CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering

CarEcology:New Technological and Ecological Standardsin Automotive EngineeringGreen Fuels The effects of ethanolon internal combustion engines Merkouris Gogos Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki Department of Vehicles Antwerp, October 2009

*CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Green Fuels: The effects of ethanol on internal combustion enginesBiofuels - IntroductionBioethanol productionEthanol use in petrol fuelled vehiclesEthanol use in Diesel fuelled vehiclesStudy on the effects of ethanol

*CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Green Fuels: The effects of ethanol on internal combustion engines

Biofuels

*Why Green Fuels ? Crude oil reserves are rapidly diminishing Crude oil prices increase Greenhouse effect enhancement due to human activity GHG emissions Deforestation CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*The final countdownCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Projected World Crude Oil Production

*The end of cheap oilCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Atmospheric CO2 increaseWorld Resources Institute, 2007For 10000 years the concentration of CO2 in the atmospherewas fixed at 280 ppm. Since the industrial revolution, CO2 increased by 36%.Between 2000 and 2007, atmospheric CO2 concentration grewby an average of 2 ppm per year.CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

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3

*The greenhouse effectCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*The enhanced greenhouse effectCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*The Carbon CycleCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Land-Use ChangeUNFCCC, 2008Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for Brazil in CO2 equivalentCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009


BioethanolProduction

*Bioethanol Production PathsCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Ethanol production processCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Energy Balance of EthanolCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 20091/2

*Macedo et al., 2004, USDA, 2001, 2002 & DTI 2003Energy Balance of Ethanol2/2CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Production cost (2006)Worldwatch Institute, 2006CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Bioethanol GHG emissionsU.S. DoE, 2007Reduction in GHG emissions compared to petrolCorn ethanolSugarcaneethanolCellulosicethanolFossilfuelsCurrentAverageNatural GasBiomassBiomassBiomassThe percent change inGHGs for corn ethanol can rangefrom 54% decrease for a biomass-fired dry mill plant toa 4 % increase for a coal-firedwet mill plant (EPA, 2007)EnergyusedFuelGreenhouse Gas EmissionsPetrolCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Bioethanol production 2007F.O.Licht, 2008CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

Chart7

6498.6

5019.2

570.3

486

527.6

Sheet1

U.S.A.6498.6

Brazil5019.2

E.U.570.3527.6

China486

Rest of the world527.6

13101.7

13101.7

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

*EurObservER, 2008Bio-fuels consumption in EU in 2007CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009BiodieselBioethanolOther

*Bioethanol production in EU in 2008CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*2003/30/EC DirectiveCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Bioethanol production in EuropeStrube-Dieckman, 2007Feedstock sharesCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

Chart3

0.08

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0.44

Sugar beets24%

Other17%

Wine industry7%

Cereals44%

Corn8%

Sheet1

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Ethanol use inpetrol fuelled vehicles

*Ethanol is not a new idea! CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 20091826Samuel Morey 1860Nicholas Otto1896Henry Ford Quadricycle1908Ford Model T1920sPetrol is the fuel of choice1945End of WWII1973Oil Crisis1975Brazil Proalcohol programme2003EU Directive 2003/30 promotes the use of Bio-Fuels

*PropertiesCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Property Comment

Vapour density Ethanol vapour, like petrol vapour, is denser than air and tends to settle in low areas. However, ethanol vapour disperses rapidly.

Water Solubility Fuel ethanol will mix with water, but at high enough concentrations of water, ethanol will separate from petrol.

Flame visibility The flame of ethanol/petrol blends is less bright than the flame of petrol flame but it is visible in the daylight.

*PropertiesCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Property Comment

Specific gravity Pure ethanol and ethanol/petrol blends are heavier than petrol.

Toxicity Ethanol is less toxic than petrol or methanol. Carcinogenic compounds are not present in pure ethanol; however, because petrol is used in the blend, E85 is considered potentially carcinogenic.

*Ethanol properties effecting IC enginesCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009 oxygen content octane rating energy density (heating value) water solubility latent heat of vaporization ratio of product gases to reactants blending with petrol volatility flame temperature and laminar flame speed materials compatibility

*Oxygen contentCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Ethanol C2H5OHAlcohols, unlike petroleum-based products, contain a significant amount of oxygen as a basic component in their molecular structure 1/2

Composition by weightEthanolPetrolDieselCarbon52.2%85-88%84-87%Hydrogen13.1%12-15%13-16%Oxygen34.7%00

*Oxygen contentCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009 allows leaner fuel/air ratios more complete combustion(less CO emissions) C2H5OH + 3 O2 3 H2O + 2 CO2 2/2

Stoichiometric A/F ratiosPetrolDieselEthanolE8514.714.69.09.7

*Octane rating Higher than petrol reduces engine knock Allows higher compression rates engine power increases CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 20091/2

Chart1

Chart1

928287

119103111

12996112.5

11299105.5

119103111

RON

MON

(R+M)/2

Sheet1

RONMON(R+M)/2

Unleaded Regular928287

MTBE119103111

Ethanol12996112.5

TAME11299105.5

ETBE119103111

Sheet1

000

000

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000

000

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MON

(R+M)/2

Sheet2

Sheet3

*Octane ratingCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Base petrol octane increase with ethanol blending 2/2

*Energy densityCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009 lower energy density than petrolEthanol:26750 kJ/kg Petrol:43000 kJ/kgcontains about 35% less energy fewer km per litre need for larger fuel tanks or more frequent refuelling 1/2

*Energy densityCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009For blends with ethanol concentration up to 60% the energy losses (20%) can be compensated by engine improvements2/2

*Water solubilityCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009 low molecular massEthanol46.07 gPetrol 100-105 gDiesel 200 g approx. 100% soluble in water highly polar compoundIf a small amount of water is present in an ethanol/petrol blend,the phases of the liquids are separated C2H5OH1/4

* ... , 2008Phase separation in an underground tankTanknology, Inc.Water solubility2/4

*Blend30% Alcohol65% Petrol5% Water

At temperaturesbelow 20 Cphase separationis observed Water solubilityFor smaller fractions of ethanol, much smaller quantities of water are required to cause phase separation

CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 20093/4

*Water solubilityCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 200915 CLess than a teaspoon (5ml) per litre4/4

*Implications of phase separationCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Phase separation of blends can lead to fuel line freezing or poor drivability.In flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs), the presence of water in the fuel mixture can cause the optical fuel sensor to malfunction, which could lead to drivability problems.This problem can be effectively controlled by the use of chemical additives.

*Latent heat of vaporizationCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009 much higher than petrolEthanol:842-930 kJ/kg Petrol:330-400 kJ/kg increases engine power increases the efficiency of the engine cold start problems

* higher than petrol H/C ratio Ethanol: 0.25 w/wPetrol: ~0.15 w/w ethanol produces a greater volume of gases per energy unit combusted higher mean cylinder pressures produces about 7% more work (Bailey, 1996)Ratio of product gases to reactants CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Blending with petrolCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Volume expansion for ethanol-petrol blends The output volume is greater than the sum of the volumes of the two liquids

*Effect of ethanol concentrationon Reid vapour pressureEthanolRVP=15-17 kPa

Petrol:RVP=50-100 kPa

Blends with low ethanol percentage have higher volatility than petrol!

Environmental impactsFurey, 1985VolatilityCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Volatility of ethanol/petrol blendsCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009 High volatility values contribute to the formation of too much vapour which can cause a decrease in fuel flow to the engine The symptoms can be loss of power or even the engine stopping

*Flame temperatureCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009 slightly lower than petrolEthanol:1930 C Petrol:1977 C higher thermal efficiency (reduced heat losses from the engine) lower NOx emissions

*The laminar flame speed of ethanol is higher than petrol for any Fuel-Air Equivalence ratioBrusstar & Bakenhus, 2005Laminar flame speedCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Performance (of optimized ethanol engines)CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009 Higher fuel and tank weight: 1% loss of the transport efficiency

Greater volume of combustion gas products:7% gain compared with petrol,1% compared with Diesel fuel

Higher octane rating:6% to 10% gain against petrol no difference against Diesel.

*PerformanceCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*PerformanceCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Brake torque and brake power

*PerformanceCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Fuel consumption

Chart1

44.6446.32

86.9784.97

51.251.86

58.2158.12

65.1966.12

43.9145.2

Petrol

E10

Fuel consumption [g/km]

Sheet1

Average emissions over WSL cyclesReduction due to ethanol?

VehicleEmissionGasoline (g/km)Ethanol (g/km)Reduction (%)95% limits (%)

1CO2140.8 0.7140.7 0.70.06%-1.33% to 1.43%140.8140.7

1CO0.40 0.040.34 0.0414.7%-13.7% to 36.9%0.40.34

1THC0.019 0.0020.022 0.003-13.3%-57.5% to 18.5%0.0190.022

1NOX0.059 0.0110.077 0.014-31.8%-121% to 21.4%0.0590.077

1PM1.69 0.58 *0.87 0.36 *48.2%-43.5% to 81.3%1.690.87

1Fuel cons. 44.64 0.2246.32 0.23-3.78%-5.19% to 2.40%44.6446.32

2CO2274.4 1.7257.9 1.66.03%4.44% to 7.59%274.4257.9

2CO0.81 0.080.76 0.076.3%-22.9% to 28.5%0.810.76

2THC0.029 0.0040.024 0.00317.5%-23.1% to 44.7%0.0290.024

2NOX0.009 0.0010.012 0.00226.3%-13.1% to 51.9%0.0090.012

2PM3.39 0.43 *1.87 0.25 *44.9%21.2% to 61.5%3.391.87

2Fuel cons. 86.97 0.5184.97 0.502.06%0.52% to 3.57%86.9784.97

3CO2157.4 0.9153.9 0.92.23%0.67% to 3.76%157.4153.9

3CO1.97 0.121.59 0.1019.2%4.1% to 32.0%1.971.59

3THC0.073 0.0040.069 0.0044.3%-11.8% to 18.1%0.0730.069

3NOX0.041 0.0130.027 0.00834.6%-52.1% to 71.8%0.0410.027

3PM3.05 0.83 *1.60 0.49 *47.5%-15.5% to 76.2%3.051.6

3Fuel cons. 51.20 0.3151.86 0.31-1.38%-3.00% to 0.22%51.251.86

4CO2183.5 2.1176.4 2.03.84%0.79% to 6.79%183.5176.4

4CO0.48 0.080.25 0.0446.5%13.0% to 67.1%0.480.25

4THC0.018 0.0020.015 0.00113.7%-9.3% to 31.9%0.0180.015

4NOX0.057 0.0070.063 0.008-10.2%-56.5% to 22.4%0.0570.063

4PM4.29 0.82 *1.22 0.23 *71.5%51.8% to 83.2%4.291.22

4Fuel cons. 58.21 0.6558.12 0.640.01%-3.01% to 2.93%58.2158.12

4Methane5.96 0.53 *5.12 0.46 *14.1%-10.1% to 33.0%5.965.12

41,3 butadiene0.07 0.01 *0.04 0.01 *35.4%-4.7% to 60.1%0.070.04

4Acetaldehyde0.08 0.03 *2.61 0.80 *-3030%-1250% to -7160%0.082.61

4Formaldehyde0.030 0.009 *0.024 0.007 *20.5%-76.8% to 64.3%0.030.024

5CO2202.4 1.8198.3 1.72.04%-0.38% to 4.40%202.4198.3

5CO1.69 0.191.45 0.1614.5%-15.9% to 37.0%1.691.45

5THC0.074 0.0050.066 0.00411.2%-7.1% to 26.3%0.0740.066

5NOX0.324 0.0170.342 0.017-5.6%-21.7% to 8.3%0.3240.342

5PM4.30 0.47 *3.30 0.36 *23.3%-3.5% to 43.1%4.33.3

5Fuel cons. 65.19 0.5766.12 0.57-1.52%-3.90% to 0.80%65.1966.12

5Methane21.5 0.9 *15.4 0.6 *28.3%19.8% to 35.9%21.515.4

51,3 butadiene0.39 0.05 *0.22 0.03 *43.6%18.9% to 60.8%0.390.22

5Acetaldehyde0.83 0.23 *1.15 0.34 *-39.1%-198% to 35.1%0.831.15

5Formaldehyde0.014 0.003 *0.009 0.002 *32.8%-16.3% to 61.2%0.0140.009

6CO2135.4 0.8136.9 0.8-1.09%-2.73% to 0.53%135.4136.9

6CO0.50 0.040.42 0.0416.6%-6.8% to 34.8%0.50.42

6THC0.062 0.0050.040 0.00334.8%19.2% to 47.4%0.0620.04

6NOX0.068 0.0040.077 0.004-13.1%-32.5% to 3.4%0.0680.077

6PM4.02 0.42 *2.99 0.31 *25.7%0.86% to 44.4%4.022.99

6Fuel cons. 43.91 0.7045.20 0.72-2.96%-7.44% to 1.33%43.9145.2

6Methane10.2 0.7 *10.7 0.7 *-4.4%-25.7% to 13.4%10.210.7

61,3 butadiene0.069 0.007 *0.072 0.007 *-4.0%-38.1% to 21.7%0.0690.072

6Acetaldehyde0.10 0.02 *0.61 0.13 *-537%-255% to -1044%0.10.61

6Formaldehyde0.018 0.003 *0.018 0.003 *4.1%-52.5% to 39.7%0.0180.018

* units are mg/km

minus sign = increase

The original fuel economy figures (Issue 1) have been changed to correct the error noted in the

foreword to this report.

Entries in bold are for those species for which the influence of fuel formulation was

statistically significant at a level of confidence greater than 95%.

CO2COTHCNOxPMFuel cons.Acetaldehyde

1Toyota Yaris140.8140.70.40.340.0190.0220.0590.0771.690.8744.6446.32

2Vauxhall Omega274.4257.90.810.760.0290.0240.0090.0123.391.8786.9784.97

3Fiat Punto157.4153.91.971.590.0730.0690.0410.0273.051.651.251.86

4Volkswagen Golf183.5176.40.480.250.0180.0150.0570.0634.291.2258.2158.120.082.61

5Rover 416202.4198.31.691.450.0740.0660.3240.3424.33.365.1966.12

6Toyota Yaris135.4136.90.50.420.0620.040.0680.0774.022.9943.9145.20.10.61

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*PerformanceCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Drivability cold start problemsdue to the higher vaporization energy of the blends

hot start problemsdue to vapour locking conditions caused by the increased volatility of ethanol blends under normal temperature conditionsthese drawbacks do not occur

*Performance of ethanol blendsCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*Important design parametersCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009compression ratioincreasing CR increases fuel economytendency to knock & higher NOx emissionscombustion chamber designcentrally located spark plug, 4-5 valves,high turbulence swirl etc.valve timinghigher valve overlap (performance at high speeds)smaller valve overlap (lower emissions at idle)fuel managementfuel injection has shown favorable results over carburetion when used in an alcohol burning engine

*Key operating parametersCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009equivalence ratio (=1/)lower equivalence ratio (lean burn conditions)better thermal efficiencylower HC & CO emissionshigher NOx emissionsspark advancethe influence of ignition timing on fuel consumptionis opposite to the influence on pollutant emissionsexhaust gas recirculationincreasing amount of EGR decreases NOx emissionsbut increases HC emissions and fuel consumption

*PerformanceCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Saab 9-5 2.0lt BioPower

PetrolE85Power [bhp]150180Torque [Nm]2402800-100 km/h [s]9.88.580-120 km/h 5th gear [s]14.912.6

Regulated emissionsCOHCNOx

*Exhaust emissionsCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009 (depends on the ethanol concentration)Greenhouse GasCO2

*Exhaust emissionsCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Unregulated emissionsmethanol & ethanolformaldehyde acetaldehydemethyl & ethyl nitrite benzene toluene particulate matter

*Exhaust emissionsCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

Chart2

0.40.34

0.810.76

1.971.59

0.480.25

1.691.45

0.50.42

Petrol

E10

CO [g/km]

Sheet1



1CO2140.8 0.7140.7 0.70.06%-1.33% to 1.43%140.8140.7

1CO0.40 0.040.34 0.0414.7%-13.7% to 36.9%0.40.34

1THC0.019 0.0020.022 0.003-13.3%-57.5% to 18.5%0.0190.022

1NOX0.059 0.0110.077 0.014-31.8%-121% to 21.4%0.0590.077

1PM1.69 0.58 *0.87 0.36 *48.2%-43.5% to 81.3%1.690.87

1Fuel cons. 44.64 0.2246.32 0.23-3.78%-5.19% to 2.40%44.6446.32

2CO2274.4 1.7257.9 1.66.03%4.44% to 7.59%274.4257.9

2CO0.81 0.080.76 0.076.3%-22.9% to 28.5%0.810.76

2THC0.029 0.0040.024 0.00317.5%-23.1% to 44.7%0.0290.024

2NOX0.009 0.0010.012 0.00226.3%-13.1% to 51.9%0.0090.012

2PM3.39 0.43 *1.87 0.25 *44.9%21.2% to 61.5%3.391.87

2Fuel cons. 86.97 0.5184.97 0.502.06%0.52% to 3.57%86.9784.97

3CO2157.4 0.9153.9 0.92.23%0.67% to 3.76%157.4153.9

3CO1.97 0.121.59 0.1019.2%4.1% to 32.0%1.971.59

3THC0.073 0.0040.069 0.0044.3%-11.8% to 18.1%0.0730.069

3NOX0.041 0.0130.027 0.00834.6%-52.1% to 71.8%0.0410.027

3PM3.05 0.83 *1.60 0.49 *47.5%-15.5% to 76.2%3.051.6

3Fuel cons. 51.20 0.3151.86 0.31-1.38%-3.00% to 0.22%51.251.86

4CO2183.5 2.1176.4 2.03.84%0.79% to 6.79%183.5176.4

4CO0.48 0.080.25 0.0446.5%13.0% to 67.1%0.480.25

4THC0.018 0.0020.015 0.00113.7%-9.3% to 31.9%0.0180.015

4NOX0.057 0.0070.063 0.008-10.2%-56.5% to 22.4%0.0570.063

4PM4.29 0.82 *1.22 0.23 *71.5%51.8% to 83.2%4.291.22

4Fuel cons. 58.21 0.6558.12 0.640.01%-3.01% to 2.93%58.2158.12

4Methane5.96 0.53 *5.12 0.46 *14.1%-10.1% to 33.0%5.965.12

41,3 butadiene0.07 0.01 *0.04 0.01 *35.4%-4.7% to 60.1%0.070.04

4Acetaldehyde0.08 0.03 *2.61 0.80 *-3030%-1250% to -7160%0.082.61

4Formaldehyde0.030 0.009 *0.024 0.007 *20.5%-76.8% to 64.3%0.030.024

5CO2202.4 1.8198.3 1.72.04%-0.38% to 4.40%202.4198.3

5CO1.69 0.191.45 0.1614.5%-15.9% to 37.0%1.691.45

5THC0.074 0.0050.066 0.00411.2%-7.1% to 26.3%0.0740.066

5NOX0.324 0.0170.342 0.017-5.6%-21.7% to 8.3%0.3240.342

5PM4.30 0.47 *3.30 0.36 *23.3%-3.5% to 43.1%4.33.3

5Fuel cons. 65.19 0.5766.12 0.57-1.52%-3.90% to 0.80%65.1966.12

5Methane21.5 0.9 *15.4 0.6 *28.3%19.8% to 35.9%21.515.4

51,3 butadiene0.39 0.05 *0.22 0.03 *43.6%18.9% to 60.8%0.390.22

5Acetaldehyde0.83 0.23 *1.15 0.34 *-39.1%-198% to 35.1%0.831.15

5Formaldehyde0.014 0.003 *0.009 0.002 *32.8%-16.3% to 61.2%0.0140.009

6CO2135.4 0.8136.9 0.8-1.09%-2.73% to 0.53%135.4136.9

6CO0.50 0.040.42 0.0416.6%-6.8% to 34.8%0.50.42

6THC0.062 0.0050.040 0.00334.8%19.2% to 47.4%0.0620.04

6NOX0.068 0.0040.077 0.004-13.1%-32.5% to 3.4%0.0680.077

6PM4.02 0.42 *2.99 0.31 *25.7%0.86% to 44.4%4.022.99

6Fuel cons. 43.91 0.7045.20 0.72-2.96%-7.44% to 1.33%43.9145.2

6Methane10.2 0.7 *10.7 0.7 *-4.4%-25.7% to 13.4%10.210.7

61,3 butadiene0.069 0.007 *0.072 0.007 *-4.0%-38.1% to 21.7%0.0690.072

6Acetaldehyde0.10 0.02 *0.61 0.13 *-537%-255% to -1044%0.10.61

6Formaldehyde0.018 0.003 *0.018 0.003 *4.1%-52.5% to 39.7%0.0180.018

* units are mg/km







1Toyota Yaris140.8140.70.40.340.0190.0220.0590.0771.690.8744.6446.32

2Vauxhall Omega274.4257.90.810.760.0290.0240.0090.0123.391.8786.9784.97

3Fiat Punto157.4153.91.971.590.0730.0690.0410.0273.051.651.251.86

4Volkswagen Golf183.5176.40.480.250.0180.0150.0570.0634.291.2258.2158.120.082.61

5Rover 416202.4198.31.691.450.0740.0660.3240.3424.33.365.1966.12

6Toyota Yaris135.4136.90.50.420.0620.040.0680.0774.022.9943.9145.20.10.61

Sheet1

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E10

CO [g/km]

Sheet2

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E10

THC [g/km]

Sheet3

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Gasoline

E10

NOx [g/km]

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E10

PM [g/km]

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Acetaldehyde [g/km]


Chart3

0.0190.022

0.0290.024

0.0730.069

0.0180.015

0.0740.066

0.0620.04

Petrol

E10

THC [g/km]

Sheet1



1CO2140.8 0.7140.7 0.70.06%-1.33% to 1.43%140.8140.7

1CO0.40 0.040.34 0.0414.7%-13.7% to 36.9%0.40.34

1THC0.019 0.0020.022 0.003-13.3%-57.5% to 18.5%0.0190.022

1NOX0.059 0.0110.077 0.014-31.8%-121% to 21.4%0.0590.077

1PM1.69 0.58 *0.87 0.36 *48.2%-43.5% to 81.3%1.690.87

1Fuel cons. 44.64 0.2246.32 0.23-3.78%-5.19% to 2.40%44.6446.32

2CO2274.4 1.7257.9 1.66.03%4.44% to 7.59%274.4257.9

2CO0.81 0.080.76 0.076.3%-22.9% to 28.5%0.810.76

2THC0.029 0.0040.024 0.00317.5%-23.1% to 44.7%0.0290.024

2NOX0.009 0.0010.012 0.00226.3%-13.1% to 51.9%0.0090.012

2PM3.39 0.43 *1.87 0.25 *44.9%21.2% to 61.5%3.391.87

2Fuel cons. 86.97 0.5184.97 0.502.06%0.52% to 3.57%86.9784.97

3CO2157.4 0.9153.9 0.92.23%0.67% to 3.76%157.4153.9

3CO1.97 0.121.59 0.1019.2%4.1% to 32.0%1.971.59

3THC0.073 0.0040.069 0.0044.3%-11.8% to 18.1%0.0730.069

3NOX0.041 0.0130.027 0.00834.6%-52.1% to 71.8%0.0410.027

3PM3.05 0.83 *1.60 0.49 *47.5%-15.5% to 76.2%3.051.6

3Fuel cons. 51.20 0.3151.86 0.31-1.38%-3.00% to 0.22%51.251.86

4CO2183.5 2.1176.4 2.03.84%0.79% to 6.79%183.5176.4

4CO0.48 0.080.25 0.0446.5%13.0% to 67.1%0.480.25

4THC0.018 0.0020.015 0.00113.7%-9.3% to 31.9%0.0180.015

4NOX0.057 0.0070.063 0.008-10.2%-56.5% to 22.4%0.0570.063

4PM4.29 0.82 *1.22 0.23 *71.5%51.8% to 83.2%4.291.22

4Fuel cons. 58.21 0.6558.12 0.640.01%-3.01% to 2.93%58.2158.12

4Methane5.96 0.53 *5.12 0.46 *14.1%-10.1% to 33.0%5.965.12

41,3 butadiene0.07 0.01 *0.04 0.01 *35.4%-4.7% to 60.1%0.070.04

4Acetaldehyde0.08 0.03 *2.61 0.80 *-3030%-1250% to -7160%0.082.61

4Formaldehyde0.030 0.009 *0.024 0.007 *20.5%-76.8% to 64.3%0.030.024

5CO2202.4 1.8198.3 1.72.04%-0.38% to 4.40%202.4198.3

5CO1.69 0.191.45 0.1614.5%-15.9% to 37.0%1.691.45

5THC0.074 0.0050.066 0.00411.2%-7.1% to 26.3%0.0740.066

5NOX0.324 0.0170.342 0.017-5.6%-21.7% to 8.3%0.3240.342

5PM4.30 0.47 *3.30 0.36 *23.3%-3.5% to 43.1%4.33.3

5Fuel cons. 65.19 0.5766.12 0.57-1.52%-3.90% to 0.80%65.1966.12

5Methane21.5 0.9 *15.4 0.6 *28.3%19.8% to 35.9%21.515.4

51,3 butadiene0.39 0.05 *0.22 0.03 *43.6%18.9% to 60.8%0.390.22

5Acetaldehyde0.83 0.23 *1.15 0.34 *-39.1%-198% to 35.1%0.831.15

5Formaldehyde0.014 0.003 *0.009 0.002 *32.8%-16.3% to 61.2%0.0140.009

6CO2135.4 0.8136.9 0.8-1.09%-2.73% to 0.53%135.4136.9

6CO0.50 0.040.42 0.0416.6%-6.8% to 34.8%0.50.42

6THC0.062 0.0050.040 0.00334.8%19.2% to 47.4%0.0620.04

6NOX0.068 0.0040.077 0.004-13.1%-32.5% to 3.4%0.0680.077

6PM4.02 0.42 *2.99 0.31 *25.7%0.86% to 44.4%4.022.99

6Fuel cons. 43.91 0.7045.20 0.72-2.96%-7.44% to 1.33%43.9145.2

6Methane10.2 0.7 *10.7 0.7 *-4.4%-25.7% to 13.4%10.210.7

61,3 butadiene0.069 0.007 *0.072 0.007 *-4.0%-38.1% to 21.7%0.0690.072

6Acetaldehyde0.10 0.02 *0.61 0.13 *-537%-255% to -1044%0.10.61

6Formaldehyde0.018 0.003 *0.018 0.003 *4.1%-52.5% to 39.7%0.0180.018

* units are mg/km







1Toyota Yaris140.8140.70.40.340.0190.0220.0590.0771.690.8744.6446.32

2Vauxhall Omega274.4257.90.810.760.0290.0240.0090.0123.391.8786.9784.97

3Fiat Punto157.4153.91.971.590.0730.0690.0410.0273.051.651.251.86

4Volkswagen Golf183.5176.40.480.250.0180.0150.0570.0634.291.2258.2158.120.082.61

5Rover 416202.4198.31.691.450.0740.0660.3240.3424.33.365.1966.12

6Toyota Yaris135.4136.90.50.420.0620.040.0680.0774.022.9943.9145.20.10.61

Sheet1

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E10

CO [g/km]

Sheet2

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E10

THC [g/km]

Sheet3

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Gasoline

E10

NOx [g/km]

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E10

PM [g/km]

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CO2 [g/km]

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E10

Acetaldehyde [g/km]


Chart4

0.0590.077

0.0090.012

0.0410.027

0.0570.063

0.3240.342

0.0680.077

Petrol

E10

NOx [g/km]

Sheet1



1CO2140.8 0.7140.7 0.70.06%-1.33% to 1.43%140.8140.7

1CO0.40 0.040.34 0.0414.7%-13.7% to 36.9%0.40.34

1THC0.019 0.0020.022 0.003-13.3%-57.5% to 18.5%0.0190.022

1NOX0.059 0.0110.077 0.014-31.8%-121% to 21.4%0.0590.077

1PM1.69 0.58 *0.87 0.36 *48.2%-43.5% to 81.3%1.690.87

1Fuel cons. 44.64 0.2246.32 0.23-3.78%-5.19% to 2.40%44.6446.32

2CO2274.4 1.7257.9 1.66.03%4.44% to 7.59%274.4257.9

2CO0.81 0.080.76 0.076.3%-22.9% to 28.5%0.810.76

2THC0.029 0.0040.024 0.00317.5%-23.1% to 44.7%0.0290.024

2NOX0.009 0.0010.012 0.00226.3%-13.1% to 51.9%0.0090.012

2PM3.39 0.43 *1.87 0.25 *44.9%21.2% to 61.5%3.391.87

2Fuel cons. 86.97 0.5184.97 0.502.06%0.52% to 3.57%86.9784.97

3CO2157.4 0.9153.9 0.92.23%0.67% to 3.76%157.4153.9

3CO1.97 0.121.59 0.1019.2%4.1% to 32.0%1.971.59

3THC0.073 0.0040.069 0.0044.3%-11.8% to 18.1%0.0730.069

3NOX0.041 0.0130.027 0.00834.6%-52.1% to 71.8%0.0410.027

3PM3.05 0.83 *1.60 0.49 *47.5%-15.5% to 76.2%3.051.6

3Fuel cons. 51.20 0.3151.86 0.31-1.38%-3.00% to 0.22%51.251.86

4CO2183.5 2.1176.4 2.03.84%0.79% to 6.79%183.5176.4

4CO0.48 0.080.25 0.0446.5%13.0% to 67.1%0.480.25

4THC0.018 0.0020.015 0.00113.7%-9.3% to 31.9%0.0180.015

4NOX0.057 0.0070.063 0.008-10.2%-56.5% to 22.4%0.0570.063

4PM4.29 0.82 *1.22 0.23 *71.5%51.8% to 83.2%4.291.22

4Fuel cons. 58.21 0.6558.12 0.640.01%-3.01% to 2.93%58.2158.12

4Methane5.96 0.53 *5.12 0.46 *14.1%-10.1% to 33.0%5.965.12

41,3 butadiene0.07 0.01 *0.04 0.01 *35.4%-4.7% to 60.1%0.070.04

4Acetaldehyde0.08 0.03 *2.61 0.80 *-3030%-1250% to -7160%0.082.61

4Formaldehyde0.030 0.009 *0.024 0.007 *20.5%-76.8% to 64.3%0.030.024

5CO2202.4 1.8198.3 1.72.04%-0.38% to 4.40%202.4198.3

5CO1.69 0.191.45 0.1614.5%-15.9% to 37.0%1.691.45

5THC0.074 0.0050.066 0.00411.2%-7.1% to 26.3%0.0740.066

5NOX0.324 0.0170.342 0.017-5.6%-21.7% to 8.3%0.3240.342

5PM4.30 0.47 *3.30 0.36 *23.3%-3.5% to 43.1%4.33.3

5Fuel cons. 65.19 0.5766.12 0.57-1.52%-3.90% to 0.80%65.1966.12

5Methane21.5 0.9 *15.4 0.6 *28.3%19.8% to 35.9%21.515.4

51,3 butadiene0.39 0.05 *0.22 0.03 *43.6%18.9% to 60.8%0.390.22

5Acetaldehyde0.83 0.23 *1.15 0.34 *-39.1%-198% to 35.1%0.831.15

5Formaldehyde0.014 0.003 *0.009 0.002 *32.8%-16.3% to 61.2%0.0140.009

6CO2135.4 0.8136.9 0.8-1.09%-2.73% to 0.53%135.4136.9

6CO0.50 0.040.42 0.0416.6%-6.8% to 34.8%0.50.42

6THC0.062 0.0050.040 0.00334.8%19.2% to 47.4%0.0620.04

6NOX0.068 0.0040.077 0.004-13.1%-32.5% to 3.4%0.0680.077

6PM4.02 0.42 *2.99 0.31 *25.7%0.86% to 44.4%4.022.99

6Fuel cons. 43.91 0.7045.20 0.72-2.96%-7.44% to 1.33%43.9145.2

6Methane10.2 0.7 *10.7 0.7 *-4.4%-25.7% to 13.4%10.210.7

61,3 butadiene0.069 0.007 *0.072 0.007 *-4.0%-38.1% to 21.7%0.0690.072

6Acetaldehyde0.10 0.02 *0.61 0.13 *-537%-255% to -1044%0.10.61

6Formaldehyde0.018 0.003 *0.018 0.003 *4.1%-52.5% to 39.7%0.0180.018

* units are mg/km







1Toyota Yaris140.8140.70.40.340.0190.0220.0590.0771.690.8744.6446.32

2Vauxhall Omega274.4257.90.810.760.0290.0240.0090.0123.391.8786.9784.97

3Fiat Punto157.4153.91.971.590.0730.0690.0410.0273.051.651.251.86

4Volkswagen Golf183.5176.40.480.250.0180.0150.0570.0634.291.2258.2158.120.082.61

5Rover 416202.4198.31.691.450.0740.0660.3240.3424.33.365.1966.12

6Toyota Yaris135.4136.90.50.420.0620.040.0680.0774.022.9943.9145.20.10.61

Sheet1

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CO [g/km]

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THC [g/km]

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E10

NOx [g/km]

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E10

Acetaldehyde [g/km]


Chart5

Toyota YarisToyota Yaris

Vauxhall OmegaVauxhall Omega

Fiat PuntoFiat Punto

0.082.61

Rover 416Rover 416

0.10.61

Petrol

E10

Acetaldehyde [g/km]

Sheet1



1CO2140.8 0.7140.7 0.70.06%-1.33% to 1.43%140.8140.7

1CO0.40 0.040.34 0.0414.7%-13.7% to 36.9%0.40.34

1THC0.019 0.0020.022 0.003-13.3%-57.5% to 18.5%0.0190.022

1NOX0.059 0.0110.077 0.014-31.8%-121% to 21.4%0.0590.077

1PM1.69 0.58 *0.87 0.36 *48.2%-43.5% to 81.3%1.690.87

1Fuel cons. 44.64 0.2246.32 0.23-3.78%-5.19% to 2.40%44.6446.32

2CO2274.4 1.7257.9 1.66.03%4.44% to 7.59%274.4257.9

2CO0.81 0.080.76 0.076.3%-22.9% to 28.5%0.810.76

2THC0.029 0.0040.024 0.00317.5%-23.1% to 44.7%0.0290.024

2NOX0.009 0.0010.012 0.00226.3%-13.1% to 51.9%0.0090.012

2PM3.39 0.43 *1.87 0.25 *44.9%21.2% to 61.5%3.391.87

2Fuel cons. 86.97 0.5184.97 0.502.06%0.52% to 3.57%86.9784.97

3CO2157.4 0.9153.9 0.92.23%0.67% to 3.76%157.4153.9

3CO1.97 0.121.59 0.1019.2%4.1% to 32.0%1.971.59

3THC0.073 0.0040.069 0.0044.3%-11.8% to 18.1%0.0730.069

3NOX0.041 0.0130.027 0.00834.6%-52.1% to 71.8%0.0410.027

3PM3.05 0.83 *1.60 0.49 *47.5%-15.5% to 76.2%3.051.6

3Fuel cons. 51.20 0.3151.86 0.31-1.38%-3.00% to 0.22%51.251.86

4CO2183.5 2.1176.4 2.03.84%0.79% to 6.79%183.5176.4

4CO0.48 0.080.25 0.0446.5%13.0% to 67.1%0.480.25

4THC0.018 0.0020.015 0.00113.7%-9.3% to 31.9%0.0180.015

4NOX0.057 0.0070.063 0.008-10.2%-56.5% to 22.4%0.0570.063

4PM4.29 0.82 *1.22 0.23 *71.5%51.8% to 83.2%4.291.22

4Fuel cons. 58.21 0.6558.12 0.640.01%-3.01% to 2.93%58.2158.12

4Methane5.96 0.53 *5.12 0.46 *14.1%-10.1% to 33.0%5.965.12

41,3 butadiene0.07 0.01 *0.04 0.01 *35.4%-4.7% to 60.1%0.070.04

4Acetaldehyde0.08 0.03 *2.61 0.80 *-3030%-1250% to -7160%0.082.61

4Formaldehyde0.030 0.009 *0.024 0.007 *20.5%-76.8% to 64.3%0.030.024

5CO2202.4 1.8198.3 1.72.04%-0.38% to 4.40%202.4198.3

5CO1.69 0.191.45 0.1614.5%-15.9% to 37.0%1.691.45

5THC0.074 0.0050.066 0.00411.2%-7.1% to 26.3%0.0740.066

5NOX0.324 0.0170.342 0.017-5.6%-21.7% to 8.3%0.3240.342

5PM4.30 0.47 *3.30 0.36 *23.3%-3.5% to 43.1%4.33.3

5Fuel cons. 65.19 0.5766.12 0.57-1.52%-3.90% to 0.80%65.1966.12

5Methane21.5 0.9 *15.4 0.6 *28.3%19.8% to 35.9%21.515.4

51,3 butadiene0.39 0.05 *0.22 0.03 *43.6%18.9% to 60.8%0.390.22

5Acetaldehyde0.83 0.23 *1.15 0.34 *-39.1%-198% to 35.1%0.831.15

5Formaldehyde0.014 0.003 *0.009 0.002 *32.8%-16.3% to 61.2%0.0140.009

6CO2135.4 0.8136.9 0.8-1.09%-2.73% to 0.53%135.4136.9

6CO0.50 0.040.42 0.0416.6%-6.8% to 34.8%0.50.42

6THC0.062 0.0050.040 0.00334.8%19.2% to 47.4%0.0620.04

6NOX0.068 0.0040.077 0.004-13.1%-32.5% to 3.4%0.0680.077

6PM4.02 0.42 *2.99 0.31 *25.7%0.86% to 44.4%4.022.99

6Fuel cons. 43.91 0.7045.20 0.72-2.96%-7.44% to 1.33%43.9145.2

6Methane10.2 0.7 *10.7 0.7 *-4.4%-25.7% to 13.4%10.210.7

61,3 butadiene0.069 0.007 *0.072 0.007 *-4.0%-38.1% to 21.7%0.0690.072

6Acetaldehyde0.10 0.02 *0.61 0.13 *-537%-255% to -1044%0.10.61

6Formaldehyde0.018 0.003 *0.018 0.003 *4.1%-52.5% to 39.7%0.0180.018

* units are mg/km







1Toyota Yaris140.8140.70.40.340.0190.0220.0590.0771.690.8744.6446.32

2Vauxhall Omega274.4257.90.810.760.0290.0240.0090.0123.391.8786.9784.97

3Fiat Punto157.4153.91.971.590.0730.0690.0410.0273.051.651.251.86

4Volkswagen Golf183.5176.40.480.250.0180.0150.0570.0634.291.2258.2158.120.082.61

5Rover 416202.4198.31.691.450.0740.0660.3240.3424.33.365.1966.12

6Toyota Yaris135.4136.90.50.420.0620.040.0680.0774.022.9943.9145.20.10.61

Sheet1

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

CO [g/km]

Sheet2

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

THC [g/km]

Sheet3

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

NOx [g/km]

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

PM [g/km]

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10


00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

CO2 [g/km]

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

Acetaldehyde [g/km]


Chart6

1.690.87

3.391.87

3.051.6

4.291.22

4.33.3

4.022.99

Petrol

E10

PM [g/km]

Sheet1



1CO2140.8 0.7140.7 0.70.06%-1.33% to 1.43%140.8140.7

1CO0.40 0.040.34 0.0414.7%-13.7% to 36.9%0.40.34

1THC0.019 0.0020.022 0.003-13.3%-57.5% to 18.5%0.0190.022

1NOX0.059 0.0110.077 0.014-31.8%-121% to 21.4%0.0590.077

1PM1.69 0.58 *0.87 0.36 *48.2%-43.5% to 81.3%1.690.87

1Fuel cons. 44.64 0.2246.32 0.23-3.78%-5.19% to 2.40%44.6446.32

2CO2274.4 1.7257.9 1.66.03%4.44% to 7.59%274.4257.9

2CO0.81 0.080.76 0.076.3%-22.9% to 28.5%0.810.76

2THC0.029 0.0040.024 0.00317.5%-23.1% to 44.7%0.0290.024

2NOX0.009 0.0010.012 0.00226.3%-13.1% to 51.9%0.0090.012

2PM3.39 0.43 *1.87 0.25 *44.9%21.2% to 61.5%3.391.87

2Fuel cons. 86.97 0.5184.97 0.502.06%0.52% to 3.57%86.9784.97

3CO2157.4 0.9153.9 0.92.23%0.67% to 3.76%157.4153.9

3CO1.97 0.121.59 0.1019.2%4.1% to 32.0%1.971.59

3THC0.073 0.0040.069 0.0044.3%-11.8% to 18.1%0.0730.069

3NOX0.041 0.0130.027 0.00834.6%-52.1% to 71.8%0.0410.027

3PM3.05 0.83 *1.60 0.49 *47.5%-15.5% to 76.2%3.051.6

3Fuel cons. 51.20 0.3151.86 0.31-1.38%-3.00% to 0.22%51.251.86

4CO2183.5 2.1176.4 2.03.84%0.79% to 6.79%183.5176.4

4CO0.48 0.080.25 0.0446.5%13.0% to 67.1%0.480.25

4THC0.018 0.0020.015 0.00113.7%-9.3% to 31.9%0.0180.015

4NOX0.057 0.0070.063 0.008-10.2%-56.5% to 22.4%0.0570.063

4PM4.29 0.82 *1.22 0.23 *71.5%51.8% to 83.2%4.291.22

4Fuel cons. 58.21 0.6558.12 0.640.01%-3.01% to 2.93%58.2158.12

4Methane5.96 0.53 *5.12 0.46 *14.1%-10.1% to 33.0%5.965.12

41,3 butadiene0.07 0.01 *0.04 0.01 *35.4%-4.7% to 60.1%0.070.04

4Acetaldehyde0.08 0.03 *2.61 0.80 *-3030%-1250% to -7160%0.082.61

4Formaldehyde0.030 0.009 *0.024 0.007 *20.5%-76.8% to 64.3%0.030.024

5CO2202.4 1.8198.3 1.72.04%-0.38% to 4.40%202.4198.3

5CO1.69 0.191.45 0.1614.5%-15.9% to 37.0%1.691.45

5THC0.074 0.0050.066 0.00411.2%-7.1% to 26.3%0.0740.066

5NOX0.324 0.0170.342 0.017-5.6%-21.7% to 8.3%0.3240.342

5PM4.30 0.47 *3.30 0.36 *23.3%-3.5% to 43.1%4.33.3

5Fuel cons. 65.19 0.5766.12 0.57-1.52%-3.90% to 0.80%65.1966.12

5Methane21.5 0.9 *15.4 0.6 *28.3%19.8% to 35.9%21.515.4

51,3 butadiene0.39 0.05 *0.22 0.03 *43.6%18.9% to 60.8%0.390.22

5Acetaldehyde0.83 0.23 *1.15 0.34 *-39.1%-198% to 35.1%0.831.15

5Formaldehyde0.014 0.003 *0.009 0.002 *32.8%-16.3% to 61.2%0.0140.009

6CO2135.4 0.8136.9 0.8-1.09%-2.73% to 0.53%135.4136.9

6CO0.50 0.040.42 0.0416.6%-6.8% to 34.8%0.50.42

6THC0.062 0.0050.040 0.00334.8%19.2% to 47.4%0.0620.04

6NOX0.068 0.0040.077 0.004-13.1%-32.5% to 3.4%0.0680.077

6PM4.02 0.42 *2.99 0.31 *25.7%0.86% to 44.4%4.022.99

6Fuel cons. 43.91 0.7045.20 0.72-2.96%-7.44% to 1.33%43.9145.2

6Methane10.2 0.7 *10.7 0.7 *-4.4%-25.7% to 13.4%10.210.7

61,3 butadiene0.069 0.007 *0.072 0.007 *-4.0%-38.1% to 21.7%0.0690.072

6Acetaldehyde0.10 0.02 *0.61 0.13 *-537%-255% to -1044%0.10.61

6Formaldehyde0.018 0.003 *0.018 0.003 *4.1%-52.5% to 39.7%0.0180.018

* units are mg/km







1Toyota Yaris140.8140.70.40.340.0190.0220.0590.0771.690.8744.6446.32

2Vauxhall Omega274.4257.90.810.760.0290.0240.0090.0123.391.8786.9784.97

3Fiat Punto157.4153.91.971.590.0730.0690.0410.0273.051.651.251.86

4Volkswagen Golf183.5176.40.480.250.0180.0150.0570.0634.291.2258.2158.120.082.61

5Rover 416202.4198.31.691.450.0740.0660.3240.3424.33.365.1966.12

6Toyota Yaris135.4136.90.50.420.0620.040.0680.0774.022.9943.9145.20.10.61

Sheet1

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

CO [g/km]

Sheet2

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

THC [g/km]

Sheet3

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

NOx [g/km]

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

PM [g/km]

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10


00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

CO2 [g/km]

00

00

00

00

00

00

Gasoline

E10

Acetaldehyde [g/km]

*Evaporative emissionsEthanol/petrol blends: VOC emissions increase due to the higher Reid vapour pressure Higher permeability due to the smaller molecule of ethanol Commingling effectVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from petrol fuelled vehicles in W. EuropeBrusstar & Bakenhus, 2005CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

Chart1

68

27

5

Sheet1

Exhaust pipe68

Evaporative27

Refuelling5

100

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

*Material compatibilityCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Ethanol is more corrosive than petrolMaterials that are degraded by high concentration ethanol blendsMetallic:brassaluminumlead-plated steel Non metallic:natural rubberpolyurethanecorkleatherPVCpolyamidescertain plastics

*Material compatibilityCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Compatible materials that should be usedMetallic:hard anodized aluminumsteel & stainless steelblack ironbronze Non metallic:polymer compoundsneoprene rubberfiberglassthermoplasticspolypropyleneTeflon

*Necessary modifications for Otto engines CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Not NecessaryProbably Necessary

*Engine deposits CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 20091.6L mpi 4spd Automatic 199785 060 km1.3L mpi 3spd Autom. 1996 125 811 km

*Engine deposits CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 20091997 Toyota Hilux 2.4L Carburetor115 418 km

*Fuel system performance CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 20091997 Toyota Hilux 2.4L Carburetor [115 418 km]Fuel Filter blocked after E5 for 20000 km and E10 for 10000 km

*Auto Manufacturer Warranty ExcerptsCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009BMW: Fuels containing up to and including 10% ethanol or other oxygenates with up to 2.8% oxygen by weight (i.e. 15% MTBE or 3% methanol) plus an equivalent amount of co-solvent) will not void the applicable warranties with respect to defects in materials or workmanship.

Honda: ETHANOL (ethyl or grain alcohol) - You may use petrol containing up to 10 percent ethanol by volume.

Hyundai: Gasohol (a mixture of 90% unleaded petrol and 10% ethanol or grain alcohol) may be used in your Hyundai.

Mazda: Petrol blended with oxygenates such as alcohol or ether compounds are generally referred to as oxygenated fuels. The common petrol blend that can be used with your vehicle is ethanol blended at no more than 10%.

*Auto Manufacturer Warranty ExcerptsCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Mercedes: Unleaded petrol containing oxygenates such as Ethanol, IPA, IBA, and TBA can be used provided the ratio of any one of these oxygenates to petrol does not exceed 10%, MTBE not to exceed 15%.

Toyota: Toyota allows the use of oxygenate blended petrol where the oxygenate content is up to 10% ethanol or 15% MTBE. If you use gasohol in your Toyota, be sure that it has an octane rating no lower than 87.

VW/Audi: Use of petrol containing alcohol or MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether)You may use unleaded petrol blended with alcohol or MTBE (commonly referred to as oxygenates) if the blended mixture meets the following criteria: Blend of petrol and ethanol (grain alcohol or ethyl alcohol) -Antiknock index must be 87 AKI or higher. -Blend must not contain more than 10% ethanol.


Ethanol use inDiesel fuelled vehicles

*e-DieselCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Blending Diesel fuel with ethanol is a relatively new idea compared to the petrol-ethanol blends.

These blends are referred as e-Diesel and there has been growing interest since the early 1980s.

The main reasons for using such blends are reduced dependence on petroleum and a reduction of some specific exhaust emissions.

Usually, the ethanol concentration is between 10% and 15%.

*e-DieselCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Points to be considered for Diesel-ethanol blends:Diesel and ethanol do not mix at temperatures below 10C. In order to overcome this drawback, emulsifiers or solvents are used in the blend. Higher risk of fire or explosion than with Diesel on its own. (use of flame arresters, electrical grounding of the tanks, common grounding of the vehicle and the fuel pump during refueling and use of intrinsically safe level detectors in the fuel tanks).

*e-DieselCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009e-Diesel has lower viscosity and lubricity (might have negative effects on C.I. internal combustion engines) but the research indicates that e-Diesel meets Diesel specifications The corrosiveness of e-Diesel is similar to pure Diesel and has the same effects on the engine components.

Ethanol has cetane number 8, which compared to the cetane number for Diesel (around 50) is very low. Therefore, because ethanol-Diesel blends have a decreased tendency to auto ignite, cetane enhancing additives must be used.

*e-DieselCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009e-Diesel decreases engine power. Studies show that for ethanol percentages of between 10-15%, there is a reduction in power of 4-10%.The effects on exhaust emissions are similar to the petrol blends. Reduction of CO 20% - 30% Reduction of particulate matter 20% - 40% No difference in NOx emissions Increase of HC emissions

*Flash pointAt common ambient temperatures, the vapor in a storage tank or vehicle fuel tank containing e-Diesel is flammable or explosive. The classification of the fuel needs to be changed from Class II (fuel) to Class I (flammable). Thus, the current diesel fuel infrastructure could not be used to handle e-Diesel.NREL, 2003CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

Chart1

-20-23

736

1329

1329

6486

Temperature C

Sheet1

Petrol-20-20-23

Methanol74336

Ethanol134229

E-Diesel134229

Diesel6415086

Sheet1

C

Sheet2

Sheet3


Study on the effects of ethanol

*Ethanol Lab testsCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009Location:TEI of Thessaloniki, Vehicles Dept., I.C.E. II LabTest Vehicle:Ford Escort 1.3 L Carburetor (no cat.)Test Fuels:Petrol New Super (E0), E10, E20, E50Chassis dynamometer data:Brake TorqueBrake PowerRevolutions per minuteAtmospheric pressure and air temperatureGas analyzer data:Carbon dioxide (CO2)Carbon monoxide (CO)Hydrocarbons (HC)Oxygen (O2)Nitrogen oxides (NOx)Balance data:Fuel consumptionCalculated values:Combustion chamber pressureLambda ()Specific fuel consumption

*Lab testsCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

*PowerCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

Chart1

16.950627035318.028072312817.900430955116.5444997401

18.595212094919.895770138220.06204838718.0827828195

24.789725045226.010382119726.119089925223.393728015

E0

E10

E20

E50

POWER kW

Chart2

129

101.5

259.7368421053

231.95

327.45

479.1578947368

333

902.25

1182.8421052632

1901.7777777778

2019.95

2255

Total

Sheet2

Average of NOx [ppm]

Total

0.748129

0.758101.5

0.788259.7368421053

0.801231.95

0.811327.45

0.845479.1578947368

0.849333

0.875902.25

0.9021182.8421052632

1.0021901.7777777778

1.0212019.95

1.0272255

Grand Total843.6345516569

Data

[kW] [Nm]R.P.M.CO [%]HC [ppm]Nox [ppm] -- [L/100km]CO [%]HC [ppm] [kW] [Nm]R.P.M.CO [%]HC [ppm]Nox [ppm] -- [L/100km]

E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.70.7488.429.272710.3012930 km/hE00.758E00.758E00.75830 km/h0.7580072738E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.7

E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.90.7588.579.042720.4310250km/hE00.748E100.829E100.82950km/h0.7477793832E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.8

E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.30.7889.407.722540.2526090km/hE00.788E200.865E200.86590km/h0.7877378878E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.4

E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.80.8019.717.212520.42232E100.801E501.017E3030 km/h0.8011353937E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.4

E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.40.81110.146.782250.28327E100.811E4050km/h0.8105598765E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.9

E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.60.84510.875.482110.32479E100.875E501.01790km/h0.8746160128E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.4

E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.40.84910.805.462120.44333E200.84930 km/h0.8485287067E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.8

E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.80.87511.564.511840.26902E200.84550km/h0.8446119515E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.7

E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.50.90212.183.551660.271183E200.90290km/h0.9024432612E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.3

E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.41.00213.470.921430.751902E501.00230 km/h1.001974829E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.6

E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.71.02113.520.611260.892020E501.02150km/h1.0206699569E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.5

E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.51.02713.190.78891.072255E501.02790km/h1.0268628882E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.5

E0E0E0E10E10E10E20E20E20E50E50E50

30km/h50 km/h90 km/h305090305090305090

2nd Gear3rd Gear4th Gear

[kW]17.018.624.818.019.926.017.920.126.116.518.123.4

[Nm]78.276.476.483.581.980.182.782.980.476.474.071.7

R.P.M.206923223094206323213084206623113103207223293104

0.7580.7480.7880.8010.8110.8750.8490.8450.9021.0021.0211.027

8.578.429.409.7110.1411.5610.8010.8712.1813.4713.5213.19

CO [%]9.049.277.727.216.784.515.465.483.550.920.610.78

HC [ppm]27227125425222518421221116614312689

0.430.300.250.420.280.260.440.320.270.750.891.07

1021292602323279023334791183190220202255

0.420.440.410.390.400.380.380.390.380.380.400.40

[L/100km]31.721.915.331.821.414.630.420.814.527.418.713.5

Data

E0

E10

E20

E50

[kW]

Data (EN)

E0

E10

E20

E50

[kW]

Data Colored

E0

E10

E20

E50

[Nm]

E0

E10

E20

E50

E0

E10

E20

E50

E0

E10

E20

E50

[kg/kWh]

E0

E10

E20

E50

[L/100km]

E0

E10

E20

E50

CO2 [%vol]

E0

E10

E20

E50

CO [%vol]

E0

E10

E20

E50

HC [ppm]

E0

E10

E20

E50

NOx [ppm]

E0

E10

E20

E50

O2 [%vol]

CO2

CO

O2

CO

CO2

O2

CO & CO2 [%]

O2 [%]

LAMBDA EFFECT ON CO, CO2 and O2 EMISSIONS

HC

NOx

HC

NOx

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]

LAMBDA INFLUENCE ON HC and NOx EMISSIONS

Lambda

Lambda vs Ethanol percentage

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

30 km/h

30 km/h

50 km/h

50 km/h

90 km/h

90 km/h

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]

Lambda influence on HC emissions


E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.70.7488.429.272710.3012930 km/hE00.758E00.758E00.75830 km/h0.7580072738E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.7

E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.90.7588.579.042720.4310250km/hE00.748E100.829E100.82950km/h0.7477793832E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.8

E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.30.7889.407.722540.2526090km/hE00.788E200.865E200.86590km/h0.7877378878E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.4

E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.80.8019.717.212520.42232E100.801E501.017E3030 km/h0.8011353937E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.4

E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.40.81110.146.782250.28327E100.811E4050km/h0.8105598765E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.9

E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.60.84510.875.482110.32479E100.875E501.01790km/h0.8746160128E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.4

E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.40.84910.805.462120.44333E200.84930 km/h0.8485287067E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.8

E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.80.87511.564.511840.26902E200.84550km/h0.8446119515E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.7

E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.50.90212.183.551660.271183E200.90290km/h0.9024432612E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.3

E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.41.00213.470.921430.751902E501.00230 km/h1.001974829E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.6

E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.71.02113.520.611260.892020E501.02150km/h1.0206699569E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.5

E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.51.02713.190.78891.072255E501.02790km/h1.0268628882E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.5

Lambda influence on HC and NOx emissions

E0E0E0E10E10E10E20E20E20E50E50E50

30km/h @2070rpm50 km/h @2320rpm90 km/h @3100rpm305090305090305090


[kW]17.018.624.818.019.926.017.920.126.116.518.123.4

[Nm]78.276.476.483.581.980.182.782.980.476.474.071.7

R.P.M.206923223094206323213084206623113103207223293104

0.7580.7480.7880.8010.8110.8750.8490.8450.9021.0021.0211.027

8.578.429.409.7110.1411.5610.8010.8712.1813.4713.5213.19

CO [%]9.049.277.727.216.784.515.465.483.550.920.610.78

HC [ppm]27227125425222518421221116614312689

0.430.300.250.420.280.260.440.320.270.750.891.07

1021292602323279023334791183190220202255

0.420.440.410.390.400.380.380.390.380.380.400.40

[L/100km]31.721.915.331.821.414.630.420.814.527.418.713.5

Lambda effect on CO, CO2 and O2 emissions

E0

E10

E20

E50

[kW]

E0

E10

E20

E50

POWER kW

E0

E10

E20

E50

TORQUE Nm

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

E0

E10

E20

E50

E0

E10

E20

E50

SFC kg/kWh

E0

E10

E20

E50

FUEL CONSUMPTION L/100km

E0

E10

E20

E50

CO2 %vol

E0

E10

E20

E50

CO %vol

E0

E10

E20

E50

HC ppm

E0

E10

E20

E50

NOx ppm

E0

E10

E20

E50

O2 %vol

CO2

CO

O2

CO

CO2

O2

CO & CO2 [%]

O2 [%]

HC

NOx

HC

NOx

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]

Lambda


E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

30 km/h

30 km/h

50 km/h

50 km/h

90 km/h

90 km/h

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]



E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.70.7488.429.272710.3012930 km/hE00.758E00.758E00.75830 km/h0.7580072738E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.7

E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.90.7588.579.042720.4310250km/hE00.748E100.829E100.82950km/h0.7477793832E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.8

E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.30.7889.407.722540.2526090km/hE00.788E200.865E200.86590km/h0.7877378878E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.4

E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.80.8019.717.212520.42232E100.801E501.017E3030 km/h0.8011353937E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.4

E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.40.81110.146.782250.28327E100.811E4050km/h0.8105598765E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.9

E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.60.84510.875.482110.32479E100.875E501.01790km/h0.8746160128E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.4

E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.40.84910.805.462120.44333E200.84930 km/h0.8485287067E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.8

E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.80.87511.564.511840.26902E200.84550km/h0.8446119515E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.7

E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.50.90212.183.551660.271183E200.90290km/h0.9024432612E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.3

E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.41.00213.470.921430.751902E501.00230 km/h1.001974829E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.6

E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.71.02113.520.611260.892020E501.02150km/h1.0206699569E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.5

E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.51.02713.190.78891.072255E501.02790km/h1.0268628882E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.5


E0E0E0E10E10E10E20E20E20E50E50E50



[kW]17.018.624.818.019.926.017.920.126.116.518.123.4

[Nm]78.276.476.483.581.980.182.782.980.476.474.071.7

R.P.M.206923223094206323213084206623113103207223293104

0.7580.7480.7880.8010.8110.8750.8490.8450.9021.0021.0211.027

8.578.429.409.7110.1411.5610.8010.8712.1813.4713.5213.19

CO [%]9.049.277.727.216.784.515.465.483.550.920.610.78

HC [ppm]27227125425222518421221116614312689

0.430.300.250.420.280.260.440.320.270.750.891.07

1021292602323279023334791183190220202255

0.420.440.410.390.400.380.380.390.380.380.400.40

[L/100km]31.721.915.331.821.414.630.420.814.527.418.713.5


E0

E10

E20

E50

[kW]

E0

E10

E20

E50

POWER kW

E0

E10

E20

E50

TORQUE Nm

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

E0

E10

E20

E50

E0

E10

E20

E50

SFC kg/kWh

E0

E10

E20

E50


E0

E10

E20

E50

CO2 %vol

E0

E10

E20

E50

CO %vol

E0

E10

E20

E50

HC ppm

E0

E10

E20

E50

NOx ppm

E0

E10

E20

E50

O2 %vol

CO2

CO

O2

CO

CO2

O2

CO & CO2 [%]

O2 [%]

HC

NOx

HC

NOx

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]

0.7580072738

0.8287704276

0.8651946398

E30

E40

1.016502558

Lambda


E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

272.2271.45253.5

251.9224.7184.25

211.8947368421210.7894736842165.8947368421

143.1052631579125.8588.7

30 km/h

30 km/h

50 km/h

50 km/h

90 km/h

90 km/h

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]


*TorqueCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

Chart3

78.2336632483.520474343182.741563603276.3719239188

76.41729882381.929608165282.940157611874.0497647875

76.41729882380.125291392780.404831383371.7408013929

E0

E10

E20

E50

TORQUE Nm

Chart2

129

101.5

259.7368421053

231.95

327.45

479.1578947368

333

902.25

1182.8421052632

1901.7777777778

2019.95

2255

Total

Sheet2


Total

0.748129

0.758101.5

0.788259.7368421053

0.801231.95

0.811327.45

0.845479.1578947368

0.849333

0.875902.25

0.9021182.8421052632

1.0021901.7777777778

1.0212019.95

1.0272255


Data


E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.70.7488.429.272710.3012930 km/hE00.758E00.758E00.75830 km/h0.7580072738E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.7

E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.90.7588.579.042720.4310250km/hE00.748E100.829E100.82950km/h0.7477793832E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.8

E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.30.7889.407.722540.2526090km/hE00.788E200.865E200.86590km/h0.7877378878E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.4

E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.80.8019.717.212520.42232E100.801E501.017E3030 km/h0.8011353937E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.4

E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.40.81110.146.782250.28327E100.811E4050km/h0.8105598765E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.9

E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.60.84510.875.482110.32479E100.875E501.01790km/h0.8746160128E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.4

E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.40.84910.805.462120.44333E200.84930 km/h0.8485287067E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.8

E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.80.87511.564.511840.26902E200.84550km/h0.8446119515E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.7

E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.50.90212.183.551660.271183E200.90290km/h0.9024432612E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.3

E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.41.00213.470.921430.751902E501.00230 km/h1.001974829E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.6

E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.71.02113.520.611260.892020E501.02150km/h1.0206699569E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.5

E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.51.02713.190.78891.072255E501.02790km/h1.0268628882E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.5

E0E0E0E10E10E10E20E20E20E50E50E50

30km/h50 km/h90 km/h305090305090305090


[kW]17.018.624.818.019.926.017.920.126.116.518.123.4

[Nm]78.276.476.483.581.980.182.782.980.476.474.071.7

R.P.M.206923223094206323213084206623113103207223293104

0.7580.7480.7880.8010.8110.8750.8490.8450.9021.0021.0211.027

8.578.429.409.7110.1411.5610.8010.8712.1813.4713.5213.19

CO [%]9.049.277.727.216.784.515.465.483.550.920.610.78

HC [ppm]27227125425222518421221116614312689

0.430.300.250.420.280.260.440.320.270.750.891.07

1021292602323279023334791183190220202255

0.420.440.410.390.400.380.380.390.380.380.400.40

[L/100km]31.721.915.331.821.414.630.420.814.527.418.713.5

Data

E0

E10

E20

E50

[kW]

Data (EN)

E0

E10

E20

E50

[kW]

Data Colored

E0

E10

E20

E50

[Nm]

E0

E10

E20

E50

E0

E10

E20

E50

E0

E10

E20

E50

[kg/kWh]

E0

E10

E20

E50

[L/100km]

E0

E10

E20

E50

CO2 [%vol]

E0

E10

E20

E50

CO [%vol]

E0

E10

E20

E50

HC [ppm]

E0

E10

E20

E50

NOx [ppm]

E0

E10

E20

E50

O2 [%vol]

CO2

CO

O2

CO

CO2

O2

CO & CO2 [%]

O2 [%]

LAMBDA EFFECT ON CO, CO2 and O2 EMISSIONS

HC

NOx

HC

NOx

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]

LAMBDA INFLUENCE ON HC and NOx EMISSIONS

Lambda


E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

30 km/h

30 km/h

50 km/h

50 km/h

90 km/h

90 km/h

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]



E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.70.7488.429.272710.3012930 km/hE00.758E00.758E00.75830 km/h0.7580072738E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.7

E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.90.7588.579.042720.4310250km/hE00.748E100.829E100.82950km/h0.7477793832E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.8

E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.30.7889.407.722540.2526090km/hE00.788E200.865E200.86590km/h0.7877378878E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.4

E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.80.8019.717.212520.42232E100.801E501.017E3030 km/h0.8011353937E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.4

E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.40.81110.146.782250.28327E100.811E4050km/h0.8105598765E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.9

E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.60.84510.875.482110.32479E100.875E501.01790km/h0.8746160128E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.4

E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.40.84910.805.462120.44333E200.84930 km/h0.8485287067E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.8

E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.80.87511.564.511840.26902E200.84550km/h0.8446119515E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.7

E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.50.90212.183.551660.271183E200.90290km/h0.9024432612E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.3

E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.41.00213.470.921430.751902E501.00230 km/h1.001974829E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.6

E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.71.02113.520.611260.892020E501.02150km/h1.0206699569E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.5

E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.51.02713.190.78891.072255E501.02790km/h1.0268628882E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.5


E0E0E0E10E10E10E20E20E20E50E50E50



[kW]17.018.624.818.019.926.017.920.126.116.518.123.4

[Nm]78.276.476.483.581.980.182.782.980.476.474.071.7

R.P.M.206923223094206323213084206623113103207223293104

0.7580.7480.7880.8010.8110.8750.8490.8450.9021.0021.0211.027

8.578.429.409.7110.1411.5610.8010.8712.1813.4713.5213.19

CO [%]9.049.277.727.216.784.515.465.483.550.920.610.78

HC [ppm]27227125425222518421221116614312689

0.430.300.250.420.280.260.440.320.270.750.891.07

1021292602323279023334791183190220202255

0.420.440.410.390.400.380.380.390.380.380.400.40

[L/100km]31.721.915.331.821.414.630.420.814.527.418.713.5


E0

E10

E20

E50

[kW]

E0

E10

E20

E50

POWER kW

E0

E10

E20

E50

TORQUE Nm

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

E0

E10

E20

E50

E0

E10

E20

E50

SFC kg/kWh

E0

E10

E20

E50


E0

E10

E20

E50

CO2 %vol

E0

E10

E20

E50

CO %vol

E0

E10

E20

E50

HC ppm

E0

E10

E20

E50

NOx ppm

E0

E10

E20

E50

O2 %vol

CO2

CO

O2

CO

CO2

O2

CO & CO2 [%]

O2 [%]

HC

NOx

HC

NOx

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]

Lambda


E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

30 km/h

30 km/h

50 km/h

50 km/h

90 km/h

90 km/h

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]



E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.70.7488.429.272710.3012930 km/hE00.758E00.758E00.75830 km/h0.7580072738E03017.078.220690.7588.579.042720.431020.4231.7

E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.90.7588.579.042720.4310250km/hE00.748E100.829E100.82950km/h0.7477793832E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.8

E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.30.7889.407.722540.2526090km/hE00.788E200.865E200.86590km/h0.7877378878E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.4

E103018.083.520630.8019.717.212520.422320.3931.80.8019.717.212520.42232E100.801E501.017E3030 km/h0.8011353937E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.4

E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.40.81110.146.782250.28327E100.811E4050km/h0.8105598765E05018.676.423220.7488.429.272710.301290.4421.9

E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.60.84510.875.482110.32479E100.875E501.01790km/h0.8746160128E105019.981.923210.81110.146.782250.283270.4021.4

E203017.982.720660.84910.805.462120.443330.3830.40.84910.805.462120.44333E200.84930 km/h0.8485287067E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.8

E205020.182.923110.84510.875.482110.324790.3920.80.87511.564.511840.26902E200.84550km/h0.8446119515E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.7

E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.50.90212.183.551660.271183E200.90290km/h0.9024432612E09024.876.430940.7889.407.722540.252600.4115.3

E503016.576.420721.00213.470.921430.7519020.3827.41.00213.470.921430.751902E501.00230 km/h1.001974829E109026.080.130840.87511.564.511840.269020.3814.6

E505018.174.023291.02113.520.611260.8920200.4018.71.02113.520.611260.892020E501.02150km/h1.0206699569E209026.180.431030.90212.183.551660.2711830.3814.5

E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.51.02713.190.78891.072255E501.02790km/h1.0268628882E509023.471.731041.02713.190.78891.0722550.4013.5


E0E0E0E10E10E10E20E20E20E50E50E50



[kW]17.018.624.818.019.926.017.920.126.116.518.123.4

[Nm]78.276.476.483.581.980.182.782.980.476.474.071.7

R.P.M.206923223094206323213084206623113103207223293104

0.7580.7480.7880.8010.8110.8750.8490.8450.9021.0021.0211.027

8.578.429.409.7110.1411.5610.8010.8712.1813.4713.5213.19

CO [%]9.049.277.727.216.784.515.465.483.550.920.610.78

HC [ppm]27227125425222518421221116614312689

0.430.300.250.420.280.260.440.320.270.750.891.07

1021292602323279023334791183190220202255

0.420.440.410.390.400.380.380.390.380.380.400.40

[L/100km]31.721.915.331.821.414.630.420.814.527.418.713.5


E0

E10

E20

E50

[kW]

E0

E10

E20

E50

POWER kW

E0

E10

E20

E50

TORQUE Nm

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

E0

E10

E20

E50

E0

E10

E20

E50

SFC kg/kWh

E0

E10

E20

E50


E0

E10

E20

E50

CO2 %vol

E0

E10

E20

E50

CO %vol

E0

E10

E20

E50

HC ppm

E0

E10

E20

E50

NOx ppm

E0

E10

E20

E50

O2 %vol

CO2

CO

O2

CO

CO2

O2

CO & CO2 [%]

O2 [%]

HC

NOx

HC

NOx

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]

0.7580072738

0.8287704276

0.8651946398

E30

E40

1.016502558

Lambda


E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

272.2271.45253.5

251.9224.7184.25

211.8947368421210.7894736842165.8947368421

143.1052631579125.8588.7

30 km/h

30 km/h

50 km/h

50 km/h

90 km/h

90 km/h

HC [ppm]

NOx [ppm]


*LambdaCarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive EngineeringAntwerp, October 2009

Chart4

0.75800727380.80113539370.84852870671.001974829

0.74777938320.81055987650.84461195151.0206699569

0.78773788780.87461601280.90244326121.0268628882

E0

E10

E20

E50

LAMBDA

Chart2

129

101.5

259.7368421053

231.95

327.45

479.1578947368

333

902.25

1182.8421052632

1901.7777777778

2019.95

2255

Total

Sheet2


Total

0.748129

0.758101.5

0.788259.7368421053

0.801231.95

0.811327.45

0.845479.1578947368

0.849333

0.875902.25

0.9021182.8421052632

1.0021901.7777777778

1.0212019.95

1.0272255


Data

CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering

Documents

Transcript of CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering