Career Pros Employment Avenues for Agricultural

CAREER PROSPECTS AND EMPLOYMENT AVENUES FOR

AGRICULTURAL GRADUATES

2014-15

Education Division Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan-II, Pusa, New Delhi 110012

FOREWORD

The Indian agriculture has undergone transformation from traditional cultivation methods to hi-tech agriculture requiring manpower equipped with latest knowledge and technologies for continued growth and sustainability. Success of an educational institute is rated not only based on development of technologies but also on demand and marketability of its product, i.e. student. Agricultural education must ensure employment of these ‘products’ to make it more relevant to the society and the nation. In spite of great demand and opportunities for agricultural graduates in banking & insurance sectors, retailing industry, multi-national companies, government departments and non-governmental organizations, the agricultural graduates are unable to decide their career options even after four years of university education. Unlike medical and engineering disciplines, for which there is great awareness amongst the parents and students, the agricultural education has not received much attention due to lack of matching publicity. During the course of conducting of ICAR’s All India Entrance Examination for Admission (AIEEA) to Bachelor's degree programmes, several queries are received from the aspirants and their guardians about the scope and employability of agricultural graduates. Based on the experience gained over the years, to address various curiosities of students and parents, there is an urgent need to have a compact source of information. The present publication, “Career prospects and employment avenues for agricultural graduates” is a good attempt in this direction made by the HRD Section which will act as useful source of information and guiding tool for the students seeking admission to various undergraduate programmes in Agriculture and Allied Sciences in Agricultural Universities under ICAR-AU system. I hope, this compendium of information will not only help the students, parents but also to various educational institutions to guide the 10+2 pass outs to choose agriculture as one of the career options. I compliment the HRD Section for bringing out this publication for the benefit of prospective agriculture graduates of the country.

(Arvind Kumar) Deputy Director General (Edn.)

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INTRODUCTION The History of agricultural education in India can be traced back to medieval period when study of agriculture was included in the curricula of Nalanda and Takshashila Universities as an important subject. However, formalised courses in agricultural education began only at the beginning of 20th Century when six agricultural colleges were established at Kanpur, Lyalpur (now in Pakistan), Coimbatore and Nagpur in 1905, at Pune in 1907 and at Sabour in 1908 under the General Universities. After the independence, the Government of India initiated an extensive planning process. To ensure orderly growth, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), which is the apex body for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in agriculture in the entire country, took the lead and drafted the first Model Act for Agricultural Universities in India in 1966, and encouraged the setting up of exclusive State Agricultural Universities for research, extension and education support. The first Agriculture University in the country was set up in 1960 at Pantnagar (now in Uttarakhand), which paved the way for establishment of agricultural universities in other states. By the year 1978-79, 21 SAUs were established which at present has gone up to 59. The intake capacity of students, which was less than 5,000 in 1960, has now gone up to 37,000. With about 317 constituent colleges, these AUs enroll, on annual basis, about 15,230 students at UG level, over 11,400 at Masters’ level and 1,000 in Ph.D. programmes. In addition to this, there are 158 private affiliated colleges and 41 colleges under general universities enrolling around 10,000 students annually. There are about 23,000 scientists for teaching, research and extension under the present ICAR-Agricultural Universities (AUs) system. Degree courses in 11 UG disciplines and 93 disciplines at PG level are offered with an emphasis on learning through hands on practice sessions. About 52% students admitted are from rural background and 36% are girls. Sixty six years ago, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, said that –‘Everything else can wait but not agriculture’ which holds true even today. One of the prime focus of the nation is to ensure food security of its burgeoning population by addressing various emerging threats and challenges. EMERGING CHALLENGES IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR Today, agriculture faces many challenges such as (i) decreasing profitability in farming, (ii) mounting threat to sustainability arising from depleting quality of natural resources, biotic and abiotic stresses and inefficient use of agro-inputs, (iii) rising quality competitiveness under the pressure of globalisation, and (iv) a general lack of qualified manpower in the frontier areas to address the new and emerging challenges and deliver at grassroots level. To properly address these challenges, competent human resource in sufficiently large numbers would be required in the near future and for that a renewed thrust for higher agriculture education is necessary with enhanced financial support to the ICAR- AU system. It is estimated that by the year 2020, more than 16,000 scientific manpower would be required to cater to the needs of R&D in the country. Country needs diploma: agriculture graduates in the ratio of 10:1. For this, polytechnic education has to grow at @ 20% per annum in the next decade. This would satisfy the prescribed norm of one agriculture extension person for every 1,000 population as against current availability of one per 10,000. As per the report of a project on Human Capital Requirements in Agriculture and Allied Sectors entrusted by Indian Council of Agricultural Research through National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP-2011), the existing education system is producing 17,316 graduates and 6,473 post-graduates annually. At present, there is substantial gap of 50% or more between demand and supply of manpower in agriculture and allied sciences sector. The projections indicate that by 2020, the annual outturn required for Undergraduate and above would be about 54,000 as against the present annual outturn of 24,000. Based on the current supply, the demand-supply gap would be about 30,000. That means sincere efforts are required to attract more number of students towards Higher Agricultural Education. There is a vast scope for young graduates to undertake agriculture as their profession which is directly or indirectly contributing to the economic and social development of the country.

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ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN FOOD SECURITY The growth achieved in agricultural sector has been attributed to the concerted efforts of skilled human resource developed through Agricultural Education System (AES). After independence, from the state of deficiency, country has reached to the stage of self-sufficiency in food grain production. It has enabled the country to increase production of food grains by 4-fold, horticultural crops by 6-fold, fish by 9-fold (marine 5-fold and inland 17-fold), milk by 6-fold, and eggs by 27-fold since 1950-51; thus making a visible impact on the national food and nutritional security. Thus human resource developed through AES in the country was primarily responsible for various agricultural revolutions, viz. green, white, blue, yellow, pink leading to enhanced agricultural production and productivity. Not only this, the scientific expertise developed and research facilities manned by highly skilled and trained persons have been internationally recognised and a number of developing and developed countries have shown keen interest to work together and get mutually benefited through exchange programmes and collaborative research projects. Due to shrinking resources, there is a need to shift from input based to knowledge based increase in agricultural production to produce “More from Less for More”. Though the country has achieved self-sufficiency in cereal production, there is need to shift from starch to protein and fat (oil) self-sufficiency to combat the widely prevalent hidden hunger and malnutrition especially in rural women and children. To tackle these issues and emerging challenges and make the agricultural education more need-based and realistic, multi-pronged efforts are required. The efforts are underway to revise the course curricula at undergraduate level to cover education related to cutting edge technologies such as biosensors, genomics and biotechnology, alternative sources of energy, nanotechnology, diagnostics and vaccine, conservation agriculture, processing, value addition, food safety & quality and information technology and also the IPR issues.

In addition to various other new initiatives, to improve the course curriculum further, a one-year composite programme has been recommended under XII Plan with the name ‘Rural Entrepreneurship and Awareness Development Yojana’ (READY). READY will have three components: Experiential learning (EL), Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) and in-plant training/industrial attachment. Experiential learning will thus, provide the students an excellent opportunity to develop analytical and entrepreneurial skills and knowledge and confidence in their ability to design and execute the project work. It is also proposed to initiate a programme “Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture” (ARYA). The ARYA will identify such mechanisms and models that would encourage youth to avail the quantum of opportunities in allied sectors. It is expected that the youth educated in agriculture and allied enterprises will be able to earn a dignified livelihood from farming and other related pursuits. Educated youth in urban areas can also take up urban and peri-urban agriculture in which ample opportunities exist. These initiatives in coordination with other programmes of both central and state Governments would empower the youth with knowledge, skills and enthusiasm to pursue agriculture with new vigour. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA It is one of the largest National networks of AES in the world, comprising 59 State Agricultural Universities (SAUs), 5 Deemed-to-be-Universities (DUs), two Central Agricultural Universities (CAUs) and four Central Universities having agriculture faculty. These also include sectoral universities on Veterinary and Animal Science, Horticulture, and Fisheries Science in some of the States. Today we have a network of 59 SAUs, two CAUs, five Institutes having DUs status and four Central Universities (CUs) with Agriculture faculty. Out of them, there are 14

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Veterinary/Animal/Dairy Science Universities, four in Horticulture, three in Fisheries and the remaining are integrated agricultural universities. They have embraced education, research and extension education as integral to their functioning and contributed a great deal in propelling agricultural growth in the country. ICAR works in a partnership mode with SAUs and has contributed significantly in developing first rate human resource by way of coordinating, supporting and guiding various aspects of higher agricultural education. It provides funds for development and strengthening facilities in vital areas, training to faculty and scholarships/fellowships to the students for quality assurance. GLOBALIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION Capacity and competence of ICAR-AU system has now been recognised world over. Students from number of developing countries are being attracted and benefited by pursuing their higher studies from research and teaching facilities developed in Agricultural universities. To support their higher studies in India, number of new programmes/fellowships have been initiated, viz. India-Africa fellowship Programme, Indo–Afghan fellowship. Council has also initiated ICAR International Fellowships with dual objectives of facilitating education of Indian nationals abroad, and facilitating admission of foreign students in Indian Agricultural Universities to help demonstrate the strengths of Indian Agricultural system. DARE/ICAR also provides admission to foreign students on regular basis and over 250 foreign students of more than 20 countries are admitted every year. ADMISSION IN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES The Council has made an arrangement with Agricultural Universities to set aside 15 % of their seats for Bachelor's degree programmes and 25% seats for Master degree to be filled through All India Entrance Examinations conducted annually for Admissions in Agricultural Universities. The basic objectives of All India Entrance Examination are to reduce the inbreeding in agricultural education by encouraging mobility amongst students to go for study outside their home states, infuse merit and encourage the talent and national integration and promote uniform examination standards across the AUs leading to improved overall quality of Higher Agricultural Education in the country. Degree courses in 11 UG disciplines are offered with emphasis on learning through hands on practice sessions and field experience training. The PG programmes are offered in 93 disciplines. University-wise Annual Fee and tentative date of registration/ admission for the Academic Session 2013-14 for U.G. Programmes is appended at Annexure-I for the ready reference. The above fee is subject to revision, time to time, by the respective universities. As per the provisional figures of HRD ministry (2012), the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for higher education in India has shot up from 12.4 to 20.2 % and if the same trend continues, by 2029, it is expected to achieve the figure of 30-35%. The ratio for developed countries is 35-40 % whereas the world average is 23%. The Gross Enrolment Rate for Agricultural Education, out of the total eligible population in the country is only 0.03% whereas against the total eligible rural population it is 0.04% which is quite low.

SCHOLARSHIP AND FELLOWSHIPS To reduce the inbreeding in agricultural education, students are being encouraged to go to other states for pursuing their higher studies by providing them National Talent Scholarship, Junior Research Fellowships and SRF (PGS). National Talent Scholarship (NTS) is awarded (Rs.1000 per month which is likely to be revised) to all those candidates who take admission outside their state of domicile and would maintain prescribed academic standards.

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The 475 ICAR-Junior Research Fellowship for post-graduate studies (ICAR-JRF-PGS) are available which are awarded based on the merit in AIEEA-PG-and taking admissions in universities other than from where the candidates has graduated. The provision has been kept in XII Five Year Plan to award NTS to non-JRF holders also. Senior Research Fellowship (SRF-PGS) for Ph.D In order to develop quality human resource to meet the requirements of 21st century, 202 SRFs in 56 disciplines of Agriculture and Allied Sciences through the competitive examination are awarded. Council has also initiated ICAR International Fellowships with dual objectives of facilitating education of Indian nationals abroad, and facilitating admission of foreign students in Indian Agricultural Universities to help demonstrate the strengths of Indian Agricultural system. DISCIPLINES FOR UNDERGRADUATE COURSES The agriculture curriculum is multi-disciplinary covering a wide array of subjects into its fold which makes its product “agri-graduates” multi-functional and suitable for a broad spectrum of career options. More opportunities are available than the number of graduates looking for placement. The following 11 disciplines are offered across all the Universities under ICAR-AU system. The undergraduate degree programme of SAUs is of minimum 4 years duration. 1. Agriculture 7. Agricultural Engineering 2. Horticulture 8. Dairy Technology 3. Forestry 9. Food Science 4. Fisheries 10. Agricultural Marketing & Co-operation 5. Home Science 11. Biotechnology 6. Sericulture All the undergraduate programmes lead to higher studies in Masters and Ph.D. programmes. These programmes elevate the level of thinking of students in the subject and are focused to specific aspects of that field. Higher education leads to better pay packages. Career options lie in academics, research and the industry. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES AND JOB AVENUES IN DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES 1. AGRICULTURE

Agriculture has been a progressive sector for the past three decades. Today India’s agriculture has become globalised and the idea of integrating Indian agriculture with the world economy is getting support. India has enormous potential as an exporter of agricultural commodities ranging from mushrooms to flowers, spices, cereals, oilseeds, meat, fish & marine products, poultry, fruits and vegetables and various agri-inputs. The spurt in government support for export of agri-products has evoked considerable interest among the large business houses which have worked out agreements for technology transfer, marketing tie-ups, and management and trading contacts with leading foreign counterparts. Scope for higher education The students with interest in academics can go for higher studies, i.e. M.Sc.(Ag.) in different branches of Agriculture, i.e. Agronomy, Entomology, Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding, Soil Science, Horticulture, Floriculture, Olericulture, Extension Education, etc. Apart from this, they

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can join MBA (Agri-business). To support PG degree programmes, ICAR as well as SAUs provide fellowships on merit basis. The Master’s degree in agriculture helps to gain more detailed and specialized knowledge about the subject that helps to seek better jobs. Agricultural education has become internationalized and a plenty of opportunities are available in foreign countries, especially USA, Canada, UK, Germany, Australia, and Japan. Students may appear for TOEFL, GRE and IELTS for higher education abroad. There is a growing demand for agricultural graduates to get employed in foreign countries particularly middle-east and African countries. Job Opportunities and Avenues Public Sector Job opportunities are plenty in various central and state agricultural development departments where agricultural graduates can join as Agriculture Sub-Inspector or Agriculture Development Officers (ADO). The post is equivalent to that of the Block Development Officers (BDO). Similarly, opportunities as Horticulture Development Officers occur in the state department of horticulture and as Soil Conservation Officers in soil and water conservation departments in certain states. Recruitment to these posts is made on the basis of an examination conducted by State Public Service Commission/concerned department. In teaching, the agricultural graduates are sought after as agriculture teachers in rural public schools. There are number of nationalized banks that offer openings for agriculture graduates and allied areas as Field Officers, Rural Development Officers and Agricultural and Probationary Officers. The nationalized and private banks are hunting for agri-graduates more than ever before. Many banks have expanded their activities in farming sector as government has started funneling in plenty of financial aids to promote agriculture growth in the country. Other job opportunities are to join seed companies as Seed Officer, scientist, technical officer and other field jobs. Besides, job opportunities also exist in the areas of farm management, land appraisal, agricultural grading, packaging and labeling. Both in the public and private sectors, jobs are also offered in the field of agricultural marketing and sales, transportation, farm utilities, storage, warehousing, etc. Career opportunities also lie in Agro-Industry sector. Agro-industry provides jobs to postgraduates in agriculture as scientists, in sales & marketing and as production experts. These areas of work relate to production, food processing, grain and seed processing, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicide, etc. for which people with adequate qualification/knowledge, in the respective fields are required. Job opportunities also exist in farm management including the management of agriculture farms and tea gardens. There are several Government agencies at centre, state and district levels (e.g. MARKFED, PUNSUP, Mandi Board, various other state level and central level agricultural boards and organizations, etc.) also have openings for agricultural graduates. Various corporations and agencies provide job opportunities to agriculturists viz. National Seed Corporation, State Farm Corporation, Warehousing Corporation, Food Corporation and agricultural food processing and export related agencies, etc. In addition, after postgraduation, one may get placement as plant quarantine agricultural technician, agricultural consultant, agricultural statistician, and implement the regulations for food, feed, and seed & fertilizers. At the international level, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, ICRISAT, ILRI, and some other agencies related to the development of agriculture also appoint consultants. One can choose career under ICAR in the areas of research and become an Agricultural Research Scientist (ARS). The recruitment to these posts is made through ARS/NET examination conducted by ASRB for scientific posts and lectureship in SAUs. Bachelor degree holders can

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apply for some technical posts in ICAR institutes. Technical post of the level of T-5 (Technical Officer) is a better option for postgraduate and above. Technical posts like T-6 & above and Subject Matter Specialists (SMS) in Krishi Vigyan Kendras are better opportunities for Ph.D degree holders. The graduates are also eligible to apply for Civil Services (IAS/IFS & Allied) conducted by UPSC, New Delhi. Private Sector Agro-based industries such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and sugar industries are some of the potential sectors in which a large number of agri-graduates may get placement well before their graduation. In India, number of seeds, fertilizer and pesticide industries are increasing exponentially that is commensurate with an increase in demand for agricultural professionals. In order to tap the potential of food industries, several retailing markets such as Reliance Fresh, Trinethra Aditya Birla, Group, Wal-Mart, ITC, Nilgiris, Pantaloons, Q shops, Food Bazaars, etc. are expanding their business that augment job opportunities for agriculture graduates. Entrepreneurship Agricultural graduates can be good entrepreneurs. There are a number of success stories of agri-preneurs in the field of agriculture, horticulture, etc. The Experiential Learning Programme introduced by the ICAR in the curriculum motivates the students to seek self-employment to become entrepreneurs themselves to turn out as job providers rather than job seekers. The Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, in association with NABARD has launched a unique programme to take better methods of farming to each and every farmer across the country. This programme aims to tap the expertise available in the large pool of Agriculture Graduates. Irrespective of whether you are a fresh graduate or not, or whether one is currently employed or not, one can set up his/her own Agri-Clinic or Agri-Business Centre and offer professional extension services to innumerable farmers. The MANAGE, Hyderabad, organizes training programs for a period of three months free of cost. On completion, students get a certificate which is a prerequisite for the individuals to be qualified to secure a loan up to Rs. 5 lakh from the nationalized banks funded by NABARD. This financial support helps our graduates to set up their agri-based business. Pay Packages The pay packages though vary from job to job, but the agricultural graduates are offered comparatively good pay packages. There are instances where some of the agriculture graduates have been placed in multinational companies for a lucrative salary package as high as Rs. 4.50 lakhs per annum. 2. HORTICULTURE

It deals with the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, plantation, medicinal and aromatic crops. Apart from this, it also covers the post-harvest management and value-addition through various commercial products of horticultural produce. India is among the largest producers of vegetables and fruits in the world and has an equally strong floriculture base. Horticulture with its offshoot branch floriculture has become a focus of export activity. India’s exports of roses, carnations, gladioli, chrysanthemum, jasmine and other tropical plants and flowers are touching new heights. Scope for higher education The Master’s degree in specialized subjects of horticulture helps to gain more detailed and specialized knowledge about the subject and seek better jobs. The students with interest in academics can go for higher studies, i.e. M.Sc. (Horti.) or MBA (Agri-business) and Ph.D.

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Job Opportunities and Avenues Public Sector With the commercialisation of agriculture and horticulture, there are varied opportunities for salaried jobs as well as entrepreneurship. Horticulture graduates can be recruited through State Public Service Commission as Horticulture Officer in State Departments to run various schemes and later may get promotion as Assistant Director, Deputy Director, Joint Director and Additional Director. Apart from this, they can be recruited as Technical Assistant/Training Assistant in SAUs, ICAR institutes, DRDO, CSIR, etc. and as Horticulture Inspector/Food Inspector and Vegetable Inspector/Marketing Inspector/Agriculture Development Officer in various state departments. In the Central Government Institutions and quasi-government institutions and public sector wings they are recruited as Officers in National Horticulture Board, Coir Board, Coconut Development Board, APEDA, National Seed Corporations, nationalised banks, etc. Private Sector In the private sector, the graduates are recruited as Field Level Officers in fertilizer companies, pesticide companies, seed companies, nursery units, flower production units, landscape and design, architecture consultancy, processing units of various horticulture produce. Besides, opportunities do exist for them as Marketing Executives of various corporate sector units and as Horticulturist or Supervisor (Landscape) in Industries, Hotels/Health farms/Holiday resorts, Golf Courses & Construction Companies, etc. to beautify their surroundings. Florists and nurseries are doing lucrative business especially in the metropolitan cities. Suburban farmhouses have become important suppliers for the domestic market. Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship can generate handsome profits through honey production, floriculture, oil extraction from flowers and plants, production and supply of nursery planting material to the growers. The graduates can start their Agri-clinic or the Agri-business of Nursery raising of fruit plants and ornamental plants using various techniques of plant multiplication such as grafting, budding, tissue culture, layering and vegetative propagation. With more and more people opting for naturopathic treatment of diseases, growing of medicinal plants has become significant, which provide attractive business opportunity to horticultural nursery/gardens. They can also work as Horticultural therapists in conjunction or liaison with other professionals such as psychologists, occupational therapists, physicians and social workers. Horticultural therapists treat those who have physical disabilities, mental health problems and learning difficulties, those recovering from major injuries or illnesses, and elderly persons. Programmes can also be developed for the rehabilitation of offenders or those suffering from drug or alcohol abuse. Pay Packages State Govt. Departments: Approximately Rs.3 lakh p.a. Central Govt. Departments: Approximately Rs.3.50 lakh p.a. Private Sector: Approximately Rs.3 lakh p.a.

3. FORESTRY Forestry is the science of development and care of forests. It is all about management of forest by protecting, conserving and upgrading forest resources which also include farming of trees used as timber. Forests provide renewable raw material and energy, maintain biological

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diversity, mitigate climate change, protect land and water resources, provide recreation facilities, improve air quality and help alleviate poverty. At the same time forests are affected by fire, grazing, pest and invasive species and are also the primary targets for agricultural and urban expansion. The forest wealth in our country is extremely diverse due to huge variation in the topography of the country. Due to the impact of biotic pressure, many forest areas spread across the country have been depleted and degraded which is a serious concern. As per the FAO (2002) estimates, the India’s forest cover is 19.5% of the country's area. However, in terms of availability of forest land per person in India, the rate is one of the lowest in the world at 0.08 ha against an average of 0.5 ha for developing countries and 0.64 ha for the world. Forest degradation is a matter of serious concern. In 2002, forestry industry contributed 1.7% to India's GDP. In 2010, the contribution to GDP dropped to 0.9 %, largely because of rapid growth of the economy in other sectors and the government’s decision to reform and reduce import tariffs to let imports satisfy the growing demand for wood products. Specially trained personnel are, therefore, needed to maintain and regenerate the forest cover, forest wealth and resources including the wildlife. Liking for outdoors, spirit of adventure, good health, stamina and physical fitness, patience, scientific temperament, organizing ability, public relations skills, courage, decision-making ability, capacity to work long hours, a genuine interest in the preservation of the natural environment and habitat, inclination for research and academic bent of mind, curiosity, excellent skills of observation, interest in agriculture and geography are some of the personality traits expected in candidates aspiring for forestry as a professional choice. Scope for higher education The Forestry graduates with interest in academics can go for higher studies i.e. M.Sc. (Forestry) and Ph.D. Apart from this, they can join MBA (Agri-business). The PG degree helps to gain more detailed and specialized knowledge for seeking jobs in research and teaching.

Forest Research Institute, located at Dehradun (Uttarakhand) and with DU status is one of the prestigious institutions of Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education (ICFRE). In December 1991, on the recommendation of U.G.C., Ministry of Human Resources & Development, Government of India conferred the status of DU to the Institute. Since then it is playing a vital role in promotion and development of forestry research and education in South Asia. In addition, there are about 16 Agricultural Universities in the country which offer under graduate course leading to the degree. There are 19 Agricultural Universities which offer courses in various specialised subjects leading to the award of Master’s /Ph.D degree. There are number of departments/institutions including ICAR which provide scholarships/fellowships for higher education in Forestry. Job Opportunities and Avenues

Public Sector In the Department of Forest and Wildlife can be placed as Asstt. Conservator of Forest/Range Officer. They can take up consultancy/research work in public sector research institutions like Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Institute of Social Forestry and Eco-rehabilitation, Allahabad and Wildlife Research Institutes in Dehradun, Coimbatore, etc. They can apply for the examinations like, Indian Forestry Services, banks, etc. Private Sector Forest wood based industries, NGOs working in conservation and up-gradation of forests, Corporates houses having own plantations for timber industries that utilize forest resources

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_degradation

employ as consultants. There may be opportunities in television channels like Discovery and National Geographic. Forestry graduates can run their own private consultancy in environmental impact assessment of large projects. Still photography, film making and wildlife journalism are some other avenues for self- employment. Organizations like World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Centre for Environment Education, Tata Energy

Research Institute (TERI) and consultancy firms like Ernst and Young, and KPMG also hire a

good number of Forest and Wildlife graduates.

Pay Packages Professionals who undergo proper training can earn starting salaries as high as Rs. 15000/- per month in public sector and even higher in private sector and NGOs. This grows in accordance with the experience gained.

4. FISHERIES

Fishery is one of fastest growing sectors under the Animal Husbandry. The country has vast potential for fisheries in view of our long coastline of about 8,000 kms apart from the inland water resources. As per the estimates of CSO, the value of output from fisheries sector at current price was about Rs.76,699 crore during 2011-12 which is about 4.15% of the value of agricultural and allied sector output at current price. Indian capture fisheries and aquaculture have been playing an important role in the national economy by supporting livelihood for about 14 million people in different activities, providing nutritional security to the food basket and contributing to the agricultural exports. Both capture and culture fisheries are vibrant economic activities constituting about 4.4% of the global fish production. Total export earnings from fisheries products have also shown steady increase and reached to Rs.16,597.23 crore during 2011-12 compared to Rs.12,901.47 crore during 2010-11 with a growth of about 28.65%. Scope for higher education At present, out of 70 Agricultural Universities in the country, about 15 Universities under ICAR-AU system, after B.F.Sc., offer post-graduate programmes in 14 disciplines of Masters (M.F.Sc.) and 10 disciplines of Ph.D. The fisheries colleges under State Agriculture Universities as well as other universities and organizations also undertake aquaculture research. In addition to Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai-DU under the ICAR, to cop up with increasing demand of quality human resource, recently two Fisheries Universities in the states of Kerala and Tamilnadu have been started. ICAR has following eight fisheries research institutes in the country that are mainly responsible for research in aquaculture, fish processing and conservation:

Sl. No. ICAR Research Institute

1 Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 2 Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI,), Kochi, 3 Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai-DU 4 Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT), Kochi 5 Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Bhubaneswar 6 CIBA, in Chennai, on brackish-water aquaculture 7 National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Lucknow 8 Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries in Bhimtal

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Job Opportunities and Avenues A number of development schemes are being implemented, both by state and central governments for the development of fisheries sector in the country. To run these schemes, a large number of personnel are recruited. After completing the Master’s and Ph.D degree, they become eligible to apply for the post of Scientist in various ICAR Institutes as well as Assistant Professor in Agricultural Universities.

Field Job Opportunities Aquaculture

Hatchery Manager (India and/or abroad mainly in South Asian and African countries) Aquaculture Consultant Farm Operator (India and/or abroad mainly in African countries) Technical officer in Research Institutes, National Organizations (such as NFDB) and State Fisheries Departments etc. Feed technologist in Feed manufacturing companies Subject Matter Specialist in KVK’s Pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of various medicines As a fishery inspector or a deep sea fishery worker

Fish processing Quality Inspector in fish processing plants (India and/or abroad mainly in Middle East, South East and African countries) Auditor (Inspection) (India and/or abroad mainly in Middle East, South East and African countries) HACCP Manager/ Consultant (India and/or abroad mainly in Middle East, South East and African countries) Technical Officer / Project Officer in MPEDA, CIFT, EIA, CIFNET, FSI, NIO, WHO, NACA, NABARD, etc. Supply chain Managers in Super Market Chains like Reliance, Tata, Godrej Agro etc.

Fishing Technology Technical Officer in CIFNET, FSI etc. Technical position in Private Companies (eg. Garware ropes)

Banking Agricultural Officer / Field Officer in National Banks Fisheries Extension Assistant Director / Fishery Extension Officer (FEO) / Inspector of

Fisheries / Assistant Fishery Development Officer (AFDO) in State Fisheries Departments

Teaching Lecturer in Vocational Higher Secondary Schools, State Government Teaching positions in South Asian and African countries State Fisheries Agencies

Central and Sate Services

The fisheries graduates are also eligible to all the Central Civil Services (IAS, IPS, IFS etc.) and State Services (Group I and Group II officers)

Entrepreneurship Commercial fish farming, seed production and export of marine products and ornamental fishes are potential areas of self -employment and entrepreneurship development in fisheries.

Opportunities abroad

Many private sector firms as well as Universities take in students of B.F.Sc. Good jobs with lucrative salaries await students who are well qualified and have good experience.

Pay Packages The salary can range from Rs. 15,000 to Rs. 25,000 for fresher and much more for experienced hands/ experts.

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5. HOME SCIENCE Home Science is an academic discipline extremely popular among girl students and recently even amongst the boys. Rise in awareness related to health, diet and lifestyle has resulted in more inclination towards the field of Home Science. It is an interdisciplinary field of knowledge which draws upon many disciplines such as chemistry, physics, physiology, biology, hygiene, economics, rural development, child development, sociology and family relations, community living, art, food & nutrition, fabric & apparel designing, clothing, textiles, Human Development, Resource Management and Communication, and home management. The home science aims at achieving and maintaining the welfare and wellbeing of home, social and family life in an ever changing society. Home management requires skill and scientific knowledge which does not limit itself to activities within the home but also forms the basis of a challenging profession. Management of home in making the best use of the available resources, to derive the best value to conserve time, energy, money, space and labour. The home maker must plan wisely to provide out of the available resources, the best possible food, clothing, shelter, health, education and recreation for the members of the family. The course is not necessarily aimed at making women better housewives, but useful to the society to enable them to provide expert advice to enrich social and family life. Home Science subject is largely scientific in nature and hence requires an analytical mind and scientific acumen. A practical approach, aesthetic, creative and rational attitude will be required to be in this field. Scope of higher education The students with interest in academics can go for higher studies i.e. M.Sc./Ph.D. The Master’s degree in Home Science helps to gain more detailed and specialized knowledge about the subject and to seek better jobs. Students can choose to specialize in any of the streams of Home Science—Food and Nutrition, Resource Management, Human Development, Fabric and Apparel Science and Communication and Extension offered by 18 AUs. Postgraduate degree holders have better career opportunities. Job Opportunities and Avenues Public Sector/Private Sector Many government organizations like Food Corporation of India recruit many home science graduates every year. For getting a job in the government sector, candidates need to pass the competitive exams organized by the concerned authority. The candidates can enter the job as teachers, consultant in development labs etc., to work for government departments as programme consultants, work in home economics division of food and utility companies. Home Science education background is also required for polytechnics, Industrial Training Institutes, Institutes of Hotel Management and Catering, etc., for housekeeping. Training centres of Anganwadi workers and other community workers also require teachers from field of Home Science. They can also run hobby classes or teach small groups in all vocational areas of home science. They can seek employment as Anganwadi worker/supervisor, Balwadi worker/Manager, Nursery or Preschool Teacher and Nursery school supervisor or principal. Can find employment with social workers and community programmes in welfare organizations working for women, child, old people, youth, drug addicts and alcoholics welfare, Food nutritionists are also required in social welfare programmes, institutional catering, food services, mass media for health awareness dissemination and R& D. They can also be placed in apparel merchandising, fashion journalism, counselling in schools, as interior designer, furniture designer and makers. Booming commercial food services industry offers the job as a manager for Cooks, Waiter/ Waitress and worker or supervisor in a confectionery/bakery, ready to cook/serve food manufacturer’s industry as a Production Supervisor/Manager, Production Assistant, Quality Control Assistant, instructor of the community canning centre etc. Sales promotion of food items (baby foods) are given to home science graduates.

12

Service Sector In textile designing industry for weaving, dyeing, as a printing manager, Production Assistant , Pattern maker, Cutter, Supervisor, Dress designer in garment designing. Entrepreneurship Home Science graduates can run childhood care units like day-care centre, crèches, nursery school/pre-schools and after school centres. The trained professionals can also undertake catering services for people who are working in factories, offices and do not have time or arrangement to cook meals, particularly unit day meals, canteen, cafeteria, restaurant, tea shop, contact catering services and mobile catering service. Hobby classes in bakery/confectionery, tie and die, batik, fabric painting , hobby centres can be started where interested persons can learn candle, paper flower making, preparation of decorative articles, soft toys, Rangoli, jewellery designing, pot making, ikebana, bonsai, wall painting and making useful articles from the household waste products, etc., grooming centres to provide services for skin and hair care, old age homes by offering proper food services and psycho-emotional enrichment rehabilitation centres for children with impaired senses. Pay Packages Salary varies depending upon their individual qualifications, experience, size and nature of the hiring institutes. Trainees start with Rs. 8000 onward and then with some experience can expect between Rs. 15,000 - 18,000.

6. SERICULTURE Sericulture is an integral part of agriculture in the rural agro-ecosystem which provides livelihood, employment and income for the sustenance in the diverse environmental conditions; both under rain fed and irrigated conditions of India. Holistically, sericulture is well suited for polyculture production system being complementary and supplementary component of Integrated Farming Systems in the country (IFS).Considering the growing requirement of experts in this sector there are three State Agricultural Universities in the country which offer the under graduate degree programme and five universities post graduate degree programmes. Sericulture involves mulberry production, silkworm rearing, silk cocoon reeling and weaving. Sericulture is commercially attractive, sustainable farm based economic enterprise positively favouring its adoption by rural poor’s in the unorganized sector due to low investment. Sericulture is one of the important sub-sectors that provides employment to more than 60 lakh people of rural, semi-urban and tribal areas and also earn foreign exchange of over Rs. 3500 crore every year. It also generates substantial, tangible income by meeting the domestic demand for silk attire (sarees and dress material) as a status symbol in elite sections of the society for festive/special occasions. Scope for higher education The students with interest in academics can go for higher studies i.e. M.Sc. and Ph.D. Apart from this, they can join MBA (Agri-business). The Master’s degree in sericulture helps to gain more detailed and specialized knowledge about the subject for seeking better jobs. To pursue UG programme, the students admitted through All India Entrance Examination conducted by the ICAR are given National Talent scholarship and for PG programmes, Junior Research Fellowships based on the merit. Job Opportunities and Avenues Public Sector In Karnataka and Southern States of India including West Bengal in the east and Jammu & Kashmir in the North, separate Directorates / Commissionerates of Sericulture have been functioning and absorbing the technical manpower so produced. The government of Karnataka has also included the subject for State Public Service examinations for the recruitment of Gazetted officers in the state. The graduates are employable in the line departments in the concerned states, banking and agricultural financing sectors, input manufacturing and supply agencies, non-governmental

13

organizations involved in zonal development, private enterprises dealing with silkworm egg production, Chawki rearing centres (CRCs), silk marketing, import & export of silk and the forward and backward linkages of the enterprises. Besides, the Central Silk Board, Bangalore, being a premier commodity based organization, has its research and extension units spread across the country, have also been absorbing the trained sericulture graduates regularly. They can also go to Banking sector, Private Sector or be a service providers through seri-polyclinics, consultant. Entrepreneurship Sericulture is the sole agro-based industry which produce low volume high value commodity i.e., silk of commerce. The mulberry silk cocoon producing farmer can earn a net profit of Rs. 75,000 - 1, 00,000 per year from an acre of irrigated mulberry garden. Pay Packages Professionals who undergo proper training can earn starting salaries as high as Rs. 15000/- per month in public sector and even higher in private sector and NGOs. This grows in accordance with the experience gained. 7. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

This is a 4-year degree programme for the students who have done their 10+2 with Mathematics stream. The course curriculum of Agricultural Engineering has been designed in such a unique way covering basic engineering subjects including mechanical, electrical, civil and computer sciences so that graduates/postgraduates in agricultural engineering have a very wide career option to choose. The job of an agricultural engineer is to develop better engineering technologies, equipments, methods and inventions for speedy and efficient farm operations, soil and water conservation, post-harvest processing and value addition. Enhancement in farm structures, bio-gas, agricultural farm machinery, rural electrification, new technologies in the design and production of agricultural products and also conservation of soil and water are some of the jobs of an agricultural engineer. Scope for higher education Since the scope of agricultural engineering is expanding, there are very promising career opportunities available for scholars in the area of agricultural engineering. Candidates can lead their career in higher education in reputed institutions like IITs and other leading ICAR institutions and SAUs in India and in foreign universities, international laboratories/research organizations. Various fellowships are available for pursuing higher studies in leading institutions including in SAUs, ICAR institutes. The candidates can get job opportunities in these research organizations. Many educational institutions and state governments are coming up with Agricultural Engineering in their course curricula with numerous job opportunities. Job Opportunities and Avenues It provides better job prospects as compared to other branches of agriculture. The job is related to activities aimed at improving agriculture, reconstructing rural areas in general and agricultural machinery, power, farm structures, soil and water conservation, rural electrification, etc., in particular. Public Sector Central and state government organizations and private firms recruit agricultural engineers as agricultural officers for the development of agriculture in a district. The job opportunities for graduates lie in agriculture department, soil conservation department, cooperative department, rural development department, etc. in state and central government organizations including railways, municipal corporations, telecommunications departments, etc. The agricultural engineers are also doing well in administrative services. They are engaged in Planning and construction of warehouses/ godowns for the storage of food grains and greenhouses or glass

14

houses for the intensive cultivation of horticultural crops. They could also work for tube well borings, irrigation and drainage projects, canal irrigation programmes, land reclamation and soil conservation projects. Financial and Banking Sector has been playing a key role in the development of farm sector, therefore, agricultural engineers are getting jobs in almost every leading bank like Oriental Bank of Commerce, Overseas Bank, PNB, Axis Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Cooperative Banks, etc. They are also required for water resource management, mining and rehabilitation, forestry, peri-urban and rural development, food processing and retail industry, machine development and many other sectors. Private Sector The candidates after their graduation (B.Tech.) or post-graduation (M.Tech.) in agricultural engineering can get placements in leading national and multinational companies like Mahindra and Mahindra, Escorts, TAFE, John Deere, New Holland, CLAAS, Sonalika, Kirloskar, Nestle, Pepsi, Jain Irrigations, Reliance and many more. These firms choose students through On-Campus interviews. Since the markets are expanding in rural and semi-urban sector for all commodities, the agricultural engineering graduates having exposure to this sector are getting jobs in companies in automobile sector like TATA Motors, Maruti, Bajaj, Toyota, Honda, software and IT sector organizations like TCS, Infosys, etc. Agricultural engineers can work with NGO's in rural areas as part of their rural development programme. In addition, for private consultancies as well as large farms or estates managements , in agribusiness firms, fertiliser and irrigation companies, farming companies, industry service organizations (like sugar industry, rice industry and so on), food processing and retail industry, agricultural equipment manufacturing industries, database specialists, business analysts, etc. Private firms investing money in medicinal crops and plantation crops generally recruit agricultural engineers for sales and management. As the demand of healthy and quality food, and providing services for complete solution in on/off farm production technologies has been increasing, there are many business opportunities available at small and large scale value addition, bringing more sophistication into supply and demand frameworks, process improvement, testing and advisory services, etc. Many government supported schemes are available for the youth and professional in agricultural engineering to start their venture by setting up farms, production and marketing of food grains and other farming activities. Agricultural engineers can provide consultancy services to agricultural workers and farming and agro industries. Pay Packages Salaries vary with education and experience. The emoluments in government sectors ranges from Rs. 15,000 - 25,000 per month depending upon their positions. Graduates working in private sector can earn around Rs. 25,000 - 35, 000 per month.

8. DAIRY TECHNOLOGY Dairy technology is a branch of engineering that deals with the processing of milk and its products. Dairy industry plays a vital role in India's agro-based economy. Dairy technology study involves processing, storage, packaging, distribution and transportation of dairy products by implying the science of bacteriology, nutrition and biochemistry. Apart from that, some principles of physics, engineering, economics and chemistry are also incorporated in the field of dairy technology, in order to develop the appropriate utilization of milk and their products. Processing includes managing of milk for supply or its conversion into dairy products. After the hygienically collected clean milk reaches the plant, processing work begins and it is converted into a variety of dairy products. Scope for higher education

At present there are 13 AUs in the country that offer degree programme in Dairy Technology 15

http://www.studyguideindia.com/Education-India/

and 8 universities which offer PG programmes. Scholarships/fellowships are available for higher studies in the area of Dairy Technology. ICAR has its own very old National Dairy Research Institute with status of DU where, in addition to conducting research on various facets of dairy science, UG, PG and Ph.D programmes are offered. Job Opportunities and Avenues Presently there are more than 400 dairy plants in the country and many dairy equipment manufacturers. Graduates from this field can seek employment in government and private organizations such as rural banks, manufacturing firms, dairy cooperatives, milk product processing units and dairy farms. Professionals can also opt for teaching jobs in universities and colleges as Assistant Professor. This field has lot of opportunities for those who want to pursue a career as a researcher. Dairy technologists can also set up their small-scale milk plants, ice-cream units, creamery products processing units and or can work as consultant. A consultant needs several years of working experience in dairy farms to be successful. Quality control departments also recruit dairy technologists.

Pay package The remuneration of a professional mainly depends on the factors such as the company, job profile, qualification, skills and work experience. A graduate employed in private sector can expect income around Rs. 6,000 - 12,000 p.m.in the beginning. After gaining experience one can earn around Rs.10,000 - 15,000 every month. Graduates are generally recruited as trainees and shift officers. General Managers in Dairy/Food plants get salary of around Rs. 20,000p.m.Job avenues of post-graduates are better with a pay package in the range of Rs. 22,000/- to Rs. 49,000/-p.m. Post-graduate students are directly taken in the Officer’s grade without undergoing any internship period which is given to the UG B. Tech. (DT) students. In some dairy/food plants, the PG students are given few increments higher than that offered to a UG student due to their higher qualification. Co-operative Giant – Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), a marketing body of AMUL products all over India, takes interview of only PG students and the pay package ranged between Rs. 2 - 5 lakh per annum in the academic year 2011-2012, the average being about 3.5 lakh. 9. FOOD SCIENCE Food science is the applied science devoted to the study of food. This is the discipline in which engineering, biological, and physical sciences are used to study the nature of foods, the causes of deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the improvement of foods for the consuming public. It deals with the application of basic sciences and engineering to study the physical, chemical, and biochemical nature of foods and the principles of food processing. Food processing technologies are applied to make the food more digestible and nutritious, reducing toxins, enhancing flavours, improving the shelf-life by various preservation techniques, development of convenience foods as well as foods for specific health and fitness conditions, which line the shelves of supermarket and food stores. The processed food industry provides safe convenience foods to consumers. It promotes diversification and commercialization of agriculture by providing effective linkages between the farmers and consumers in both domestic as well as international markets. Owing to lifestyle changes, consumerism, media interventions, and newer technologies, the demand for processed packaged and convenience foods have increased manifold by all strata of society which have generated and created massive career and employment opportunities. Scope for higher education The students can pursue higher studies i.e.Master’s in Food Science or MBA or MBA (Agribusiness)or Ph.D, which would provide better avenues of job with higher pay package.

16

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food

Job Opportunities and Avenues Food Science empowers the students to get a career, not just a job. Instead of becoming only job seekers one can become job providers by setting up entrepreneurial ventures. Food Processing in India is considered a ' Sunrise Industry', having the potential to become the food factory of the world, thereby creating a huge volume of job opportunities. Food Science being a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary versatile and collaborative area of specialization, the career opportunities are immense in teaching, research, food quality control, consumerism, nutrition and dietetics, placement in industries, hospitals, health clinics etc. They can be employed as 1. Food product Development scientists/Production Managers/Product Development Managers 2. Sensory scientists 3. Flavor technologists 4. Quality Assurance Managers/Food quality control officers 5. Food safety experts 6. Food microbiologists 7. Food chemists 8. Food technologists 9. Food process engineers 10. Food packaging Managers/designers 11. R and D Scientists/executives 12. Teachers, researchers, educators, laboratory officers, administrators in schools, Polytechnics, colleges and Universities. 13. Nutritionists and Councillors 14. Catering Food Service Management Professionals 15. Food/ Nutrition Journalists 16. Food and Drug Inspectors 17. Sales and Marketing Professionals 18. Food/ Nutrition consultants 19. Subject Matter Specialists in NGOs and GOs 20. Dieticians 21. Food Science laboratory Certifiers 22. Bakery/ Confectionary professions 23.Cookery professionals Types of Employers 1. Schools/ Polytechniques /Colleges/Universities/ Research organizations/ Laboratories 2. Food industries like Amul, Dabar, Haldiram, Marico, Hindustan Unilever, Nestle, Britannia, Coca cola, Cadbury, Heinz, Kraft etc. 3. Dairy and dairy product companies 4. Confectionary companies 5. Media and Advertising 6. Food manufacturing and packaging firms 7. Flavour and Fragrance companies 8. Airlines 9. Beverage companies 10. Scientific and Educational Journals and Books. 11. Hospitality industry 12. Health and Fitness Organizations 13. NGOs and GOs 14. National and International organizations like UNICEF, WHO, CARE etc 15. State and local public health agencies 16. Administrators and Consultants Banks like Punjab National Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Axis bank, State Bank of India,

17

Federal Bank, Union Bank, Canara Bank also employ Food Technologists to boost the Food Processing Industry. Food testing laboratories, Food Corporation of India, Markfed, Milkfed and other co-operatives also employ Food Technologists for quality control. Entrepreneurship Self-employment opportunities also exist in the form of dynamic delivery networks for those who want to work on their own. The challenge for the food technologist is to increase the variety and improve the quality and nutritional value of foods for consumers, while at the same time maintaining affordability through efficient manufacturing. A Food Technologist trained through the professional course including Food Engineering, Food Nutrition and internship in the food industry have good understanding of problems at the farmer level and capability to handle situations on hand, besides scientific knowledge. Pay Packages Monthly salaries in India of Food Industry Professionals could be: - Food Analysts - Rs. 15,000-25,000 - Quality Control Assistant Managers - Rs. 15,000-25,000 - Dieticians - Rs. 15,000 - 30,000 - Teaching (depending on the position held) - Rs. 15,000- 1,000,00 - Entry level professionals and entrepreneurs - Rs. 15,000-30,000 - Top level professionals and entrepreneurs - Rs. 30,000-1,000,00 or even higher

10. AGRICULTURAL MARKETING & CO-OPERATION

The agribusiness sector encompasses the many activities of agricultural sector under one umbrella like integration of agricultural inputs, agricultural productions, agro – processing and agricultural marketing and trade which add value to the agriculture produce. Nowadays, agri – business has become one of the most important fields in India to boost up its economy and taking care of globalization opportunities and challenges. For rural and agriculture development of the country, adequate fund lending and financing in rural area plays a vital role. Cooperatives are associated with the functions like production, procurement, import, export, communication and awareness. Thus, there are a lot of emerging opportunities in the field of agriculture cooperation, rural and cooperative banking as well as agricultural marketing. Agriculture cooperation,& Marketing subject is dedicated to prepare such trained and skilled candidates for satisfying the requirement of the field. Scope for higher education The students having obtained the undergraduate degree, B.Sc. (Agril. Marketing & Cooperation) can choose to pursue higher studies leading to Master’s degree. They can go in for a PG programme in Agricultural Marketing, Agribusiness Management, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Statistics and Agricultural Extension. They can also pursue higher education at reputed Indian institutes like IIM’s, IARI, TNAU, etc. or also at foreign universities. Apart from SAUs, other premier institutes like National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad; National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM), Jaipur’; Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA); Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad; and Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Lucknow also offer post-graduation in Agri-business Management programmes. Job Opportunities and Avenues Public and Private Sector

1. State Marketing Department as Marketing Supervisors and Assistant Secretaries 2. State Agricultural Marketing Board as Assistant General Managers and the faculty of

Training Colleges 18

http://www.winentrance.com/career_courses/rural_management/

3. Cooperative Audit Department as Deputy Directors of Cooperative Audit 4. Cooperative Apex Banks as managers 5. Cooperative Marketing Federation as Procurement Managers 6. Commodity Boards as Managers 7. As Managers and Rural Development Officers in commercial banks as well as RRB’s 8. Warehousing, retail sector, seed companies, pesticide companies, fertilizer companies,

finance services, insurance sector, etc. 9. Career prospects in agri-business are varied from Farming to Commodity Broker,

Commodity Buyer, Food Broker, Supply Planner, Supplier Manager, Purchase Executive, Procurement officer, loan officer, marketing researcher / specialist, product analyst, purchase agent, statistician, and wholesaler.

As chief managers, sales managers and other officers in several private sector companies like IFFCO, KRIBHCO, SPIC, MAHYCO, NAMDHARI SEEDS, MONSANTO etc., in farm equipment and machine manufacturing companies. There is often an on-going need in marketing agricultural products as compared to other areas, and working as a marketer is often a good entry level into the industry. For example, marketing managers often help to identify and develop businesses for farmers or corporations that own farms and want to wholesale or retail food or other products. Individuals in those positions must often be skilled at managing people and have an understanding of the business and economics of agribusiness. Entrepreneurship One can become his/her own boss by managing own farm or setup Agro-processing, animal feed business, fertilizer and pesticide business, dairying, etc. Working in family enterprises and managing small businesses are the focus of opportunities in this area. Agribusiness Management One can work in sales, management, appraisal, research, or public relations for businesses that produce, buy, sell, process and distribute agricultural products. Public Service Public service careers are available at the central, state and local levels. Careers are in such areas as agricultural production, marketing, finance, conservation, and others. State and local agencies offer a wide variety of careers in this area. Finance and Appraisal Students work for lending institutions such as commercial and agricultural banks and have the opportunity to make loans, evaluate investment opportunities, and appraise property for agricultural purposes. International Agriculture and Development Job opportunities in international agriculture have multiplied in recent years, mostly because of the growth of multinational firms and the efforts of businesses, foundations, and national governments to assist developing countries. You can be employed in development, finance, production, natural resource management and marketing in countries throughout the world. Pay Packages The salary in agri – business sector depends on various factors, such as student’s qualification, experience, expertise in a particular field etc. 11. BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology is a multi-disciplinary area and the Government of India has allotted high priority to development in the area of Biotechnology and its exploitations in agriculture and other related disciplines. To sustain the Biotech industrial growth, research and development as well as education, the sector needs highly skilled man power to innovate and create new products. The ‘second green’ revolution can be achieved only through improvement of native crop varieties through Biotechnology.

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http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-agricultural-products.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-agricultural-products.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-farms.htm

B.Sc. (Agricultural Biotechnology) is a four year degree programme. The degree provides knowledge in different fields of Plant Tissue Culture, Genetic Transformation, Genetic Engineering, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics, Agriculture, Biochemistry, Microbiology, tissue culture techniques etc. Scope for higher education In academics they can pursue their Masters’ and Ph.D. with specialization in Plant Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Environmental Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology, Tissue Engineering. The Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi and ICAR offers fellowships to students who have passed DBT-JRF /ICAR-JRF/SRF exams. The students are paid fellowship for 2 years for M. Sc Biotechnology programme and 3years for Ph. D programs. There are a number of opportunities to conduct Collaborative research with Indian and foreign universities under DBT, DST and ICAR programmes. Job Opportunities and Avenues Public Sector/Private Sector Biotechnology is ranked second fast growing sector after multimedia industry. It has tremendous employment potential. Major opportunities are in areas such as environment, health, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering, Tissue Culture, Transgenic, Sericulture, Animal, Marine and Microbial Biotechnology, bio-fertilizers, conservation of biodiversity, ecology and environment, genetic counselling, DNA fingerprinting, the preservation and propagation of human cell line, bio-ethics, medicinal biotechnology with special reference to indigenous medicinal plants, and immune-diagnostics are some of the avenues into which biotechnology has ventured. Most biotechnologists are employed in research and development departments or institutions involved in biotechnological work. From the production of antimicrobial agents, reagents and consumables to the marketing of instruments used in biotechnological applications and research, the opportunities for biotechnologists are on the increase. Biotechnologists work extensively in the production departments of these industries. Generally, Biotechnology students from engineering stream are given preference for production jobs. In India, Government labs such as CDRI in Lucknow, various ICAR institutes are constantly employing research workers/scientists. The private sector offers placements both in technical and managerial positions. The management levels match those of a business firm and the task relates to industrial, production and marketing management. More than 100 Biotech industries are operating in India and some industries employing biotechnologists are Hindustan Lever, Thapar group, Indo- American Hybrid Seeds, Syngenta, Monsanto, Pioneer-Dupont, Rasi Seed, Namdhari Seeds, Bincon India Limited, Bivcol, IDPL, Indian Vaccines Corporation, Hindustan Antibiotics, Sun Pharma, Cadila etc. Service Sector Biotechnologists can work in industries producing food, chemicals, bio-processed products etc. They are involved in research in genetics, biochemistry and biochemical engineering, tissue engineering and all areas where these processes are implied. Industrial R&D covers areas such as chemical processes, increase in productivity, waste and pollution management. Some industries employ biotechnologists in their marketing department to develop business in the sector where their product would be most required. They also help to identify biotechnological development opportunities for the industry in India and abroad. A steep rise in employment is envisaged in environmental biotechnology. You can be a Research Scientist, Teacher, Marketing Manager, Science Writer, Quality Control Officer or Production in-charge in the Food, Chemical and Pharmaceutical industry, Analyst (Venture-Capitalist) Environmental /Safety Specialist, Biotechnology companies require

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Corporate Executives with Business/Management Degrees. A graduate in Biotechnology can get a job in government sectors such as Universities and Colleges, Research institutes or at Private Centers as Research scientists/assistants.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The inputs provided by TNAU, Coimbatore and PAU, Ludhiana (Agriculture); YSPUH&F, Solan

and Dr. YSRHU, V’Gudem, AP (Horticulture & Forestry); KUFOS, Kochi and CIFE, Mumbai

(Fisheries); UAS, Bangalore and TNAU, Coimbatore (Sericulture); MPUAT, Udaipur and UAS,

Bangalore (Biotechnology); NDRI, Karnal and AAU, Anand (Dairy Technology), SHIATS,

Allahabad (Food Science) and UAS, Dharwad (Agricultural Marketing & Co-operation) for

preparing this compilation are thankfully acknowledged.

NOTE: The career prospects and job avenues listed against each discipline are indicative only

and additions/deletions to the same can be expected depending upon the requirements

for each sector.

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Annexure-I

Indicative University-wise Annual Fee (Approx.) and date of Registration/Admission for U.G. Programmes

S. No. Name of the University

Course Offered Non-Refundable Fee (Rs.)

Refundable Fee (Rs.)

Hostel facility for Boys/ Girls/ Both

Tentative Date of Registration

1. AAU, Anand B.Tech (DT.)/B.Sc (Hons) Ag./

B.Sc. (Hons.) Horti./B.Tech (Agri.

IT/FPT/Agri. Engg)

28,000/- 3,500/- Both 3rd week of June 2013

2. AAU, Jorhat B.Sc.(Ag.)/ B.F.Sc./B.Sc.(H.Sc.) 10,070/- 4,600/- Both 16-18 July 2013

3. Dr. YSRHU,

Venkataramannagudem,

(A.P.)

B.Sc. (Horti) 11,420/- 2,500/- Both 1st

week of Aug. 2013

4. ANGRAU, Hyderabad B.Sc. (Ag.)/ B.Tech. (Ag.

Engg.)/B.Sc. (Horti.)/B.Sc. (H.Sc.)/

B.Tech. Food Tech./ BSc. (Hons.)

Food Science

11,000/- 8,000/- Both 26-28 July 2013

5. BCKVV, Mohanpur B.Sc.(Ag./Horti.)Hons. 2,392/- 1,600/- Both Middle of July 2013

B.Tech (Agri. Engg.)Hons. 2,392/- 1,600/- Both Middle of July 2012

6. BAU, Kanke, Ranchi - - - - -

7. BAU, Sabour, Bhagalpur B.Sc. Agril./ Hort./ Dairy Tech. 8020/- 1,800/- Both -

8. BHU, Varanasi B.Sc.(Ag.) Boys 5,596/- 2,300/- Both 23-25 July 2013

B.Sc.(Ag.) Girls 6096/- 2,300/- Both 23-25 July 2013

9. CAU, Imphal B.Sc.(Ag./Horti./Forst./Home

Sc.)

770/- 700/- Both 1-3 July 2013

B.F.Sc.&B.Tech (Ag. Engg.) 770/- 700/- Both 1-3 July 2013

10. Rani Laxmi Bai Central

Agricultural University,

Bundelkhand, Jhansi

New - - - -

11. CSKHPKV, Palampur B.Sc. (Hons.) Ag. 52,072/- 4,500/- Both 3 Aug. 2013

B.Sc.(Hons.) Home Science 52,072/- 4,500/- Both 3 Aug. 2013

12. CSAUA&T, Kanpur B.Sc. (Hons.) Agri./ Home Sci. 52,000/- 40,000/- Both 3-4 July 2013

B.Tech. Ag. Engg. 58,000/- /Sem. 40,000/- Both 3-4 July 2013

13. CCSHAU, Hisar B.Sc. Ag. (Hons.) 21,600/- 3,100/- Both 30-31 July 2013

B.Sc. (Hons.) Home Science 19,700/- 3,100/- Both 30-31 July 2013

B.Tech (Agri. Engg.) 29,400/- 3,100/- Both As per State policy of

Haryana State

14. CKV, Anjora Durg B.F.Sc./ Dairy Tech. 16,440/- 5,000/- Both 18 July 2013

15. Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli B.Sc.Agri./Foresty/Horti./

Fisheries

17,486/- 2,000/- Both 13 July to 17 Aug. 2013

B.Tech (Agril. Engg.) 16,986/- 2,000/- Both 13 July to 17 Aug. 2013

16. Dr. PDKV, Akola B.Sc.Agri./Foresty/

Horticulture

19,000/- 2,000/- Both -

17. Dr. YSPUH&F, Solan B.Sc (Hons.) Horti./ Forestey 14,725/- 3,500/- Both 19-20 July 2013

B.Sc (Hons.) Horti. /

Biotechnology

11,075/- 1,200/- - 19-20 July 2013

18. GBPUA&T, Pantnagar B.Sc.Ag../B.F.Sc./B.Sc.(H.Sc.) 22,229/- 10,200/- Both 27 July 2013

B. Sc. Food Tech. 22,229/- +

50,000/- (per

year in addition

to the fee

mentioned above)

10,200/- Both 27 July 2013

B.Tech.(Agri. Engg.) 29,150/- 12,500/- Both 27 July 2013

19. GADVASU, Ludhiana B.Tech (Dairy Tech.) 63,315/- 4,000/- Both 23 July to 9 Sept. 2013

B.F.Sc. 41,720/- 4,000/- Both 23 July to 9 Sept. 2013

20. IGKVV, Raipur B.Sc.(Ag.) 4,832/- 1,300/- Both 23 July 2013

B.Tech. (Agri. Engg.) 6,732/- 1,300/- Both 23 July 2013

21. JNKVV, Jabalpur B.Tech. Ag. Engg. 11,800/- - Both 8-12 July 2013

B.Sc. Ag. Forestry 10,850/- -

22. JAU, Junagadh B.Sc Ag. (Hons.)/B.F.Sc /

B.Tech.(Agri. Engg.)

(Boys) 11,670/- 2,000/- Both 15 July 2013

(Girls) 6,670/- 2,000/- Both 15 July 2013

23. KVA&FSU, Bidar B. Tech. (D. Tech.)/ B.F.Sc. 22,000/- - Both 25 July to 1 Aug. 2013

24. KAU, Thrissur B.Sc (Hons.)Ag./Foresty

B.Tech (Ag. Engg.)

B.Sc (Hons.) C & B

23,300/- 1,500/- Both 1 August to 19 Sept. 2013

B.Tech . (Food Engg.) 74550/- 3,000/- Both 1 August to 19 Sept. 2013 25. KUFOS, Kochi B.F.Sc. 13,890/- 1,000/- Both -

26. KVASU, Pookode,

Wayanad

B. Tech. (Dairy Science & Tech.) 23,270/- 1,500/- Both Aug. 2013

27. MPUA&T, Udaipur B.Sc. Ag. 15,000/- 5,500/- Both 15-16 July 2013 B.Tech. Ag. 32,600/- 5,600/- Both B.Sc. Home Science 16,000/- 5,500/- Only Girls

B.Tech. DT/ET/B.Tech. BioTech. 25,000/- 2,000/- Both

B.Sc. Horti./Forestry 22,000/- 2,000/- Both

28. MA&FSU, Nagpur B.Tech (Dairy Tech.) 15,800/- 2,100/- Boys 20-30 July 2013

B.F.Sc (Fisheries) 6,070/- 1,000/- - 20-30 July 2013

29. MPKV, Rahuri B.Sc.(Agri./Horti.)/B.Tech.(Agri.

Engg.)

17,486/- 2,000/- Both July 2013

30. VNMKV, Parbhani B.Sc.(Agri./Horti./H.Sc.)/B.Tech.

(Agri. Engg.)/B.Tech (Food

Tech.)

14,986/- 2,000/- - July, 2012

B.Sc. (Agril. Bio.Tech.) 17986/- 2,000/- - 20 June to 10 Aug., 2013

31. MSKJU, Banda - - - - -

32. NDUA&T, Faizabad B.Sc.(Ag.), B.Fsc. 29,000/- 4,000/- 15 July 2013

B.Sc. (Hons) Horti./ Home

Science

29,000/- 4,000/- 15 July 2013

B.Tech. (Ag. Engg./ME/CS) 52,000/- 6,000/- 15 July 2013 33. NDRI, Karnal B.Tech. Dairy Tech. 7,200/- 10,000/- Both 1

st Aug. 2013

34. NAU, Navsari B.Sc. (Hons.) Ag./Horti./Forestry 10,170/- 3,500/- Both June-July 2013

35. Nagaland University,

Medziphema

B.Sc.(Ag.) 4,390/- 900/- Both 16 July to 1 Aug. 2013

36. OUA&T, Bhubaneswar B.Sc. Ag./Hort./B.Tech. Ag. Engg./

B.Sc. Forest/ B.F.Sc.

21,614/- 100/- Both (8250) 11 July 2013

B.Sc. Home Science 13,114/- 100/-

37. PAU, Ludhiana B.Sc. Agri. (Hons.) 64,600/- - Both -

B.Sc.(Hons)Home Sci. 60,600/- - Both - B.Tech. (Agri. Engg.) 96,980/- - Both - B. Tech. Food Tech. (Hons.) 1,41,770/- - Both - B.Sc. Biotech (Hons.) 1,41,770/- - Both -

38. RAU, Pusa B.Sc.(Ag/H.Sc.)/ B.F.Sc./ Biotech.)

B.Tech.(Ag. Engg.)

19,890/-

2,700/-

Both Sept. 2013

39. RVSKVV, Gwalior B.Sc. Ag./Horti. 19,252/- 2,500/- Both -

40. SKDAU, S.K. Nagar B.Sc. (Hons.) (Ag./Horti/ Home

Sci. / B.Sc.(H.Sc.) &

B.Tech. (Dairy & Food Tech)/

B.Tech. (RE & EE)/ B.Sc. (Food

Quality Assurance)

10,170/- 3,500/- Both June- July 2013

41. SHIATS, Allahabad B.Sc. (Hons.) Agri./Horti./AH Dairying

60,000/- - Both 29 July 2013

B.Sc. (Hons.)Forestry/ B.Tech. Ag. Engg.

70,000/- -

B.Sc. (Hons.) Home Science 20,000/- - B.Tech. Food Tech. 1,20,000/- - B.Sc. (Hons.)Food Tech. 72,000/- - B.Tech. Dairy Tech. 1,02,000/- - B.Tech. Water Resource 76,000/- -

42. SKRAU, Bikaner B.Sc Ag. (Hons.) 8,000/- 2,000/- Both 08 July 2013

B.Sc.(H.Sc.) 7,000/- 2,000/- Girls 15 July 2013

43. SVBPUA&T, Meerut B.Sc. Ag.(Hons.) 47,000/- 3,000/- Both 3-4 July 2013

B.Tech.(Biotech) 47,000/- 3,000/- Both 3-4 July 2013

44. SVVU, Tirupati B.Tech (Dairy Tech.)/B.F.Sc. 14,650/- 9,520/- Both August / September 2013

45. SKUAS&T, Jammu B.Sc (Hons.) Agriculture 19,440/- 6,500/- Both 1 August 2013

46. SKUAS&T, Srinagar B.Sc.(Agri./Horti./Forst./Fish. /

Agri. Engg./Sericulture)

11,078/- - Both 1-2 July 2013

47. TNAU, Coimbatore B.Sc. Agri./Horti./Forst ./H.Sc. 17,700/- 9,000/- Both 1-20 July 2013

B.Tech.(Agri. Engg.) 17,700/- 9,000/- Both 1-20 July 2013

48. TNFU, Nagapattinam

49. TNV&ASU, Chennai B.F.Sc. 8,490/- 350/- Both 2nd week of July 2013

50. UAHS, Simoga B.Sc. Ag./Horti./Forestry 22,000/- 500/- Both(Rs. 10000) Before 30th

July 2013

51. UAS, Dharwad B.Sc. (Agri./Ag. Maco/Foresty)/

B.H.Sc

33,000/- 10,500/- Both 29 July - 24 August 2013

B.Tech. (Food Tech.) 1,16,000/- 15,000/- - -

52. UAS, Bangaluru B.Sc. Ag./Sericulture/Ag.Maco/ B.Tech. Agril. Engg./ B.Tech. Food Sci./ B.Sc. Ag. Biotech.

22,000/- 500 Both Before 30th July 2013

53. UAS, Raichur B.Sc.(Ag.)/B.Tech.(Ag. Engg.) 8,050/- 11,100/- Both 29 July 2013 to 7 June

2014

54. UHS, Bagalkot B.Sc. (Hort.) 27,100/- 8,500/- Both 29 July to 29 Aug. 2013

55. UBKV, Cooch Behar - - - - -

56. UKUH&F, Bharsar, Pauri B.Sc. Hort. (Hons.)/ Forestry

(Hons.)

19,280/- 1,000/- Both 5-20 Aug. 2013

57. Viswa Bharti, PSB

Sriniketan

B.Sc.(Ag.) 6,750/- 1,000/- Both 27 to 30 June 2013

58. WBUA&FS, Kolkata B.Tech (D.T.)/ B.F.Sc. 11,060/- 1,000/- Both 17-20 July 2013

59. CIFE, Mumbai Only PG programme

60. IVRI, Izatnagar -do-

61. IARI, New Delhi -do-

62. MPPCVV, Jabalpur -do-

63. LLRUVAS, Hisar -do-

64. RUVAS, Bikaner -do-

65. UPPDDUPCVVV, Mathura -do-

66. AMU, Aligarh -do-

67. SKNAU, Jobner New

68. AU Jodhpur, Jodhpur New

69. AU Kota, Kota New

Note:

1. The exact amount of fee will be known from the Registrar of the respective University at the time of Counselling/ Admission and might vary year to year. 2. Though enough care has been taken to get the details from the Universities, however, ICAR would not be responsible for any deviation that may occur on account

of changes by the University. 3. Exact date of Registration/ admission is to be given by the Registrar at the time of Counselling.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan-II,

Pusa, New Delhi –110012

During the course of conducting of ICAR’s All India Entrance Examination for Admission (AIEEA) to Bachelor's degree programmes, several queries are received from the aspirants and their guardians about the scope and employability of agricultural graduates. Based on the experience gained over the years, to address various curiosities of students and parents, there was a need to have a compact source of information.

A compendium of information entitled, “Career prospects and employment avenues for agricultural graduates” has been prepared based on the

information available in certain publications related to All India Entrance Examination and the inputs provided by TNAU, Coimbatore and PAU,

Ludhiana (Agriculture); YSPUH&F, Solan and Dr. YSRHU, V’Gudem, AP (Horticulture & Forestry); KUFOS, Kochi and CIFE, Mumbai (Fisheries); UAS,

Bangalore and TNAU, Coimbatore (Sericulture); MPUAT, Udaipur and UAS, Bangalore (Biotechnology); NDRI, Karnal and AAU, Anand (Dairy

Technology), SHIATS, Allahabad (Food Science) and UAS, Dharwad (Agricultural Marketing & Co-operation). If approved the PDF form of this

compilation may be uploaded on ICAR website along with UG result for the benefit of candidates.

Submitted please.

(M.K. Agnihotri) COE (Edn.)

16/05/2014

ADG (HRD)

DDG (Edn.)

Career Pros Employment Avenues for Agricultural

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Transcript of Career Pros Employment Avenues for Agricultural