Cardno HES OVC Tools Inventory
Transcript of Cardno HES OVC Tools Inventory
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AIDS Support and
Technical Assistance
Tools and Guidelines to Support Design andManagement of Household Economic
Strengthening Programs for OVCs
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Introduction
This document is intended to provide OVC and MED officers involved in the design,
implementation and evaluation of household economic strengthening programs for
OVCs access to recent and relevant tools, training manuals, and guidelines for such
programs. Tools and guidelines are organized around the Economic Strengthening
Pathway, a framework for understanding how to economically strengthen
households (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Economic Strengthening Pathway with Desired Outcomes
Jason Wolfe, Household Economic Strengthening in Tanzania: Framework for PEPFAR Programming.
USAID, 2009.
Rather than viewing economic strengthening as a single event - a household was
vulnerable and now it is not it is viewed as a pathway towards growth anddecreasing vulnerability. Such a pathway sees households progressing sequentially
through several key outcomes. The entry points in this pathway will depend on the
initial status of the target households, and the rate of progression will also depend
on the capacity, orientation, and motivations of each individual household.
In this document, tools, training manuals and guidelines are arranged below by
these key outcomes. Strengths and weaknesses of the tools and guidelines in the
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sense of their methodology and ease of use are also included. Separate sections
for M&E and cross-cutting (approaches that are applicable along the Economic
Strengthening Pathway) tools are included at the end.
Recover Assets and Stabilize Household Consumption
Household Economy Approach: A Guide for Programme Planners and
Policy Makers (Save the Children and FEG Consulting, 2008)
Description
The Household Economy Approach (HEA) is a livelihoods-based framework for
analyzing the way people obtain food, non-food goods and services, and how they
might respond to changes in their external environment - for example a negativeshock, such as a drought or crop failure, or a positive policy change, such as a cash
transfer scheme. It is a toolkit composed of 3 components A guide to HEA
(targeted at policy makers and program planners to under the methodology), A
Practitioners Guide to HEA (a practical how to guide for those participating in
field work and analysis of household economy assessments) and Trainers Guide
(targeted at those facilitating HEA trainings).
How it is used
HEA consists of a framework for analyzing household economy and market
information and field methods for collecting that information. The approachdistinguishes different livelihood zones within which households have similar
opportunities (usually determined by agro-ecological factors) and identifies linkages
between different livelihood zones. Variations of the basic model can be applied at a
local or national scale, for either rapid assessments or for more in-depth surveys.
Through direct discussions with different population groups including the very
poorest the approach allows us to understand their realities and priorities.
Strengths
Quantifies impacts on different types
of households (wealth groups) inobjective units (Kcals and /or in
money necessary to meet basic
needs).
Illustrates relationships between
household types
Weaknesses
Cannot capture heterogeneity of
impact within wealth groups
Weak on intra-household dynamics
and responses
High level of skill and training
required
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Demonstrates compounded effects of
different shocks which include
HIV/AIDS and macro-micro linkages
Can be adapted to urban households
Where do I get it?
Full publication not available online. It can be ordered through
Amazon.com. ISBN - 9781841871196
Build Self-Insurance Mechanisms and Protect Key Assets
Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA) Programme Guide:
Field Operations Manual (VSL Associates, 2007.)*
Description
This guide explains how village savings and loans associations (VSLA) can be
facilitated by project implementers. It describes how VSLAs operate and how they
interact and are complimentary to larger, formal microfinance institutions.
How it is used
The guide provides a 4 step approach to facilitating the start-up of a VSLA by
implementing partners. By the end of the 1 year period, a VSLA should be a fully
independent organization that is able to manage its own savings, credit and
insurance activities.
Strengths
Positions VSLA as complimentary to
other microfinance initiatives aimed
at asset growth and income
generation activities
Guide is available in English, French,
Portuguese, and Spanish
Applicable to low literacy settings
where formal record-keeping is spotty
Weaknesses
Use of the guide and software
program requires in depth training
of Field Workers
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Management Information System
captures data from VSLA that helps
to determine outcomes and impact
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free - http://www.vsla.net/
Principals of Program Design and Technical Recommendations for
Effective Field Interventions Field Report No.2 (Academy for
Educational Development, Save the Children. 2008)*
Description
This guide supports development practitioners in economic strengthening (ES) in
the areas of health epidemics, conflict, natural disasters, and poverty. Because ESrequires professionals from multiple sectors, there are gaps in the accessibility and
understanding of all the disciplines. This guide illustrates the facets of ES so that
donors and practitioners can be informed for their own practice. One component is
a series of principles for program design and implementation, the other is a set of
technical recommendations on how to implement specific ES activities in asset
growth and protection.
How it is used
The guide provides a number of specific approaches that can be used to foster
asset growth and protection including:
Group-based lending methodologies that pool the resources of caregivers
(and sometimes young people) to accumulate savings or distribute relatively
large sums of money to their members
Individual savings accounts opened in the name of children, or sometimes for
caregivers, to build cash assets
Initiatives linking households with institutions that provide low-cost insurance
to unserved or underserved participants. Health, life, disability, and loan
insurance are increasingly common. Micro insurance can reduce the impactof shocks and help households caring for vulnerable children afford health
services, provided that providers are available
Providing legal services or assisting in the process of protecting the assets of
orphans and vulnerable children, including land and property inheritance,
when parents die. Such programs may include encouraging birth registration,
assisting in preparing wills, and helping families plan for the future before the
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legal parents die
Strengths
The guide identifies the following
strengths of these approaches:
Involving participants who are too
poor and risk-averse to participate in
standard microfinance programs. This
intervention can be especially
effective for families affected by
HIV/AIDS
Promoting accounts with children
and allowing them to participate in
deposits.
Providing incentives to save and
regular reports on the growth of
savings balances. However, the
incentives should not be such that
households divert needed resources
for day-to-day life to the savings
account at the expense of the childs
welfare.
Weaknesses
The guide identifies the following
weaknesses or unsuccessful
implementation of such approaches:
Using facilitators who lack strong
skills in community mobilization,
training, and financial transactions.
Requiring significant fees or bank
charges that erode the savings
balance faster than it can
accumulate.
Maintaining, or handling, cashdeposits as part of a social service
project. To prevent mismanagement
or abuse, account holders should be
linked directly to formal deposit
mechanisms that ensure transaction
transparency.
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free -
http://www.aed.org/Publications/upload/FIELD.pdf
Smooth Household Consumption and Manage Household
Cashflow
Principals of Program Design and Technical Recommendations for
Effective Field Interventions Field Report No.2 (Academy for
Educational Development, Save the Children. 2008)*
Description
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The guide, along with other components, provides recommendations on how to
support businesses through microcredit.
How it is used
Provides methodology on how to collaborate with lending institutions to provide
group or individual loans to caregivers to start/grow a business. Generally known as
microcredit, this methodology is one element of the growing portfolio of financial
services provided by microfinance organizations.
Strengths
The guide identifies the following
strengths of these approaches:
Segmenting the market into the
types of participants to be reached
and conducting market research toensure that products and services are
designed to meet the needs of that
market segment.
Using personal guarantors to
pressure repayment or group
guarantees within a self-selected
group for populations unable to offer
collateral to secure a loan. Care must
be taken to ensure that these group
guarantees are manageable (the rest
of the members can, and indeed will,
pay for defaulters) and enforced.
Providing loan products with
flexible terms and/or short
emergency loans. Loan products
should always match the business
cycles of entrepreneurs so that
repayment is timed to occur when a
business has generated the expectedprofit.
Weaknesses
The guide identifies the following
weaknesses or unsuccessful
implementation of such approaches:
Banks and MFIs will have difficulty
targeting caregivers or householdswith vulnerable children directly.
Many beneficiaries of other, free,
social services do not understand
that the loan must be repaid. Offering
individual loans to program
participants without full disclosure of
loan terms and conditions, including
the importance of repayment, can be
counter-productive.
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free -
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http://www.aed.org/Publications/upload/FIELD.pdf
Smooth Household Income and Promote Asset Growth
Youth Livelihoods Development Program Guide (EducationDevelopment Center, EQUIP3, 2008)*
Description
Provides a framework for donors and implementers to design youth livelihood
programs. Based on extensive research carried out in Uganda, Morocco, the
Philippines, Haiti and the West Bank, the framework sees successful livelihood
development programs as reflecting actual youth realities and responding to the
existing goals, plans and strategies of young people themselves and their
community supporters (especially at the household and extended family levels).
Youth livelihood programs, which focus more on informal economies, act ascomplement to workforce development programs and are a strategic necessity for
national development, especially when delivered in careful coordination with
traditional investments in health, education, democracy and governance, and
economic growth activities.
How it is used
This Guide responds to the interest on the part of USAID and development
practitioners worldwide for a common language to describe youth livelihood
programs, and a practical set of suggestions and reference materials to improve
youth livelihood development practices and to expand programming in the field.
Strengths
Places youth livelihood along a
continuum of other economic
strengthening programs
Provides suggestions for relevant
socio-economic indicators
Encourages implementers to first
consider the goals and objectives ofbeneficiaries
Weaknesses
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free -
https://secure.edc.org/publications/prodview.asp?1860
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Principals of Program Design and Technical Recommendations for
Effective Field Interventions Field Report No.2 (Academy for
Educational Development, Save the Children. 2008)*
Description
The guide, along with other components, provides recommendations on how to
support income generating activities.
How it is used
Provides guidance on working with groups of caregivers (or, in some cases,
individuals) to design a project that produces income to be shared among group
members or generate personal income.
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Strengths
The guide identifies the following
strengths of these approaches:
Developing the capacity to
adequately train groups in the
activity and in project management.
Best practice models draw on the
expertise of others with skills in the
proposed new activity.
Using market mechanisms for
financial services and operation of
the income-generation activity (IGA).
For example, linking groups or
individuals to institutions specializedin providing loans is often better than
trying to finance new projects as an
NGO or community-based activity.
Weaknesses
The guide identifies the following
weaknesses or unsuccessful
implementation of such approaches:
Providing free provision of start-up
capital or assets, which at times
reduces commitment to making
the venture profitable. Some
projects have successfully
subsidized a portion of start-up
costs or training, but few group or
individual businesses that are
completely financed by the project
remain successful.
Relying on project staff of a multi-
sectoral initiative to deliver both
technical expertise (e.g., health
education) and advice and
guidance on income-generating
activities. Many projects use
community workers to identify
and provide services for
vulnerable children, but if these
professionals lack the required
experience and exposure to guide
participants in IGA activities,
businesses often fail.
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free -
http://www.aed.org/Publications/upload/FIELD.pdf
Savings and Internal Lending Communities (SILC): A Basis forIntegral Human Development (Catholic Relief Services, 2006)*
Description
Savings and Internal Lending Communities (SILC) is a holistic programming
approach that provides a strategy to increase low household income by providing
people, primarily women, with income generating opportunities through access to
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self-managed savings-led financial services. SILC has its roots in traditional Rotating
Savings and Credit schemes. Although they are efficient, transparent and an
economical form of financial intermediation, ROSCAs fail to provide the flexibility
people need for emergencies, consumption or business opportunities. The SILC
improves upon the methodology, taking communities one step further in creating
accessible, transparent and flexible Accumulating Savings and Credit Associations,or ASCAs that are user-owned and self-managed in the communities where
members reside.
How it is used
The SILC approach can be used by donors and implementing partners to design
programs that build and expand household income. SILC can be targeted at
households with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS (but not target young children).
Heads of households and OVC caregivers are able to join SILC groups and use their
financial services to start or expand businesses, buy seed or rent plots of land for
cultivation, purchase livestock, or manage household expenses.
Strengths
The SILC program provides
flexible and accessible financial
services in the community.
Group members have ownership
and control over their SILC.
SILCs are sustainable. SILC groups
normally graduate from the
service provider after one year
and continue operating on their
own.
SILC empowers women, cultivates
self-reliance and problem solving
based on local solutions.
Weaknesses
The amount available for loans is
small, especially at the beginning
(although some consider this an
advantage because it prevents
over-borrowing, especially in the
early stages of a groups life).
The short loan period limitsinvestment in long-term activities.
Loan funds are not always
available at appropriate times.
The groups that choose to
distribute all of their savings at
the shareout are obliged to start
over again, and have little capital
available for loans.
While the document provides a
number of intervention examples,
it does not provide a user-friendly,
step by step guide to begin
programming.
The lack of tailored counseling
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services to OVC who wish to
engage in vocational training
Methodology lacks an analysis of
local market opportunities in order
to provide a basis for giving betterdirection to OVC on scalable
business opportunities, ways for
skills development, and potential
job prospects after graduation
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free www.crsprogramquality.org
Expand Household Income and Consumption
Principals of Program Design and Technical Recommendations for
Effective Field Interventions Field Report No.2 (Academy for
Educational Development, Save the Children. 2008)*
Description
The guide, along with other components, provides recommendations on how to
support activities that generate jobs.
How it is used
Provides guidance on developing opportunities for older adolescents of legal
working age or OVC caregivers to earn income through paid employment. This
strategy is often most successful in a public-private partnership where apprentice
opportunities are created in the private sector, or jobs are developed and targeted
at households supporting vulnerable children.
Strengths
The guide identifies the following
strengths of these approaches:
Identifying sectors in growth
phase or with significant growth
potential that can provide long-
term jobs or training in high-
Weaknesses
The guide identifies the following
weaknesses or unsuccessful
implementation of such approaches:
Subsidizing short-term work that does
not build skills or longer-term gains
for the household. While this may
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potential sectors.
Evaluating skills gaps or
challenges faced by older youth
and caregivers before pursuing
employment opportunities (e.g.,illiteracy, need for childcare while
working, periods of sickness if
facing health crisis, etc.).
Finding out from private sector
counterparts the types of
knowledge, skills, and character
attributes they look for in
employees.
provide short-term income or fill in
gaps, it is not sustainable and the
household often returns to the same
situation once the job ends.
Providing jobs for caretakers ofchildren without a strategy to care for
the children while the worker is away
from home. Many social workers have
reported that accidents happen in the
home while adults are away and
children are left alone or cared for by
other young children.
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free -http://www.aed.org/Publications/upload/FIELD.pdf
End Market Research Toolkit: Upgrading Value Chain
Competitiveness with Informed Choice (USAID, 2008)*
Description
This toolkit informs implementers on the process and value ofEnd-market Researchefforts for Value Chain development, provides a portfolio of tools, and grounds
these tools through case studies of their practical application.
How it is used
The toolkit gives practitioners a solid but manageable intellectual base to
understand the different components of market research. It is divided between
secondary market research and primary market research. Decision making for
practitioners is facilitated around the 6 Cs Choice, Context, Channels, Customers,
Competitors, and Communication. Linear progression through the Two Phases and
Six Cs provides a clear roadmap for designing and implementing an effective andefficient End-market Research effort.
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Strengths
Provides actionable steps for
mission staff to take when
developing a value chain project
that includes OVCs
The approaches outlined can be
easily adapted to include OVCs
and caregivers
Weaknesses
The toolkit is not focused on OVCs
which may make is difficult for some
practitioners to draw parallels.
The terminology may be advanced
for those new to the value chain and
competitiveness fields
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free -
http://www.microlinks.org/ev_en.php?ID=39116_201&ID2=DO_TOPIC
Measuring Vulnerability and Project Results, Outcomes
and Impact
Poverty Assessment Tools (PAT) (IRIS Center at the University of
Maryland, 2005-2010)
Description
In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Microenterprise for Self-Reliance and
International Anti-Corruption Act which mandated that half of all USAID
microenterprise funds benefit the very poor. To verify that USAID meets this target,
USAID is required to develop and certify low-cost tools for assessing poverty status
of microenterprise beneficiaries for use by its implementing partners. While
primarily aimed at microenterprise beneficiaries, the Poverty Assessment Tool is a
quick, easy to implement survey that measures how poor households are OVC or
not. All results are reported to USAID through the Microenterprise Results Reporting
(MRR) system.
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How it is used
Poverty Assessment Tools (PATs) are country specific household surveys which
means that a select number of countries have one available. The surveys are
relatively short (approximately 20 minutes) that gather household data on
indicators that have been identified as the best practice of whether a given set ofhouseholds is very poor. Very poor is country specific and depends on the
legislative definition of extreme poverty in the country in questions. PATs are
implemented through partners implementing microenterprise programs.
Beforehand, mission staff and implementing partners are trained in the PAT
methodology and how to conduct the survey. While the PAT in its current form may
not be practical for OVC programming, its approach could be modified.
Strengths
Effective in measuring household
poverty status in relation to nationalfactors
Quick and easy to use for
implementing partners
Can be applied to various
households, including OVCs
Training is provided by the PAT
project. A dedicated online Help
Desk is offered for continual support
Weaknesses
It does not take into account the
effects of gender differences in thedesign and application
The PAT is not very effective in
adapting to intra-household
inequality
If a tool is not already developed for
your country, it can take months for it
to be developed, not including the
training involved.
Where do I get it?
Existing PATs are available for free here www.povertytools.org. PATs have been
developed for 29 countries, although many are not in sub-Saharan Africa. Missions
interested in having a PAT developed for their country should contact USAIDs Office
of Microenterprise Development.
Orphans and Vulnerable Children Wellbeing Tool: Users Guide
(Catholic Relief Services, 2009)*
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Description
The Orphans and Vulnerable Children Wellbeing Tool (OWT) is a fast, easy method
of securing data about the overall wellbeing of children in OVC programs.
Wellbeing is defined by 10 indicators or domains including food and nutrition,
health, education and economic opportunities. It was developed as a way toimprove both the quality and responsiveness of OVC programs by identifying and
responding to unmet needs and evolving circumstances which impact vulnerable
childrens lives. This is a users guide that was piloted during a comprehensive
evaluation of OVC programs funded by the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS
Relief (PEPFAR) in Haiti, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia.
How it is used?
Implementing partners can use the tool to as an impact indicator for OVC programs.
The tool is 36 questions long and takes approximately 20 minutes to administer.
Scoring can be done immediately or via a computer program. By collecting this self-report data over time, CRS anticipates being able to see patterns in its OVC
programs that will allow for real-time assessment and response to current issues
within the program.
Strengths
Provides programmers with
information from the childrens
perspective. OVC programs
consistently report that they wish to
involve the children in the programsand elicit their feedback
Easy-to-use, rapid tool that allows
programs to elicit direct feedback
from the children in the programs on
how they view their wellbeing
Covers multiple domains, providing
information not just on a childs
overall wellbeing, but also breaking
that information into segments. Inthis way, OVC programs can analyze
the data to determine which
interventions require additional
attention within the programs
Weaknesses
Requires an investment of time and
effort on translation
Not developed using an ethnographic
approach. It is completely possible
that communities in certain areas will
have a different understanding or
definition of what constitutes
wellbeing for the children in their
contexts
Because it is administered orally to
children, oral administration may
exert some pressure on respondents
to offer what they perceive as
desirable responses
May bring on negative feelings from
children, in which a plan for
psychosocial support will be needed
Where do I get it?
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Full guide can be downloaded for free www.crs.org
Child Status Index (MEASURE Evaluation Project, 2009)*
Description
The Child Status Index (CSI) is a new tool developed by a team of experts from the
USAID-funded Measure Evaluation project. It measures the psychological, physical,
and situational wellbeing of the OVC population. The index covers food and
nutrition; shelter and care; protecting health and psychosocial conditions; and
education and skills. Its application determines the impact of aid efforts and
provides policymakers with substantive assessments.
How it is used
Community workers collect information about orphans and vulnerable children bydirectly observing the children and their living quarters, and by interviewing
childrens guardians, neighbors, teachers, and children themselves. Community
workers then use that information to estimate childrens health in 10 outcome areas
relevant across cultures and stages of development: food security, shelter, care,
abuse, physical wellness, access to health care services, emotional health,
behavior, educational performance, and access to education. Scores range from 0
(no risk) to 3 (situation is very bad and may be urgent). Workers pool scores
together to provide assessments of childrens well being in six domains that can be
analyzed and tracked over time. The assessment also allows children in particular
need to be triaged for rapid interventions.
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Strengths
Overcomes flaw of other
M&E systems that merely focus on
HIV/AIDS-related issues
Overcomes flaw of M&E
systems that focus only on
services and not impact of aid
efforts
Provides a summary or
snapshot of the well-being
status for individual children and
the services they receive.
The tool is simple, reliable,
and user-friendly
Weaknesses
Community workers rely substantially
on their own powers of observation
and judgment, making it a very
subjective assessment
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free from the MEASURE Evaluation site -
http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/tools/child-health/child-status-index
Cross-Cutting Tools and Approaches
Promoting Early Childhood Development for OVC in Resource
Constrained Settings: The 5x5 Model (CARE International, 2006)
Description
CARE International designed the 5x5 model to illustrate and integrate the critical
needs of childhood development for OVC into a simplified holistic and replicable
program, capable of delivering early childhood development interventions. It
introduces methods particularly for resource constrained areas through community
based childcare centers, catering for the 2-8 year old age group. The model
describes strategies in five different levels of intervention and the expected areas ofimpact nutrition, child development, child rights protection, economic
strengthening, and health.
USAID and implementers can take the model and apply it to OVC interventions,
especially in young age groups, in their countries. The model views impact
happening at various levels of interventions individual child, caregiver/family,
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childcare settings, community, and national level.
Strengths
Highly comprehensive model that is
responsive to the needs of OVC
Quite sustainable due to the strong
emphasis of community ownership
The 5x5 model can be easily adapted
and contextualized
Weaknesses
Does not provide a step by step
approach on how to develop
programs around the model. Provides
examples of promising practices
though.
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free www.crin.org
Integrated Care for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children, a
Toolkit for Community Service Providers (Uganda Ministry of
Gender, Labour, and Social Development, 2005)*
Description
This document presents a toolkit developed by the OVC Secretariat of the Ministry
of Gender Labor and Social Development of Uganda with support from the AIDS
Integrated Model District Program implemented by JSI. It is an innovative way tosupport OVCs through community based organizations with practical tools that have
worked in Uganda and around the world. It provides guides, needs assessment
checklists, monitoring and evaluation indicators, models, behavior change
messages, and many suggestions for resources. The toolkit was intended for OVC
service providers at the community level such as CBOs, FBOs, NGOs, and other
organizations providing assistance to these types of organizations. The toolkit can
improve existing OVC services, plan new activities, and monitor and evaluate
services.
How it is used
OVC service providers can use the Toolkit to improve existing OVC services, plan
new activities, work more effectively with communities, volunteers and OVC,
monitor and evaluate their OVC services.
Strengths
Community service providers
Weaknesses
Toolkit is aimed primarily at
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strengthen community capacity to
support and advocate for vulnerable
children and their households
Help is given to vulnerable children
and households to make their owndecisions and help themselves
Communities are supported to take
the lead in their own strategies for
OVC care
community based organizations so it
may not be entirely relevant at the
donor level
Many of the suggestions and tools
were created in the context ofUganda. Still, many tools could be
adapted to specific country realities
Where do I get it?
Full guide can be downloaded for free
http://www.worlded.org/docs/Publications/training/integrated_care_for_ovc_toolkit.p
df
21
http://www.worlded.org/docs/Publications/training/integrated_care_for_ovc_toolkit.pdfhttp://www.worlded.org/docs/Publications/training/integrated_care_for_ovc_toolkit.pdfhttp://www.worlded.org/docs/Publications/training/integrated_care_for_ovc_toolkit.pdfhttp://www.worlded.org/docs/Publications/training/integrated_care_for_ovc_toolkit.pdf