Cards Assignment

8/9/2019 Cards Assignment

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1

T$e Li"in. Constitution

1 Natural la( ! Go'<s or nature<s la( t$at 'e)ines ri.$t )rom (ron. an' is $i.$er t$an $uman la(

+ Se%aration o) %o(ers ! Constitutional 'i"ision o) %o(ers amon. t$e le.islati"e& e3ecuti"e& an'

7u'icial #ranc$es& (it$ t$e le.islati"e #ranc$ ma2in. la(& t$e e3ecuti"e a%%lyin. an' en)orcin. t$e la(&

an' t$e 7u'iciary inter%retin. t$e la(- C$ec2s an' #alances ! Constitutional .rant o) %o(ers t$at ena#les eac$ o) t$e t$ree #ranc$es o)

.o"ernment to c$ec2 some acts o) t$e ot$ers an' t$ere)ore ensure t$at no #ranc$ can 'ominate

0 Di"i'e' .o"ernment ! Go"ernance 'i"i'e' #et(een t$e %arties& es%ecially ($en one $ol's

t$e %resi'ency an' t$e ot$er controls one or #ot$ $ouses o) Con.ress

Direct %rimary ! Election in ($ic$ "oters c$oose %arty nominees

5 Initiati"e ! Proce'ure ($ere#y a certain num#er o) "oters may& #y %etition& %ro%ose a

la( or constitutional amen'ment an' $a"e it su#mitte' to t$e "oters

6 Re)eren'um ! Proce'ure )or su#mittin. to %o%ular "ote measures %asse' #y t$e le.islature or %ro%ose'

amen'ments to a state constitution

8 Recall ! Proce'ure )or su#mittin. to %o%ular "ote t$e remo"al o) o))icials )rom o))ice #e)ore t$e en'

o) t$eir term

: >u'icial re"ie( ! T$e %o(er o) a court to re)use to en)orce a la( or a .o"ernment re.ulation t$at int$e o%inion o) t$e 7u'.es con)licts (it$ t$e US Constitution or& in a state court& t$e state constitution

1; 4rit o) man'amus ! Court or'er 'irectin. an o))icial to %er)orm an o))icial 'uty

11 Im%eac$ment ! @ormal accusation #y t$e lo(er $ouse o) le.islature a.ainst a %u#lic o))icial& t$e )irst

ste% in remo"al )rom o))ice

1+ E3ecuti"e or'er ! Directi"e issue' #y a %resi'ent or .o"ernor t$at $as t$e )orce o) la(

1- E3ecuti"e %ri"ile.e ! T$e %o(er to 2ee% e3ecuti"e communications con)i'ential& es%ecially i) t$ey

relate to national security

10 Im%oun'ment ! Presi'ential re)usal to allo( an a.ency to s%en' )un's t$at Con.ress aut$ori,e' an'

a%%ro%riate'

POLITICAL BELIE@S AND BE?AVIORS

POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOG1 Political culture ! T$e (i'ely s$are' #elie)s& "alues& an' norms a#out $o( citi,ens relate to

.o"ernments

an' to one anot$er

+ Social ca%ital ! Democratic an' ci"ic $a#its o) 'iscussion& com%romise& an' res%ect )or 'i))erences&

($ic$ .ro( out o) %artici%ation in "oluntary or.ani,ations

- Natural ri.$ts ! T$e ri.$ts o) all %eo%le to 'i.nity an' (ort$/ also calle' $uman ri.$ts

0 Democratic consensus ! 4i'es%rea' a.reement on )un'amental %rinci%les o) 'emocratic

.o"ernance an' t$e "alues t$at un'er.ir' t$em

9a7ority rule ! Go"ernance accor'in. to t$e e3%resse' %re)erences o) t$e ma7ority5 Po%ular so"erei.nty ! A #elie) t$at ultimate %o(er resi'es in t$e %eo%le

6 American 'ream ! T$e (i'es%rea' #elie) t$at t$e Unite' States is a lan' o) o%%ortunity an'

t$at in'i"i'ual initiati"e an' $ar' (or2 can #rin. economic success

8 Ca%italism ! An economic system c$aracteri,e' #y %ri"ate %ro%erty& com%etiti"e mar2ets& economic

incenti"es& an' limite' .o"ernment in"ol"ement in t$e %ro'uction& 'istri#ution& an' %ricin. o) .oo's

an' ser"ices

: Su))ra.e ! T$e ri.$t to "ote

1; 9ono%oly ! Domination o) an in'ustry #y a sin.le com%any t$at )i3es %rices an' 'iscoura.es

com%etition/ also& t$e com%any t$at 'ominates t$e in'ustry #y t$ese means

11 Antitrust le.islation ! @e'eral la(s startin. (it$ t$e S$erman Act o) 18:; t$at trie' to %re"ent a



2

mono%oly )rom 'ominatin. an in'ustry an' restrainin. tra'e

1+ Political i'eolo.y ! A consistent %attern o) #elie)s a#out %olitical "alues an' t$e role o) .o"ernment

1- Li#eralism ! A #elie) t$at .o"ernment can an' s$oul' ac$ie"e 7ustice an' e*uality o) o%%ortunity

10 Conser"atism ! A #elie) t$at limite' .o"ernment insures or'er com%etiti"e mar2ets an'

%ersonal o%%ortunity

1 Socialism = An economic an' .o"ernmental system #ase' on %u#lic o(ners$i% o) t$e means o)

%ro'uction an' e3c$an.e15 Li#ertarianism ! An i'eolo.y t$at c$eris$es in'i"i'ual li#erty an' insists on minimal .o"ernment&

%romotin. a )ree mar2et economy& a noninter"entionist )orei.n %olicy& an' an a#sence o) re.ulation in

moral& economic& an' social li)e

16 En"ironmentalism ! An i'eolo.y t$at is 'ominate' #y concern )or t$e en"ironment #ut also

%romotes .rassroots 'emocracy& social 7ustice& e*ual o%%ortunity& non"iolence& res%ect )or 'i"ersity&

an' )eminism

PUBLIC OPINION& PARTICIPATION& AND VOTING1 Pu#lic o%inion ! T$e 'istri#ution o) in'i"i'ual %re)erences or e"aluations o) a .i"en issue& can'i'ate&

or institution (it$in a s%eci)ic %o%ulation

+ Ran'om sam%le ! In t$is ty%e o) sam%le& e"ery in'i"i'ual $as un2no(n an' ran'om c$ance o)

#ein. selecte'- 9ar.in o) error ! Rate o) error in a ran'om sam%lin. ! usually F= - )or a sam%le o) at least 1&;;

in'i"i'uals

0 Intensity ! ?o( stron.ly %eo%le )eel a#out certain %olitical issues

Latency ! Political o%inions t$at e3ist #ut $a"e not #een )ully e3%resse'

5 Salience ! E3tent to ($ic$ %eo%le #elie"e issues are rele"ant to t$em

6 Political sociali,ation = T$e %rocess ! most nota#ly in )amilies an' sc$ools ! #y ($ic$ (e 'e"elo%

our %olitical attitu'es& "alues& an' #elie)s

8 Attenti"e %u#lic ! T$ose citi,ens ($o )ollo( %u#lic a))airs care)ully

: Voter re.istration ! System 'esi.ne' to re'uce "oter )rau' #y limitin. "otin. to t$ose ($o

$a"e esta#lis$e' eli.i#ility to "ote #y su#mittin. t$e %ro%er 'ocuments

1; Australian #allot ! A secret #allot %rinte' #y t$e state

11 General election ! Elections in ($ic$ "oters elect o))ice$ol'ers



1+ Primary election ! Elections in ($ic$ "oters 'etermine %arty nominees

1- Presi'ential election ! Elections $el' in years ($en t$e %resi'ent is on t$e #allot

10 9i'term election ! Elections $el' mi'(ay #et(een %resi'ential elections

1 O))=year elections ! Elections $el' in o''=num#ere' calen'ar years

15 Turnout ! T$e %ro%ortion o) t$e "otin. a.e %u#lic t$at "otes& sometimes 'e)ine' as t$e

num#er o) re.istere' "oters t$at "ote

16 Party i'enti)ication ! An in)ormal an' su#7ecti"e a))iliation (it$ a %olitical %arty t$at most %eo%leac*uire in c$il'$oo'

18 Can'i'ate a%%eal ! ?o( "oters )eel a#out a can'i'ate<s #ac2.roun'& %ersonality& lea'ers$i% a#ility&

an' ot$er %ersonal *ualities

1: Pros%ecti"e issue "otin. ! Votin. #ase' on ($at a can'i'ate %le'.es to 'o in t$e )uture a#out anissue i) electe'

+; Retros%ecti"e issue o) "otin. ! ?ol'in. incum#ents& usually t$e %resi'ent<s %arty& res%onsi#le )or

t$eir recor's on issues& suc$ as t$e economy or )orei.n %olicy

CA9PAIGNS AND ELECTIONS1 @i3e' term ! len.t$ o) term in o))ice is s%eci)ie'& not in'e)inite

+ Sta..ere' term ! Not all o))ices are u% )or election at t$e same time/ t$is occurs in t$e Senate ($ere

1F- o) seats are u% )or reelection e"ery t(o years

- Lame 'uc2 ! A %olitician ($o cannot& or $as announce' $e or s$e (ill not& run a.ain0 4inner=ta2e=all system ! An election system in ($ic$ t$e can'i'ate (it$ t$e most "otes (ins

9a7ority ! Recei"in. more t$an $al) o) t$e "otes cast

5 Plurality ! Recei"in. t$e lar.est num#er o) "otes can #e less t$an $al)

6 Sin.le=mem#er 'istrict ! An electoral 'istrict in ($ic$ "oters c$oose one re%resentati"e or o))icial

8 Pro%ortional re%resentation ! Election system in ($ic$ eac$ %arty runnin. recei"es t$e

%ro%ortion o) le.islati"e seats corres%on'in. to its %ro%ortion o) t$e "ote

: Electoral colle.e ! Electoral system use' in electin. t$e %resi'ent an' "ice %resi'ent& in ($ic$ "oters

"ote )or electors %le'.e' to cast t$eir #allots )or %articular %arty<s can'i'ates

1; Sa)e seat ! Electe' o))ice t$at is %re'icta#ly (on #y one %arty or t$e ot$er& so t$e success o) t$e

%arty<s

can'i'ate is almost ta2en )or .rante'

11 Coattail e))ect ! T$e #oost t$at can'i'ates may .et in an election #ecause o) t$e %o%ularity o)

can'i'atesa#o"e t$em on t$e #allot& es%ecially t$e %resi'ent

1+ Caucus ! A meetin. o) local %arty mem#ers to c$oose %arty o))icials or can'i'ates )or %u#lic o))ice

an' to 'eci'e t$e %lat)orm

1- National %arty con"ention ! A national meetin. o) 'ele.ates electe' at %rimaries& caucuses& or state

con"entions ($o assem#le once e"ery )our years to nominate can'i'ates )or %resi'ent an' "ice

%resi'ent& rati)y t$e %arty %lat)orm& elect o))icers& an' a'o%t rules

10 Intereste' money ! @inancial contri#utions #y in'i"i'uals or .rou%s in t$e $o%e o) in)luencin. t$e

outcome o) t$e election an' su#se*uently in)luencin. %olicy

1 @e'eral Election Commission @EC ! A commission create' #y t$e 1:60 amen'ments to t$e

@e'eral Election Cam%ai.n Act to a'minister election re)orm la(s It consists o) si3 commissioners

a%%ointe' #y %resi'ent an' con)irme' #y t$e Senate Its 'uties inclu'e o"erseein. 'isclosure o)

cam%ai.n )inance in)ormation an' %u#lic )un'in. o) %resi'ential elections& an' en)orcin. contri#ution

limits15 So)t money ! Contri#utions to a state or local %arty )or %arty=#uil'in. %ur%oses

16 ?ar' money ! Donations ma'e to %olitical can'i'ates& %arty committees& or .rou%s ($ic$& #y la(&

are limite' an' must #e 'eclare'

18 Issue a'"ocacy ! Promotin. a %articular %osition or an issue %ai' )or #y interest .rou%s or in'i"i'uals#ut

not can'i'ates 9uc$ issue a'"ocacy is o)ten electioneerin. )or or a.ainst a can'i'ate& an' until +;;0

$a' not #een su#7ect to any re.ulation

1: +6 .rou%s ! Interest .rou%s or.ani,e' un'er section +6 o) t$e Internal Re"enue Co'e may a'"ertise)or



or a.ainst can'i'ates I) t$eir source o) )un'in. is cor%orations or unions& t$ey $a"e some restrictions on

#roa'cast a'"ertisin. +6 or.ani,ations (ere im%ortant in recent elections

+; In'e%en'ent e3%en'itures ! 9oney s%ent #y in'i"i'uals or .rou%s not associate' (it$

can'i'ates to elect or 'e)eat can'i'ates )or o))ice



Interest Groups1. Faction – A term the founders used to refer to political parties and special interests or interest

groups.

2. Pluralis – A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groupscan check the asserted power by any one group.

3. Interest !roup – A collection of people who share a common interest or attitude and seek

to inuence government for specic ends. !nterest groups usually work within theframework of government and try to achieve their goals through tactics such as lobbying.

". Mo"eent – A large body of people interested in a common issue, idea, or concern that isof continuing signicance and who are willing to take action. #ovements seek to changeattitudes or institutions, not $ust policies.

%. Open s#op – A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot bere&uired as a condition of employment.

'. Close$ s#op – A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be acondition of employment.

(. Free ri$er – An individual who does not to $oin a group representing his or her interests yetreceives the

benet of the group)s inuence.

*. Non!o"ernental or!ani%ation &NGO' – A nonprot association or group operating

outside of government that advocates and pursues policy ob$ectives.+. Fe$eral Re!ister – An ocial document, published every weekday, which lists the new

and proposed regulations of e-ecutive departments and regulatory agencies.1. aicus curiae (rie) – /iterally, a 0friend of the court brief, led by an individual or

organiation topresent arguments in addition to those presented by the immediate parties to a case.

11. Lo((*ist – A person who is employed by and acts for an organied interest group or

corporation to try to inuence policy decisions and positions in the e-ecutive and legislativebranches.

12. Lo((*in! – ngaging in activities aimed at inuencing public ocials, especiallylegislators, and the policies they enact.

13. Re"ol"in! $oor – mployment cycle in which individuals who work for governmental

agencies thatregulate interests eventually end up working for interest groups or businesses with the samepolicy concern.

1". Issue net+or – 4elationships among interest groups, congressional committees andsubcommittees, and the government agencies that share a common policy concern.

1%. Political action coittee &PAC' – 5he political arm of an interest group that islegally entitled to raise funds on a voluntary basis from members, stockholders, oremployees to contribute funds to

candidates or political parties.1'. -un$lin! – A tactic in which 6A7s collect contributions from like8minded individuals 9each

limited to

:2; and present them to a candidate or political party as a 0bundle, thus increasing the6A7)s inuence.

1(. So)t one* – <nlimited amounts of money that political parties previously could raise forparty8building purposes. =ow largely illegal e-cept for limited contributions to state and

local parties for voterregistration and get8out8the8vote e>orts.

1*. .ui$ pro /uo – ?omething given with the e-pectation of receiving something in return.

1+. In$epen$ent e0pen$itures – 5he ?upreme 7ourt has ruled that individuals, groups, andparties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for or against candidates as long as

they operate independently from the candidates. @hen an individual, group, or party doesso, they are making an independent e-penditure.



2. Issue a$"ocac* – <nlimited and undisclosed spending by an individual or group oncommunications that do not use words like 0vote for or 0vote against, although much of

this activity is actually about electing or defeating candidates.



21. 123 or!ani%ation – A political group organied under section %2( of the !4? code that mayaccept and spend unlimited amounts of money on election activities so long as they arenot spent on broadcast ads run in the last 3 days before a primary or ' days before ageneral election in which clearly identied candidate is referred to and a relevantelectorate is targeted.

Political Parties

1. Political part* – An organiation that seeks political power by electing people tooce so that its positions and philosophy become public policy.

2. Nonpartisan election – A local or $udicial election in which candidates are not selected orendorsed by political parties and party aliation is not listed on ballots.

3. Patrona!e – 5he dispensing of government $obs to persons who belong to the winningpolitical party.

". So)t one* – #oney raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party8buildingpurposes. =ow largely illegal e-cept for limited contributions to state or local parties forvoter registration and get8out8 the8vote efforts.

%. Har$ one* – 6olitical contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that arelimited in amounts and fully disclosed. 4aising such limited funds is harder than raising

unlimited funds, hence the term 0hard money.'. In$epen$ent e0pen$iture – 5he ?upreme 7ourt has ruled that individuals, groups, and

parties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for or against candidates as long asthey operate independently from the candidates. @hen an individual, group, or party doesso, they are making an independent e-penditure.

(. Hone*oon – 6eriod at the beginning of the new president)s term during which the

president en$oys generally positive relations with the press and 7ongress, usually lastingabout si- months.

*. Caucus – A meeting of local party members to choose party o>icials or candidates forpublic oce and to decide the platform.

+. Part* con"ention – A meeting of party delegates to vote on matters of policy and insome cases to select party candidates for public oce.

1. Direct priar* – lection in which voters choose party nominees.11. Open priar* – 6rimary election in which any voter, regardless of party, may vote.

12. Crosso"er "otin! – oting by member of one party for a candidate of another party.13. Close$ priar* – 6rimary election in which only persons registered in the party holding the

primary may vote.1". Proportional representation – An election system in which each party running receives

the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.1%. 4inner5tae5all s*ste – lection system in which the candidate with the most votes wins.

1'. Minor part* – A small political party that rises and falls with a charismatic candidate or, if

composed of ideologies on the right or left, usually persists over timeB also called a thirdparty.

1(. Li(ertarian part* – A minor party that believes in e-tremely limited government./ibertarians call for a free market system, e-panded individual liberties such as druglegaliation, and a foreign policy of nonintervention, free trade, and open immigration.

1*. Green part* – A minor party dedicated to the environment, social $ustice, nonviolence,

and the foreign policy of nonintervention. 4alph =ader ran as the Creen party)s nominee in2.

1+. Re)or part* – A minor party founded by 4oss 6erot in 1++%. !t focuses on nationalgovernment reform, fiscal responsibility, and political accountability. !t has recentlystruggled with internal strife and criticism that it lacks an identity.

2. Reali!nin! election – An election during periods of e-panded su>rage and change in theeconomy and

society that proves to be a turning point, redening the agenda of politics and the alignmentof voters within parties.

21. Laisse%5)aire econoics – 5heory that opposes governmental interference in economica>airs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.



22. 6e*nesian econoics – 5heory based on the principles of Dohn #aynard Eeynes,stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and thecurve during booms.

23. Di"i$e$ !o"ernent – Covernance divided between the parties, as when one holds thepresidency and the other controls one or both houses of 7ongress.



2". National part* con"ention – A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries,caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidatesfor president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect ocers, and adopt rules.

2%. Part* re!istration – 5he act of declaring party aliationB re&uired by some states when

one registers to vote.2'. Part* i$enti7cation – An informal and sub$ective afliation with a political party that most

people

ac&uire in childhood.2(. Deali!nent – @eakening of partisan preferences that points to a re$ection of both ma$orparties and a rise in the number of independents.

T#e Me$ia an$ Aerican Politics1. Mass e$ia – #eans of communication that are reaching the public, including

newspapers and magaines, radio, television 9broadcast, cable, and satellite;, lms,recordings, books, and electronic communication.

2. Ne+s e$ia – #edia that emphasie the news.

3. Issue a$"ocac* – 6romoting a particular position or an issue by interest groups orindividuals but not candidates. #uch issue advocacy is often electioneering for or against acandidate and, until 2" had not

been sub$ect to regulation.

". Political sociali%ation – 5he process by which we develop our political attitudes, values, andbeliefs.

%. Selecti"e e0posure – 5he process by which individuals screen out messages that donot conform to their own biases.

'. Selecte$ perception – 5he process by which individuals perceive what they want to inmedia messages.

(. Horse race – A close contestB by e-tension, any contest in which the focus is on who isahead and by how much rather than on substantive differences between the candidates.

7F=C4?? A=G 5H 64?!G=7I

CONGRESS1. 7onstituents – 5he residents of a congressional district or state.

2. 4eapportionment – 5he assigning by 7ongress of congressional seats after each census.?tate legislatures reapportion state legislative districts.

3. 4edistricting – 5he redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines followingthe census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as e&ual as possible inpopulation.

". Cerrymandering – 5he drawing of legislative district boundaries to benet a party, group,or incumbent.

%. ?afe seat – An elected oce that is predictably won by one party or the other, so the

success of that party)s candidate is almost taken for granted.'. !ncumbent – 5he current holder of the elected oce.

(. Jicameralism – 5he principle of a two8house legislature.

*. numerated powers – 5he powers e-pressly given to 7ongress in the 7onstitution.

+. ?peaker – 5he presiding ocer in the House of 4epresentatives, formally elected by theHouse but actually selected by the ma$ority party.

1. 6arty caucus – A meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to selectparty leaders and to develop party policy. 7alled a conference by the 4epublicans.



11. #a$ority leader – 5he legislative leader selected by the ma$ority party who helps plan partystrategy, confers with other party leaders, and tries to keep members of the party in line.

12. #inority leader – the legislative leader selected by the minority party as spokesperson forthe opposition.

13. @hip – 6arty leader who is the liaison between the leadership and the rank8and8le in thelegislature.

1". 7losed rule – A procedural rule in the House of 4epresentatives that prohibits anyamendments to bills or provides that only members of the committee reporting the billmay o>er amendments.

1%. Fpen rule – A procedural rule in the House of 4epresentatives that permits ooramendments within the overall time allocated to the bill.

1'. 6resident pro tempore – Fcer of the ?enate selected by the ma$ority party to act as chairin the absence of the vice president.

1(. Hold – A procedural practice in the ?enate whereby a senator temporarily blocks theconsideration of the bill or nomination.

1*. Kilibuster – A procedural practice in the ?enate whereby a senator refuses to relin&uish theoor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue.

1+. 7loture – A procedure for terminating debate, especially libusters, in the ?enate.2. ?enatorial courtesy – 6residential custom of submitting the names of perspective

appointees for approval to senators from the states in which the appointees are to work.

21. ?tanding committee – A permanent committee established in a legislature, usuallyfocusing on a policy area.

22. ?pecial or select committee – A congressional committee created for a specic purpose,sometimes to conduct an investigation.

23. Doint committee – A committee composed of members of both the House of4epresentatives and the ?enateB such committees oversee the /ibrary of 7ongress andconduct investigations.

2". armarks – ?pecial spending pro$ects that are set aside on behalf of individual members of

7ongress for their constituents.2%. ?eniority rule – A legislative practice that assigns the chair of the committee or

subcommittee to the member of the ma$ority party with the longest continuous service onthe committee.

2'. 7onference committee – 7ommittee appointed by the presiding ocers of each chamberto ad$ust di>erences on a particular bill passed by each in di>erent form.

2(. Gelegate – An ocial who is e-pected to represent the views of his or her constituentseven when personally holding di>erent viewsB one interpretation of the role of legislator.

2*. 5rustee – An ocial who is e-pected to vote independently based on his or her $udgment of the circumstancesB one interpretation of the role of the legislator.

2+. /ogrolling – #utual aid and vote trading among legislators.

3. Attentive public – 5hose citiens who follow public a>airs closely.31. Gischarge petition – 6etition that, if signed by ma$ority of the House of 4epresentatives)

members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the oor for consideration.

32. 4ider – A provision attached to a bill – to which it may or may not be related – in order tosecure its passage or defeat.

33. 6ocket veto – A veto e-ercised by the president after 7ongress has ad$ournedB if thepresident takes no action for 1 days, the bill does not become law and does not return to7ongress for possible override.

3". Fverride – An action taken by 7ongress to reverse the presidential veto, re&uiring a two8thirds ma$ority in each chamber.



T?E PRESIDENC1. 6arliamentary system – A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime

minister or president.

2. 6residential ticket – 5he $oint listing of the presidential and vice presidential candidates onthe same ballot as re&uired by the 5welfth Amendment.

3. 5reaty – A formal, public agreement between the <nited ?tates and one or more nationsthat must be approved by two thirds of the ?enate.

". -ecutive agreement – A formal agreement between the <.?. president and the leaders ofother nations that does not re&uire ?enate approval.

%. 7ongressional8e-ecutive agreement – A formal agreement between a <.?. president andthe leaders of other nations that ac&uires approval by both houses of 7ongress.

'. eto – A formal decision to re$ect the bill passed by 7ongress.

(. 6ocket veto – A formal decision to re$ect a bill passed by 7ongress after it ad$ourns – if7ongress ad$ourns during the ten days that the president is allowed in order to sign or vetolaw, the president can re$ect the law by taking no action at all.

*. 5ake care clause – 5he constitutional re&uirement 9in Article !!, ?ection 3; that presidents

take care that the laws are faithfully e-ecuted, even if they disagree with the purpose ofthose laws.

+. !nherent powers – 6owers that grow out of the very e-istence of government.

1. ?tate of the <nion Address – 5he president)s annual statement to 7ongress and the nation.

11. !mpeachment – Kormal accusation against a president or other public ocial, the rst stepin removal from oce.

12. -ecutive privilege – 5he right to keep e-ecutive communications condential, especially if they relate to =ational ?ecurity.

13. -ecutive orders – Kormal orders issued by the president to direct action by the Kederalbureaucracy.

1". !mpoundment 8 A decision by the president not to spend money appropriated by 7ongress,

now prohibited under Kederal law.1%. /ine item veto – 6residential power to strike, or remove, specic items from a spending bill

without vetoing the entire packageB declared unconstitutional by the ?upreme 7ourt.

1'. 7hief of sta> – 5he head of the @hite House sta>.

1(. -ecutive Fce of the 6resident – 5he cluster of presidential sta> agencies that help thepresident carry out his responsibilities. 7urrently the oce includes the Fce of#anagement and Judget, the 7ouncil of conomic Advisers, and several other units.

1*. Fce of #anagement and Judget 9F#J; – 6residential sta> the agency that serves as aclearinghouse for budgetary re&uests and management improvements for governmentagencies.

1+. 7abinet – Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the e-ecutive

departments, the vice president, and a few other ocials selected by the president.2. 4ally point – A rising public approval of the president that follows a crisis as Americans

0rally )round the ag and the chief e-ecutive.

21. #andate – A president)s claim of broad public support.

22. 7ycle of decreasing inuence – 5he tendency of presidents to lose support over time.

Cycle o) increasin. e))ecti"eness ! T$e ten'ency o) %resi'ents to learn more a#out 'oin. t$eir 7o#s o"er time

J<4A<74A7I A=G 5H D<G!7!A4I



T?E BUREAUCRAC1. Jureaucracy – A form of organiation that operates through impersonal, uniform rules and

procedures.

2. Jureaucrat – A career government employee.

3. Gepartment – <sually the largest organiation in government with the largest missionB alsothe highest rank in Kederal hierarchy.

". !ndependent agency – A government entity that is independent of the legislative,e-ecutive, and $udicial branches.

%. !ndependent regulatory commission – A government agency or commission with regulatorypower whose independence is protected by 7ongress.

'. Covernment corporation – A government agency that operates like a business corporation,created to secure greater freedom of action and e-ibility for a particular program.

(. ?enior -ecutive ?ervice – stablished by 7ongress in 1+(* as a e-ible, mobile corps ofsenior career e-ecutives who worked closely with presidential appointees to managegovernment.

*. ?poils system – A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists andfriends.

+. #erit system – A system of public employment in which selection and promotion dependon demonstrated performance rather than political patronage.

1. Fce of 6ersonnel #anagement 9F6#; – Agency that administers civil service laws, rules,and regulations.

11. Hatch Act – Kederal statute barring Kederal employees from active participation in certainkinds of politics and protecting them from being red on partisan grounds.

12. !mplementation – 5he process of putting a law into practice through bureaucratic rules orspending.

13. Administrative discretion – Authority given by 7ongress to the Kederal bureaucracy to usereasonable $udgment in implementing the laws.

1". 4egulations – 5he formal instructions that government issues for implementing laws.

1%. 4ule8making process – 5he formal process for making regulations.1'. <ncontrollable spending – 5he portion of the Kederal budget that is spent on programs,

such as ?ocial ?ecurity, that the president and 7ongress are unwilling to cut.1(. ntitlement programs – 6rograms such as unemployment insurance, disability relief, or

disability payments that provide benets to all eligible citiens.

1*. !nde-ing – 6roviding automatic increases to compensate for ination.1+. Fversight – /egislative or e-ecutive review of a particular government program or

organiation. 7an be in response to a crisis of some kind or part of routine review.2. 7entral clearance – 4eview of all e-ecutive branch testimony, reports, and draft legislation

by the Fce of #anagement and Judget to ensure that each communication to 7ongressis in accordance with the president)s program.

T?E >UDICIAR1. Dudicial review – 5he power of a court to refuse to enforce a law or government regulation that

in the opinion of the $udges conicts with the <.?. 7onstitution or, in a state court, the stateconstitution.

2. Adversary system – A $udicial system in which the court of law is a neutral arena where twoparties argue their di>erences.



". 4edistributive policy – A type of policy that takes benets 9usually through ta-es; from onegroup of Americans and gives them to another 9usually through spending;.

%. 4ule – 5he precise legal denition of how government will implement a policy.

'. !ron triangle – A policy8making alliance that involves a very strong ties among acongressional committee, an interest group, and a Kederal Gepartment or agency.

(. !ssue network – A policy8making alliance among loosely connected participants that comestogether on a particular issue, then disbands.

*. Kiscal policy – Covernment policy that attempts to manage the economy by controllingta-ing and spending.

+. #onetary policy – Covernment policy that attempts to manage the economy by controllingthe money supply and thus interest rates.

1. !nation – A rise in the general price level 9and decrease in dollar value; owing to anincrease in the volume of money and credit in relation to available goods.

11. <nemployment – 5he number of Americans who are out of work but actively looking for a $ob. 5he number does not usually include those who are not looking.

12. -cise ta- – 7onsumer ta- on a specic kind of merchandise, such as tobacco.

13. Gecit – 5he di>erence between the revenues raised annually from sources of income

other than borrowing and the e-penditures of government, including paying the interest onpast borrowing.

1". 5ari> – 5a- levied on imports to help protect the nation)s industries, labor, or farmers fromforeign competition. !t can also be used to raise additional revenue.

1%. 6rogressive ta- – A ta- graduated so that people with higher incomes pay larger fraction of their income than people with lower incomes.

1'. 4egressive ta- – A ta- whereby people with lower incomes pay a higher fraction of theirincome than people with higher incomes.

1(. =ational debt – 5he total amount of money the Kederal government has borrowed tonance decit spending over the years.

1*. Fce of #anagement and Judget 9F#J; – 6residential sta> agency that serves as a

clearinghouse for budgetary re&uests and management improvements for governmentagencies.

1+. 7ongressional Judget Fce 97JF; – An agency of 7ongress that analyes presidentialbudget recommendations and estimates the cost of proposed legislation.

2. ?ales ta- – Ceneral ta- on sales transactions, sometimes e-empting food and drugs.

21. alue8added ta- 9A5; – A ta- on increased value of the product at each stage ofproduction and distribution rather than $ust at the point of sale.

22. 5a- e-penditure – /oss of ta- revenue due to Kederal laws that provide special ta-incentives or benets to individuals or businesses.

23. #onetarism – A theory that government should control the money supply to encourageeconomic growth and restrain ination.

2". Kederal 4eserve ?ystem – 5he system created by 7ongress in 1+13 to establish bankingpractices and regulate currency in circulation and the amount of credit available. !t consistsof 12 regional banks supervised by the Joard of Covernors. Fften called simply the Ked.

2%. /aisse8faire economics – 5heory that opposes governmental interference in economica>airs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.

2'. Eeynesian economics 8 conomic theory based on the principles of Dohn #aynard Eeynesstating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbedduring booms.

2(. 5rade decit – An imbalance in international trade in which the value of imports e-ceedsthe value of e-ports.



2*. @orld 5rade Frganiation 9@5F; – !nternational organiation derived from the CeneralAgreement on 5ari>s and 5rade 9CA55; that promotes it free trade around the world.

2+. Ceneral Agreement on 5ari>s and 5rade 9CA55; – An international trade organiation withmore than 13 members, including the <nited ?tates and the 6eople)s 4epublic of 7hina,that seeks to encourage free trade by lowering tari>s and other trade restrictions.

3. =orth American Kree 5rade Agreement 9=AK5A; – Agreement signed by the <nited ?tates,7anada, and #e-ico in 1++2 to form the largest free trade one in the world.

31. 6rotectionism 8 6olicy of erecting trade barriers to protect domestic industry.

32. F>shoring – 5he practice of e-porting <.?. $obs to lower paid employees in other nations.

33. 4egulation – >orts by government to alter the free operation of the market to achievesocial goals such as protecting workers and the environment.

3". #onopoly 8 Gomination of an industry by a single companyB also the company thatdominates the industry.

3%. Antitrust legislation – Kederal laws 9starting with the ?herman Antitrust Act of 1*+; thattry to prevent a monopoly from dominating an industry and restraining trade.

3'. 5rust – A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reducecompetition.

3(. 7losed shop 8 A company with a labor agreement under which union membership is acondition of employment.

3*. <nion shop – A company in which new employees must $oin a union within a stated timeperiod.

3+. /abor in$unction – A court order forbidding specic individuals or groups from performingcertain acts 9such as striking; that the court considers harmful to the rights and property of an employer or community.

". 7ollective bargaining – #ethod whereby representatives of the union and employerdetermine wages, hours, and other conditions of employment through direct negotiation.

"1. nvironmental impact statement – ?tatement re&uired by Kederal law from all agencies forany pro$ect using Kederal funds to assess the potential a>ect of the new construction or

development on the environment."2. Geregulation – A policy promoting cutbacks in the amount of Kederal regulation in specic

areas of economic activity.

9AHING SOCIAL POLIC1. <nfunded mandates – 6rograms that the Kederal government re&uires ?tates to implement

without Kederal funding.

2. ntitlements – 6rograms such as unemployment insurance, disaster relief, or disabilitypayments that provide benets to all eligible citiens.

3. #eans8tested entitlements – 6rograms such as #edicaid and welfare under whichapplicants must meet eligibility re&uirements based on need.

". 6ublic assistance 8 Aid to the poorB 0welfare.

%. ?ocial insurance – 6rograms in which eligibility is based on prior contributions togovernment, usually in the form of payroll ta-es.

'. ?ocial ?ecurity – A combination of entitlement programs, paid for by employer andemployee ta-es, that includes retirement benets, health insurance, and support fordisabled workers and the children of deceased or disabled workers.

(. #edicare – =ational Health !nsurance program for the elderly and disabled.



*. #edicaid – Kederal program that provides medical benets for low8income persons.

+. Health maintenance organiation 9H#F; – Alternative means of health care in which peopleor their employers are charged a set amount and the H#F provides health care and covershospital costs.

1. #edical savings account – Alternative means of health care in which individuals make ta-8deductible contributions to a special account that can be used to pay medical e-penses.

9AHING @OREIGN AND DE@ENSE POLIC1. 4ealism – A theory of international relations that focuses on the tendency of nations to

operate from selnterest.

2. !dealism – A theory of international relations that focuses on the hope the nations will acttogether to solve international problems and promote peace.

3. !solationism – 5he desire to avoid international entanglement altogether.

". !nternationalism – 5he belief that nations must engage in international problem solving.

%. <nilateralism – A philosophy that encourages individual nations to act on their own whenfacing threats from other nations.

'. Jush Goctrine – A policy adopted by the Jush administration in 21 that assertsAmerica)s right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might beused against <.?. interests at home or abroad.

(. #ultilateralism – A philosophy that encourages individual nations tacked together to solveinternational problems.

*. Hard power – 5he reliance on economic and military strength to solve internationalproblems.

+. ?oft power – 5he reliance on diplomacy and negotiation to solve international problems.

1. 5heory of deterrence – A theory that is based on creating enough military strength to

convince other nations not to attack rst.11. @eapons of mass destruction – Jiological, chemical, or nuclear weapons that can cause a

massive number of deaths in a single use.

12. =ormal trade relations – 5rade status granted as part of an international trade policy thatgives a nation the same favorable trade concessions and tari>s that the best tradingpartners receive.

13. =ational !ntelligence Girector – 5he Kederal government)s primary intelligence ocer,responsible for overseeing all national intelligence agencies and providing advice to the6resident on terrorist threats.

1". Jipartisanship – A policy that emphasies a united front and cooperation between thema$or political parties, especially on sensitive foreign policy issues.

1%. conomic sanctions – Genial of e-port, import, or nancial relations with the target countryin an e>ort to change that nation)s policies.

Cards Assignment

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