion is a problem in this sector for the reason that

    it will take years before you can advance to another position and also

    you cannot easily attain a higher position due to the lack of vacancy in

    those positions that require the task of an accountant, with this in

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    mind, accountants employed in this area should develop a system on

    how they will account transactions efficiently.

    In both sectors, CPAs start at the bottom of the organization, and

    they will earn promotions based on their contributions in the firm or

    their contribution to the agencies.

    B: Ladder focuses attention on advancement through climbing up a

    recognized organizational hierarchy.

    In this strategy a person knows the sequence of jobs to follow,

    just like those CPAs who are employed in the Private sector, they follow

    an organizational hierarchy, since the series of jobs are known, CPAs

    can plan a preferred career path in a stable environment. Once you

    enter a private company as an accountant you can be employed as an

    Accounting Clerk, from that you can have your promotions and become

    an Accounts Supervisor then become an Assistant Chief Accountant

    and finally become the Chief Accountant. For large private firms you

    can also attain the following positions: Management Accountant,

    Budget analyst, Financial Analyst, Internal Auditor, Finance Manager,

    Comptroller, VP of Finance, and Chief Financial Officer.

    This model assumes that there is always some graduation in

    work content or skill.

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    E: Transitory refocused his longer-term career aspirations of working

    for himself and only choosing assignments that interested him. It had

    also acted as a bridge to enable him to achieve his ideal type of work.

    This kind of strategy fits those accountants who are employed in

    the Academe. Nowadays, CPAs practice their career in this field. Some

    accountants who dont want to work for hours and not used in beating

    deadlines prefer to enter this sector. This field is focused on the

    educational institutions which involve teaching of accounting, auditing,

    and management advisory services, accounting aspect of finance,

    business law, taxation, and other technically related subjects4. Certified

    public accountant can take masters degree. They can take any post-

    graduate degree program in business, accounting, taxation, law,

    education and related fields earned from any graduate school duly

    recognized by the Commission on Higher Education.

    CPAs can also take the Teachers Board Exams and be a licensed

    Professional. It is a way on which CPAs can teach accounting and other

    related subjects in colleges and other institutions. CPAs can also be a

    reviewer for the CPA Board Examination. Many accountants are looking

    forward to become a reviewer one reason is that there is a high salary

    and also the other opportunities that it will bring. CPA professors can

    also publish books and other academic articles, and use their

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    proficiency in information analysis to consult companies or act as an

    expert witness in litigation situations.

    Being a professor is not an easy job like it seems, there are many

    obligation that it has, but it can also bring many opportunity as well.

    You can be successful in this field however it requires patience and

    hardship to become a well known Certified Public Accountant.

    It is a fact that some professionals choose a profession not

    because they want it but rather they are forced by other

    circumstances. Just like an accountant who became a CPA but prefer

    another field. This kind of strategy enables others to reach the kind of

    jobs or career they want to have.

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    CHAPTER III

    METHODOLOGY

    This chapter discusses how the study was conducted. It includes

    the explanation of the research design, the sampling technique,

    description of the co-researchers, data gathering procedures and

    research instrument.

    RESEARCH METHOD

    The researchers used phenomenology, a qualitative type of

    research method. This research method makes use of words rather

    than statistics in analyzing the data that were gathered during the

    course of research. Phenomenological study is one that focuses on

    descriptions of what people experience and how it is that they

    experience what they experience (Patton, 1990). It is particularly

    appropriate to address meanings and perspectives of research

    participants.

    It was then the best method to use since it has sufficed the need

    of the researchers to investigate and profound the study, such method

    is the best way to study and understand the Career Strategies of a

    Certified Public Accountant.

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    SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

    The researchers made use of convenience sampling a non-

    probability sampling technique in choosing their co-researchers.

    Convenience sampling technique is also known as opportunity,

    accidental or haphazard sampling for in this kind of technique

    researchers just use people who are available.

    In this research, the researchers have selected their co-

    researchers based on the accessibility and availability of their subjects.

    RESEARCH LOCALE

    Since the researchers used convenience sampling in choosing

    their co-researchers, the co-researchers in this study are all presently

    residing within Metro Manila.

    Data Gathering Procedures and Research Instruments

    The researchers will acquire the fundamental data from the

    respondents through the following course of action:

    1. The researchers will use an interview which allows the co-

    researchers to answer the questions freely, and fittingly

    elaborate their experiences regarding the topic.

    2. In conducting the interview, the researchers will use a digital or a

    video camera and a recorder to ensure that the responses to the

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    questions are documented properly. The responses will be

    transcribed accordingly.

    A Personal Data Sheet will also be use by the researchers in order to

    gather demographic information about the co- researchers such as

    their name, age, educational background, and the years they are

    employed and also their current monthly salary. Personal Data Sheet

    will used to know if the co-researchers meet those criteria set by the

    researchers.

    DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

    The researchers made use of a step by step process in analyzing

    the data that had been gathered. Figure 1.1 shows the whole process

    used by the researchers in analyzing the data acquired.

    Step 1. The Researchers Collects data the researchers conduct

    interviews to gather data. Data gathered are later explored by reading

    through all the information acquired in order to obtain a general sense

    of the information.

    Step 2. The Researchers Prepares Data for Analysis - the researchers

    transcribe the data collected by typing the interviews in text.

    Step 3. The Researchers Assign a Common Themes the researchers

    carefully read the transcribed data, line by line and divide the data into

    clusters. Every cluster has its own common themes. These themes are

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    based on the similar experiences that occurred in the lives of the co-

    researchers.

    Step 4. The Themes are used in the Research Paper the researchers

    used the clustered themes in order to build up an insight that will

    answer the question laid down in the statement of the problem.

    Co- Researchers of the Study

    The study is based on the lived- experiences of successful CPAs,

    for that matter, selecting those who have long and rich experiences as

    co-researchers of this study is a requirement. The co-researchers are

    asked to be interviewed to authenticate their stories. Based on this,

    the criteria set for choosing the co-researchers of this study are as

    follows: A Certified Public Accountant who has attained the following

    positions: In public sector: Owner or an employee of a firm or

    organization who offers their job to the public. Private sector: A CPA

    who attains any of the following positions: Assistant Chief Accountant,

    Chief accountant, Finance Manager and Comptroller. Academe: A CPA

    who is employed in any educational institutions. Government: Head

    Accountant in a government agency. In addition to that our co

    researchers must be Certified Public Accountants who have a net

    income of at least 50,000/month. Those people must be in practice for

    almost 8 years.

    Co-Researcher A

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    Studied and finished her Bachelor of Science in Accountancy in

    the University of the Philippines. She placed 10th in the 1964 Certified

    Public Accountant Board Examination. She was the only UP student

    who made it in the top 10. She attained the following positions and

    recognitions:

    Former Deputy Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Former Dean

    of Far Eastern University Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance,

    Professor University of the Philippines and Far Eastern University,

    Founder of Pulilan Butterfly Haven, Chairman Emeritus of Havens

    Board of Directors, Owner of Quantum Consultancy Group, 1997

    Philippines Civil Service Commissions Dangal ng Bayan (Pride of the

    Motherland) Award for Ethical Behavior, Author of two poetry books

    Abutin mo ang Bituin ( Reach for the Stars) and Kay Sarap Mabuhay

    ( Living is Wonderful).

    Co- Researcher B

    Studied and finished her Bachelor of Science in Accountancy in

    Polytechnic University of the Philippines. She passed the 1985 Certified

    Public Accountant Licensure Examination. She is currently the head

    accountant of Employees Compensation Commission, a government

    agency under Department of Labor.

    Co-Researcher C

    Co-Researcher D

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    Studied and finished her Bachelor of Science in Accountancy in

    De La Salle University. She passed the 1990 Certified Public

    Accountant Licensure Examination. She was a former auditor in Carlos

    Valdez and Co. She is currently employed as the Chief Accountant of

    Big Buddha Restaurant (Super Bowl of China).

    CHAPTER IV

    PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

    This chapter presents the four inspiring original stories of

    our co-researchers upon which we based our reflections and findings.

    This chapter also includes the step by step data analysis procedures

    that the researchers have done in order to develop an output about

    the career guidelines of Certified Public Accountants.

    CO-RESEARCHER A

    If you are determined to do a thing, then the job is halfway done

    - Abraham Lincoln

    A quotation that best describes the strategies done by our

    co-researcher in order to achieve the position and recognition she has

    right now.

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    Co-researcher A studied and finished her Bachelor of Science in

    Accountancy in the University of the Philippines. She placed 10 th in the

    1964 CPA Licensure Examination, she was the only UP student who

    made it in the top 10. Her career started when after receiving her

    license, she was fortunate enough to land a job as a review examiner

    in the Bureau of Internal Revenue, according to her, it was just luck

    that her auntie knew the wife of the current commissioner of the

    bureau that time.

    Actually it was I think aahh just luck that I was in a party withthe wife of the commissioner of internal revenue and in that partyaahh I knew I was aahh I was just newly aahh I had my oath taking andso from the oath taking in the evening with the party and so my auntietelling to the wife of the commissioner huy ipasok mo nga sa B.I.R.itong aking ano pamangkin hindi ka mapapahiya,magaling ito, U.P.graduate, 10th placer pa. So, the following day there was a messengerfrom the office of the commissioner bringing with him the applicationform that I have to fill up, and we waited for it, we brought it to theB.I.R. and after a week I had my appointment so, ah that was it. Andthen after that maybe about two months that I was already at the

    B.I.R. came a notice from S.G.V. also ahh asking me to go there froman interview because I was being considered but then nasa B.I.R. naako so yun I dont know if I made the right decision maybe I didbecause I rose from the ranks I became deputy commissioner but I wasimagining myself kung napasok kaya ako sa S.G.V. ano ako ngayonhehehe ahehe.

    ( No, actually it was I think aahh just luck that I was

    in a party with the wife of the commissioner of internal revenue and in

    that party aahh I knew I was aahh I was just newly aahh I had my oath

    taking and aahh so from the oath taking in the evening with the party

    and so my auntie telling to the wife of the commissioner hey can you

    help my nephew to get a job in BIR, you will not get disappointed,

    shes really intelligent., a UP graduate, and a 10th placer. . So, the

    following day there was a messenger from the office of the

    commissioner bringing with him the application form that I have to fill

    up, and we waited for it, we brought it to the B.I.R. and after a week I

    had my appointment so, ah that was it. And then after that maybe

    about two months that I was already at the B.I.R. came a notice from

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    S.G.V. also ahh asking me to go there from an interview because I was

    being considered but then Im already in the BIR, so I dont know if I

    made the right decision maybe I did because I rose from the ranks I

    became deputy commissioner but I was imagining myself if ever I was

    working in SGV what kind of person will Iam today)

    Just like other newly licensed accountant, she struggled when

    she entered real life practice, maybe because she was more

    preoccupied with her little businesses, for 12 years she did not have

    any promotion, that time she was not interested with her work in the

    government, she thought that she would be good in business rather

    than in the government. At that time, she was torn between the two

    careers she entered being an accountant and the other one is being a

    businesswoman. There came a point in her life that she wants to quit

    her job in the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

    For about 12 years I did not have any promotion because at thattime I was more interested ahm in my little businessahmm. I put upa beauty parlor, I put up a boutique and ahm.. I would be most often inmy office..ay oh in my boutique rather than in my office..and so camea point in my life after 12 years that I decided to quit the bureau ofinternal revenue.

    (Actually oh for a while. It is not really for a while, for about12years, 12 years? 12 no, for abou12 years I did not have any promotionbecause at that time i was more interested ahm in my little businessahmm. I put up a beauty parlor, I put up a boutique and ahm.. I wouldbe most often in my office. oh in my boutique rather than in myoffice..and so came a point in my life after 12 years that I decided toquit the bureau of internal revenue because ahm I think ah at thattime, I said I would be good in business rather than in the government)

    The encouragement and guidance given by her boss influenced

    her to pursue her career in the bureau, after 12 years of being so soft

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    she decided to take it seriously. In order to fulfill this, she decided to

    join the Philippine Institute of Certified Public Accountant wherein she

    became the vice president for operations.

    According to her, all the transitions in her life were all planned,

    because when she set her mind into something, she will definitely

    achieve it. For her the most remarkable part of her life was when she

    attained the second highest position in the BIR without asking her boss

    to promote her, without approaching anyone, she did it all through

    hardwork and showing to everyone that she can do it. Her main

    strategy is more on how you perceive things, she is more on the power

    of the mind, if she wants to accomplish something she will put her

    heart and mind to it, she feels that things will just come if you put your

    efforts and heart into something.

    This kind of thinking was a result of her past experience, she was

    invited as one of the lecturer in one of the TV program in ABS-CBN, at

    that time she was not an expert when it comes to taxation because

    most of the time she isnt working at the office, she is busy with her

    business, her boss told her to study the representation and interest of

    the new promulgated law. At the program, the moderator asked her a

    question, but she didnt know the answer, she was so embarrassed

    that she didnt want to work nor study for her masteral.

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    Isasama ka namin sa t.v. mag lecture ka (ahehe). Nakusabi ko ayaw ko niyan! Ayaw ko nyang t.v. at hindi ko kaya atdahil at that time wala pa kong alam. Di pa ko masyadongmarunong sa taxation, hindi nga ako nagtatrabaho eh (ahehe).Palagi lang ako nasa tindahan ko. So ngayon, pero pumayagdinako. I was in y nicest dress and I know my my my children

    will there viewing me sa nasa parlor sila kasi may beauty parlornga ako nun. So we were there, sabi ng boss ko, you studyrepresentation and interest. Oo kasi may bagong labas na lawnuon eh. Nuon yung interest nachange form ah 12 percent to 20percent. Tapos yung representation nagkaroon ng 14:20 hindipa itong Channel na to. Noon meron nay un. Tapos, so pinag-aralan ko yun kasi yun yung itatanong sakin. Pagdating sa t.vprogram, 6 oclock channel 2 (ABS?) ABS-CBN, pagkatapos hindiyata nasabihan yung ano, yung aah moderator okay? Ehdiinintroduce na kami, ako lang babae kasi hindi uso ang mgahepe nun sa BIR puros lalaki eh tsaka ako lang yung examiner,hindi ako hepe pero lahat nung kasama ko director tsaka hepe.

    Tapos sabi nung moderator, Id like to direct the first questionthe lady ( ahehehe haha), so nagready na ko. There is a newlaw which they call expanded withholding tax law ah thatis nowbeing implemented by the government and ah he asked, canyou tell us (ahihihi) listen, can you explain the mechanics othe withholding of the withholding tax law? (ahehehe). Eh hindiko alam (haha) (yes maam) wala akong alam! Alam mo ba Itried to open my mouth, nothing came out and ah eh ah. Ganunna lang ako (hehe). Tapos talagang napahiya ako, tapos sinalona lang ng boss ko, nung RDO ko. Tapos sabi ko dun sa director,nasa gitna ako kasi ako lang yung babae, sir sabi ko sa inyokasi sa kanya na nagfocus na hindi talaga ako. Taht 1 hourinterview wa an ordeal for me because I was not able to ask.Hindi na rin ako tinanung kasi wala akong... wala akongpansagot kasi ang alam ko lang representation ng pansagot kasiang alam ko lang representation 16:10. Tsaka nakita nila rattledako. Alam mo nagkasakit ako ng dalawang linggo. Ayoko ngpumasok sa opisina (ahehehe hihi), ayaw ko ng magtrabaho(hihi), ayaw kong. Hiyang hiya ako! Hiyang hiya ako sa lahat, saanak ko, yes sa lahat. Tapos alam mo, eh kumukuha ako nun ngmasteral in management, in management. Pagpasok ko ngiskul , ang sabi, so I was the moderator for that evening kasimasteral eh. Alam mo ang anu ko? Parang nag-iistammer?

    (Now youre ready . Youll come with us for a TVinterview. I refused and told them that I dont want to. I dontwant to appear on TV because I dont know anything. I havelimited knowledge in taxation. In fact Im not working. *Melody:

    Ahehehe* I just always at our store. But then, I was convinced. Iwas in my nicest dress and I know my my my children will (be)there viewing me at our parlor. I have a beauty parlor backthen. So we were there, my boss told me You study

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    representation and interest. Yes. Because there is a newly passed law then. The interest (rates) changed form twelvepercent to twenty percent. Then representation was given 14:20not this____. That time it was already there. Then I studied that(representation and interest) because that will be what will beasked. In the TV program, 6 oclock channel ABS-CBN, I seemslike the moderator was not informed, ok? We were introduced.I am the only female. Its not usual for females to be a chief.Besides, I am the only examiner. I am not a chief but my entirecompanion is either a director or a chief. Then the moderatorsaid: I would like to address the first question to the lady*Melody: Ahehehehehaha*. So I got ready. There us a new lawwhich they called the withholding tax law ah.. that is now beingimplemented by the government and ah he asked: Can youtell us? Listen, Can you explain the mechanics of thewithholding tax law? Melody: Ahehe*. Eh I dont know. *Melody:haha. Yes Maam* I dont know anything(about the law). Youknow, I tried to open my mouth. Nothing came out. Just ah ehah. I was so embarrassed. My boss just answered the question.Then I told the director because I was in the middle and I am theonly female: I told you sir. From then, he was given focus andnot me. That one hour interview was an ordeal for me because Iwas not able to ask. I was not also able to be asked againbecause I dont know... I have nothing to answer because what Iknow is just representation. Thats the only topic I can answer.Besides, they can tell that I am rattled. You know I got sick fortwo weeks. I dont want to go to the office. I dont want to work.I dont. I was so embarrassed. I cant face everyone, mychildren. Yes everyone. Then you know I was taking up mymasteral in management, in management. When I attend schoolI was the moderator for that evening because its masteral. Youknow what? I somehow stammer. I was so affected by whathappened in what happened to me in TV)

    This incident broke her personality but fortunately her professorin her masteral gave her a book about the great philosopher and oneof them is Aristotle, she found an inspiration on this man because theyshare the same experience, Aristotle was also ridiculed in front ofmany people. Her professor told her that

    What happened to you. There are better to come. What if is

    not what is important. What is important is the substance. What isimportant is for you to know the topic or the subject matter becausewithout that you will not be able to share anything with anyone.

    From then on, she always read and read and then when she

    came back, one of the directors in the BIR told her that we should

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    make up for what happened, so when she was invited again for

    another lecture program she nailed it.

    She has been practicing her profession in the different sectors of

    accountancy for almost 40 years. She retired from the BIR in 2004,

    after that she decided to join the academe. This sudden change of

    career path is due to her long desire and dream of becoming a dean of

    a university, so after her retirement in the government she joined FEU

    and became the dean of IABF. At present, she is currently engaged in

    the public sector. This sector is closed to her heart although she didnt

    enter any accounting firm because she was tied with the BIR she

    sought to know what would she become if ever she did became an

    auditor first.

    (After passing the board) After two months that I was

    already at the B.I.R. came a notice from S.G.V. also ahh askingme to go there from an interview because I was beingconsidered but then nasa B.I.R. na ako so yun I dont know if Imade the right decision maybe I did because I rose from theranks I became deputy commissioner but I was imagining myselfkung napasok kaya ako sa S.G.V. ano ako ngayon heheheahehe.

    (After a week I had my appointment so, ah that was it. And then

    after that maybe about two months that I was already at the

    B.I.R. came a notice from S.G.V. also ahh asking me to go there

    from an interview because I was being considered but then Im

    already in the BIR, so I dont know if I made the right decisionmaybe I did because I rose from the ranks I became deputy

    commissioner but I was imagining myself if ever I was working

    in SGV what kind of person will Iam today)

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    She is currently doing tax consultancy, she is also engaged in

    teaching programming for accountants. Her main strategy in this field

    is to read and then compile files of papers that can later help her in her

    other activities.

    CO-RESEARCHER B

    Don't be afraid to give your best to what seemingly are small jobs. Every

    time you conquer one it makes you that much stronger. If you do the little

    jobs well, the big ones will tend to take care of themselves.

    - Dale Carnegie

    The above quotation provides us with a brief overview of the

    strategies done by co-researcher B in order to achieve her current

    position.

    Co-researcher B studied and completed her Bachelor of

    Science in Accountancy in Polytechnic University of the Philippines. She

    passed the 1985 Certified Public Accountant Licensure Examination

    and she finished her Masters Degree in Business Administration in

    Philippine Christian University. She is currently working at Employees

    Compensation Commission a government agency under the

    Department of Labor and Employment.

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    Her journey in the government sector started not after she

    received her license but before the release of the 1985 CPA Board

    examination result. Her father worked as a government employee

    which is one of the reasons why she also decided to enter the same

    area. While waiting for the result, she also took the civil service

    examination. This was a contingency or a back up for her if ever she

    failed to pass the CPA board exam, because once you have taken and

    passed the civil service exam, you can still work in the government,

    fortunately for her she passed both examinations.

    Naghintay aku ng release ng board pero anu syemprepara sigurado nag civil..kasi diba ang father ku government dinso..talagang ang ineexpect niya papasok din aku sa governmentoffice..so..pinag prepare niya aku na magcivil serviceexam.so.subgov..tapos..baka..sabi ko bakadi aku pumasa nganu ng CPA Board so kumuha na rin aku ng professional peropag nkapasa ka kasi ng CPA Board di mo na kailangang kumuhang prof..kasi pwedi mo siyang e convert, pag RA1018kinoconvert na sa ..ang counterpart nun civil service

    professional yon anu nila test nila..

    (Yes (For the civil service examinations). Thats when I was

    waiting for the release of the board exam results so to be sure I

    also took the civil service exams. Because my father also

    worked in the government, he is expecting me that I would also

    work in the government and he made me prepare for the civil

    service exams- sub government. I told him then that I dont

    think that I can pass the CPA board so I also took the

    Professionals(Civil Service) but because I passed the board I

    dont need to take the Profs anymore. Because you can convert

    it (license). Under RA 1018, CPA license can be converted toprofessionals.)

    She was employed in the Employees Compensation Commission

    as a casual clerk while reviewing and waiting for the result of the

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    exam, after the release of the result, she was assigned in the

    accounting division right after she received her license.

    Nagstart aku dito so nung nakapasa na aku tapos angassignment ko noon clerk hindi sa accounting..so nungnakapasa na aku ng board,nung lumabas nareleased yung boardlahat ng accounting graduate kasama, kasi tatlo kami nuneh..na accounting ditto dati nun eh..tatlo kaming kumuha ngboard pasado kaming lahat so lahat ng..pumasa ng board examahh.i gather sa accounting division namin.so inassign kami saaccounting.

    (I started here even before I pass the (CPA) board exams.My first (job) assignment was as a clerk. Then I passed theboard. Actually every accounting graduate here who took theboard, passed. Then was re assigned to the accounting division.So I was assigned to the accounting division.)

    When she entered real life practice, she didnt struggle a lot, for

    her it was a lot easier compared to the experiences she had during the

    time when she was still studying. Having a good foundation in Basic

    Accounting was her main strategy; according to her in reality you can

    see all the source documents, so it will be easy to journalize it.

    Perseverance is also a key, you should strive, and you must work hard

    in order to finish the bunch of paperworks that is ahead of you.

    She is working at the Employees Compensation Commission for

    the past 25 years. From that span of time a lot has happened, during

    2001, there was a reassignment, fortunately for her; she stayed on the

    same department. All the transitions that had happened in her life for

    her, was all planned. Entering the government was all planned for she

    was influenced by her father; she applied to the said agency long

    before she passed the board exam to gain experience.

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    She attained her current position as the head of the accounting

    department of ECC by being a proactive person , she developed a

    system that will organize all her work, she didnt wait for the deadline

    to come, little by little she is doing her job and, she is always prepared.

    Dapat may systema para mapadali ung trabaho mo..kasi sabi kosa inyo pag accountant ay tamad,asa-asa lang sa mga kung anu..unghalimbawapag may dumating na papeles dun niya lang gagawin dapatiniisip mo na anu ba yung kailangang report, naka prepare kana,pro-activeka ba,ung bang halimbawadi pa sayo hinihingi ng boss mo eharalin mo na, naku baka hingin to ung ganun..at syaka mag build kang systema na panu madali sayo its either gumawa ka ng subsidiarypara hindi ka na mahihirapan.syaka yun kung kelan ang deadline

    syaka dun mo hahagilapin ang lahat.igagather lahat,anu ba yonggawa mong report nung January report nung febuary, syaka dun molang e-coconsolidate, kung sabagay my computerized naman natayo,may computer na tayo, tulad kami isa isa may anu..siguro habanginiexpect mo nab aka hingan aku quarterly report eh..di may workingpaper ka na, di maggawa ka na ng anu..ipunin mo na yung ginawa monung January..febuary..atleast pagdating ng march o submission ngreport meron ka ng ready na report kailangan lang ng anu pro activeka..kasi ganun aku eh..hindi na ko naghihintay na kung kelan hihingin ,tapos isipin mo nalang pag every..halimbawa requirement nay un namonthly magsusubmit ka huwag mu ng hihintayin yon tsaka dun kapalang gagawa un..kailangan ang accountant matiyaga, masipag

    talaga lalo na paperworks talaga ang anu mo.eh..tulad nag sa akinyung pagawa ng journal kasi dun sa NGAS ngayon may journal entryvoucher bawat isa siguro huwag mo ng hintaying matapos ang buongbuwan, kasi monthly, siguro everyday mag atleast kung may pumasokna cheke magagawan mo na ng job with in the day halimbawa end endof the month dun mo palang gagawin , kasi pag dating ng end of themonth nandun lahat yung report kasi pag monthly ungreport..anu..andun lahat tambk,matatabunan ka talaga.

    (In my job, you should establish a system for you to get the jobdone easily. Because, I tell you, if an accountant is a lazy one, hewould just rely on, for example, if when the working papers on queue,

    he will think of the required reports only at that time. What you shoulddo is to be always prepared and think ahead. You should be pro active.For example, you havent received the papers yet and your boss hasntdemand you for the reports yet, study what you think will be requiredof you before hand. And build a system. Its either you do a subsidiaryto make your job easy. Avoid the situation when the deadline isupcoming, thats the time youll gather all the documents. You shoulddo papers for January, February and then consolidate. Anyway, wealready have computers. Like usWe have one foreach personnel.

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    While youre expecting that a report would be demanded from you,you already have a working paper. Gather what you did for January,February so that on March or on the time of your submission report,

    you already had the work done. You should be proactive. Im like that.I dont wait for things to be demanded from me. Example if I know thatI should submit a report monthly, dont wait for the end of the monthto do it. An accountant should be work hard especially on paperworks.Like in my case, when Im doing journals, because there is a newNGAS, there is this journal entry voucher for each. Just dont wait ofthe end of the month, if youre required of a monthly report, to do your

    job. If there are checks today, record it on the day it was received. Ifyoull do it at the end of the month, your job will be filed up.)

    With regards to her salary, it is quite small compared to other

    sectors, but it is compensated with a lot of benefits. Although

    sometimes youll get tired of accounting transactions because they are

    all the same, you will learn to enjoy and love it. Her tips for those who

    aspire to enter the government sector are the following:

    For the students:

    Tapusin niyo pag aaral niyo, ibig sabihin magsikap kayo na

    matapos ahh..sabi ko nga sa inyo focused kayo sa pag aaral na muna,

    huwag niyo muna isipin yong pagtatrabaho.alam niyo ba kung bakit?

    kung nagtrabaho muna kayo tatamarin na kayong mag aral

    uhhmm.kasi yon ung nakikita ko sa mga anu eh..tumitigil muna sila

    kasi walang pang aral tapos magtatrabaho, din a yan mag aaral unless

    kung desidido talaga yong tao na mag aral.

    (Finish your study first. You should focus on your study. Dont thinkabout work yet. You know what if you already wok, youll get tired ofstudying. Because I see a lot of people like that. They have stoppedstudying because they cant pay their tuition but after that they didnot continue to study unless they have really decided that they should.When you experience to earn money, it will be different. So if I were

    you. Like in my case, I wanted to work but my parents told me not to.They told me to finish my studies first. I know people of similar cases.

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    After they graduate, they didnt review. They immediately work. You.Maybe thats what youre planning to do. . Others think that they canbe a working student. If you can, do so. But dont stop studying.Because if you work, youll get tired of studying and youll stop.)

    For those who are already have their licensed and aspires to

    enter the government sector:

    CPA na kayo wag kayong anumaging humble lang ..kasi wagkayong mag expect na kaagad ng malaking sweldo, kasi mas magandayong nagsisimula kayo sa mababa tapos tumataas..sa kin mas ..sa kinbased sa experience ko mas fulfilling yon..yong from mababa..hindikaya yong biglang taas agad kasi pag taas ka kaagad ..kasi yong ibaganun eh.ang hinahanap malaking sweldo, mag established munakayo ng experience kasi pag sinabi..halimbawa pumasok kayo saganito.nag apply kayo sa iba kung hindi kayo anu..mas makikita yong

    mga experience nyo minsan makakatulong din yon..kasi yongiba..siguro maging anu ka nga lang mababa ka lang wag ka lang ..kasiyong iba pag nag CPA na lalo ..na mag anu..naghahanap sila doon samalaki ang sweldo, mga ganun..para anu hindi ka.

    Maging humble lang sa anu..tapos pag nagtrabaho ka anufocused lang tsaka tiyaga..yong talagang ahu ka ahh..ahh..kasi yongiba pag ditto sa government sabi nila..mga ahh..governmentahh.people medyo tamad.kasi ganyan.ganyan.hindi naman lahat yongiba responsibility ung anu ..ung isipin mo, kasi pumapasok ka sa anugovernment service un eh.pag sa private siguro sweldo, kaya lang saprivate sinasabi ko lang na bawat minute bawt oras na iseserve mo sa

    kanila bayad..kasi malaki sweldo pero hindi naman,hindi naman sigurokahirap basta ang tao may systema sa trabaho niya.,timemanagement, mga ganun anu,pro-active ka na anu na kailangan,maging concern ka dun sa service na anu ibibigay mo sa opisinaun..aralaral

    (If you graduate, just be humble. Dont expect an immediate

    high paying job. Its better if you start from below. Because,

    thats my case what youll be aiming for is promotion and

    youll enjoy it. Just be humble and focus on your work. Because

    most people in the government are lazy ones. But thats not

    absolute. You can enter the private sector though, but everyminute you spend in your work is paid. Because you are paid

    with higher salary,.. But its not that difficult. Just establish a

    system and manage your time and be proactive and concern

    with the service you re providing the office. For now, STUDY.

    STUDY. )

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    CO- RESEARCHER C

    CO-RESEARCHER D

    Co- researcher D studied and finished her Bachelor in Science of

    Accountancy in De La Salle University. She passed the 1990 Certified

    Public Accountant Licensure Examination. At present she is the Chief

    Accountant of Big Buddha Restaurant (Super Bowl of China).

    Right after her graduation and while reviewing for the board

    exam, she worked in an auditing firm the Carlos Valdez and Co.

    Ahh before pa ku magCPA, maggtake ng board ..so nakapasokna ko ng work..sa anu siya sa Carlos Valdez & Co.

    (

    She had a clear outlook when it comes to her career this is the

    reason why all the transitions that had happened in her career was all

    planned, according to her after her graduation her first priority is

    practice and be employed in an auditing firm. This was her first choice,

    she enjoyed her life as an auditor, she experienced a lot of things, and

    she enjoyed going to different places and meeting a lot of people. She

    also enjoyed the bonding moments, she and her co-workers had. This

    was the highlight of a career.

    Actually priority ko talagang mag audit so yon yung first choice ko ah

    after graduation gusto kung mag audit.

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    ()

    Actually yon nga yong sisabi ku sa lahat ng worked na nadaanan ku

    ang pinaka enjoy ku talagang ginawa is auditing kaya nga I stay there

    in 10 years eh.. kasi andun yong travel, mapapractice mu yong

    profession mo tapos syempre you meet a lot of people kasi you go tothe different accounting department para magconduct ka ng worked

    mo so marami ka talagang makikilala

    ()

    Just like any other accountants who aspire to have a great career

    in accounting, her main strategy is to become an auditor, this was her

    stepping stone, she established a good foundation for her career,

    according to her if you started in an auditing firm the transitions from

    other field is a whole lot easier. As an auditor your analytical skills will

    improve a lot, you will learn on how to become independent. For the

    span of 10 years in the auditing firm her main strategy was that she

    worked hard, and she was devoted with her work, according to her she

    was not contented on just being good, she strived in order to be the

    best.

    Although she is a hardworking lady, she is family oriented

    person, which is why when she decided to establish her own family she

    resigned and switch to another company. This was also the reason why

    she entered into the private sector.

    Kasi nag asawa na akoeh.hahahahahahakasi ang audit katapat dinniya ang tax season diba so pag dating ng tax season usually heavy

    kasi heavy yong work lod mo so mahirap e-balance kasi kung minsan

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    no time..syempre family pagdumating sa point na yon ahh.syempre

    pipiliin mo mo pa rin ang family so although enjoy aku sa audit

    kaylangan ko siyang e-give up kasi syempre pag andyan ka kasi ang

    audit maraming overnight, out of town so yon yung commitment na

    hindi ku kayang ibigay after nung magkaroon na ku ng baby.

    Compared to an auditing firm the task of an accountant in

    private sector is different, according to her, auditing starts from top to

    bottom, you will analyzed the financial statement from the highest

    figure. A private corporation on the other hand was the reverse; if you

    are in accounting department youll starts from bottom to top.

    Co- researcher D was in the private sector for 20 years and for

    her, she was already successful because she attained the highest

    position in their company in terms of accounting. When it comes to her

    salary, she is well compensated. She also thinks although she was not

    employed in a multinational company she was able to balance her

    career and family.

    PATTERN OF EXPERIENCES

    After

    graduation

    Employed in a company Co-

    Researcher

    B

    Kasi nagstart nag

    anu talaga pero

    hindi kasi nag apply

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    Co-

    Researcher

    D

    aku ditto di hindi pa

    nga aku diba di pa

    aku CPA nun parang

    nung umpisa parang

    anu kahit anu

    gagawin mo.

    Ahh before pa ku

    magCPA, maggtake

    ng board...so

    nakapasok na ko ng

    work..sa anu siya

    sac Carlos Valdez &

    Co. tapos doon na

    ku nakapasa ng

    board.

    After

    passing the

    CPA

    Licensure

    Examination

    Have taken a Masters

    Degree

    Co-

    Researcher

    C

    Hmm.Ahm.Kasi

    bago ako magteach

    ahm kasi june ang

    bagong teaching

    june eh october ang

    licence so

    pagkatapos ng

    october, january

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    Employed in a

    Government Agency

    Employed in an

    Auditing firm

    Co-

    Researcher

    A

    Co-

    Researcher

    B

    Co-

    Researcher

    D

    nag- aral na ako

    kagad ng masteral.

    Oh, immediately

    was able to get a

    job in the bureau of

    internal revenue as

    aahh revenue

    examiner

    First job ko kasi dito

    sa government so

    office naming

    Employees

    Compensation

    Commission under

    ng Department of

    Labor.

    Actually priority ko

    talagang mag audit

    so yon yung first

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    choice ko ah after

    graduation gusto

    kung mag audit.

    After 10

    years in

    practice

    Have taken Masters

    Degree

    Got promoted to a

    higher position

    Co-

    Researcher

    A

    Co-

    Researcher

    B

    Co-

    Researcher

    A

    I finish masteral in

    management in UP.

    Oo masteral sa

    government,hindi ka

    makakahawak ng

    position na hindi ka

    nagiging

    ah..ah.sabihin ahh..

    2005 ata yun.

    In 2004, I become

    the deputy

    commissioner, ah

    the second highest

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    Switched to another

    company/ sectorCo-

    Researcher

    D

    position. I ah..i

    actually retired

    early in 2004

    I worked there for

    10 years (Auditing

    Company) and then

    after that pumasok

    aku sa ..anu Asian

    Airlines pero sandal

    lang aku dun kasi

    nagkaroon aku ng

    conflict sa time eh

    After 20

    years in

    Practice

    Attained the Highest

    Position

    Co-

    Researcher

    A

    In 2004, after

    becoming deputy

    commissioner, ah

    the second most

    highest position.

    ah..i actually

    retired early in

    2004, its optiona

    retirement, not

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    Co-

    Researcher

    B

    Co-

    mandatory

    retirement!ahehe!

    always emphasize

    that because if it is

    mandatory

    retirement it means

    that you are, you

    had to be retired

    because your age

    65!

    hehe..ahehe..haha!

    but then after that

    join FEU, I become

    dean of IABF, and

    then now Im back

    to the public sector

    ahm..ito na I have,

    we are doing tax

    consultancy here,

    we are marketing!

    have two

    companies, one the

    myrth quantum

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    Gained an accreditation

    in his profession

    Researcher

    D

    Co-

    Researcher

    C

    consultancy, yes

    and then the second

    one is globa

    business process

    options inc. and we

    are marketing

    computerize

    software and were

    teaching

    programming for

    accountants.ah!

    25 years in service

    na ko and I attained

    the highest position

    in this agency in

    terms of accounting.

    Successkul kasi

    nasa iyo na yong

    panaka highest

    position sa company

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    in terms of

    accounting.

    CLUSTERING OF STRATEGIES

    Co-Researchers Strategies Reasons

    Co-Researcher B

    Co-Researcher D

    Co- Researcher A

    Co- Researcher B

    After Graduation was

    employed in a

    company

    Entered the

    Government sector

    To gain experiences

    To have a greater

    value for her, and

    have a better

    opportunity in the

    Future.

    It was just luck

    Influenced by her

    father

    Co- Researcher D Entered the Public To established a good

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    Sector foundation through

    gaining experiences

    and developing your

    analytical and soft

    skills.

    Co-Researcher C Entered the Academe Lack of time due to

    his desire to pursue

    his masters degree.

    Co-Researcher D Switched to another

    company

    Wants to establish a

    family and wants to

    gain time for them

    Co-Researcher A

    Co-Researcher B

    Co-Researcher C

    Have taken Masters

    Degree in Business

    Administration

    To pursue her dream

    of becoming a dean of

    a university.

    To attain a higher

    position in the

    government

    To expand the range

    of accounting subjects

    that he can teach.

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    CHAPTER V

    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

    CONCLUSIONS:

    RECOMMENDATIONS:

    a. For undergraduates, we recommend that they should focused

    first on their short term goal which is passing the board exam.

    b. For those newly licensed accountant, they should be humble

    enough to accept that they should start at the bottom, because

    according to our co-researchers it is more fulfilling to start at the

    bottom of the organization.

    c. For both aspiring and already licensed CPA, they should set up a

    specific goal which will serve as a basis in creating their career

    strategies.

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