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CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
BLOOD PRESSURE AND ITS REGULATION
DR SYED SHAHID HABIBMBBS DSDM FCPSAssociate ProfessorDept. of Physiology
College of Medicine & KKUH
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• Define blood pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
• List the factors affecting MAP• Describe Short term and long term control
of Blood Pressure
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lecture you should be able to
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Maximum pressure exerted in the arteries
when blood is ejected into them
during systole
(120 mm Hg)120 mm HgSystolic blood pressure
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Minimum pressure within the arteries
when blood is drained off from them
during diastole
(80 mm Hg)80 mm Hg
Diastolic blood pressure
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The difference
between
systolic and diastolic pressures
(120 - 80 = 40 mm Hg)
40 mm HgPulse pressure
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Average pressure which drives blood
forward into the tissues
80 + 13 = 93 mm Hg
diastolic pressure + (1/3 (systolic - diastolic pressure)
Mean Arterial Pressure
93 mm Hg
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Systolicpressure
Diastolicpressure
Pulsepressure
Meanpressure
Maximum pressure during systole
Minimum pressure during diastole
Systolic pressure diastolic pressure
Diastolic pressure (1/3 pulse pressure)
120mmHg
80 mmHg
40 mmHg
93 mmHg
Mean arterial pressure is the main driving force for blood flow
Arterial blood pressureBlood pressure is the force the blood exerts against
the walls of the blood vessels
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Mean arterialpressure
100 mm Hg 93 mmHgThe duration ofsystole is shorter
than that of the diastole
B e c a u s e
Mean pressure is the average pressure during cardiac cycle
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Normal Variations
• Age• Sleep • Posture• Exercise SBP increases and DBP is
mantained in mild to moderate. (Therefore DBP is more imp)
• Gravity
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• The pressure in any vessel below heart level is increased and above heart level is decreased by the effect of gravity.
• The magnitude of the gravitational effect is 0.77 mm
Hg/cm of vertical distance above or below the heart at the density of normal blood.
• In an adult human in the upright position, when the mean arterial pressure at heart level is 100 mm Hg, the mean pressure in a large artery in the head (50 cm above the heart) is 62 mm Hg (100 – [0.77 x 50])
• and the pressure in a large artery in the foot (105 cm below the heart) is 180 mm Hg (100 + [0.77 x 105]).
Effect of Gravity
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure
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F = Cardiac output (CO) P = Mean arterial pressure (MAP) R = Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
MAP CO TPR
MA P
CO = --------------- TP R
P F = --------------- R
Ohm’s Law
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Heart rate (chronotropic effect)
Activity of sympathetic
nerves to heart
Activity of parasympatheticnerves to heart
Plasma epinephrine
CO = SV X HR
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Force of Contraction (Inotropic Effect) Stroke volume
Activity of sympathetic
nerves to heart
Plasma epinephrine
End-diastolic ventricular volume
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P r4
Q = --------------------- 8 L
Q = Flow P = Pressure gradient r = Radius = Viscosity L = Length of tube /8 = Constant
Poiseuille’s Law
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Length of the blood vesselsremains unchanged
Viscosity of blood usually varies little
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Arteriolar
radius
No. ofRBC
PlasmaProteins
Major controlling factor
Total peripheral resistance
Elastcicity
Blood viscosity
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Elasticity depends on kinetic energy and PE. KE is responsible for expansion of Arterial Wall While PE is
responsible for elastic recoil.
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The major determinant of resistance and blood flow is
1
R ------- r4
the 4th power of the
Radius of the blood vessel
Resistance varies inversely with the caliber of the blood vessel
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Q P
A
B
50 mm Hg 10 mm Hg
P 40 mm Hg
90 mm Hg 10 mm HgP 80 mm Hg
Flow in vessel B is two times the flow in vessel A
because the P is two times more in vessel B
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Blood vessel - 1
Blood vessel - 2 (radius 2 the radius of vessel - 1
Flow = 1 ml / min.
Flow = (2 2 2 2) 16 ml / min.
Flow = (3 3 3 3) 81 ml / min.
Blood vessel - 3 (radius 3 the radius of vessel - 1
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Increase
in radius by two times
increases blood flow
by 16 times
Increase
in radius by two times
decreases resistance
by 16th time
Flow varies directly and resistance inversely with the 4th power of the radius
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Rich Sympathetic innervation
Resistance vessels
Suppliedwith thick
muscle coat
Aroundhalf millionsin number
Control Cap BF
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The pressure falls rapidly in the arteriolesThe magnitude of this pressure drop depends upon
the degree of arteriolar constriction or dilatation
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BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATING MECHANISMS
1. Short Term (Within few seconds)
2. Intermediate (Within few hours)
3. Long Term (Within few days)
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1. Vasoconstrictor area2. Vasodilator area3. Sensory area
VASOMOTOR CENTER (Area!)
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VASOMOTOR CENTER (Area!)1. A vasoconstrictor area located bilaterally in
the anterolateral portions of the upper medulla. exite vasoconstrictor neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.
2. A vasodilator area located bilaterally in the anterolateral portions of the lower half of the medulla. inhibit the vasoconstrictor area, thus causing vasodilation.
3. A sensory area located bilaterally posterolateral portions of the medulla and lower pons (tractus solitarius). Receive sensory nerve signals by vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves and output control activities of both the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator areas An example is the baroreceptor reflex
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Continuous Partial Constriction of the Blood Vessels Is Normally Caused by Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor Tone.
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CONTROL OF VMCReticular Substance of Brain Stem
HypothalamusPosterolateral portions Cause
Excitation. Anterior part can cause Excitation or Inhibition
Cerebral CortexMotor Cortex Cause Excitation
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Renalcompensation
Baroreceptor reflex
Short-termControl
Long-termcontrol
Control of blood pressure
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Baroreceptors
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Baroreceptor Reflex
Quick operation(within few seconds)
Influencesheart & blood vessels
Adjusts CO &TPR
to restore BP
to normal
Mediatedthroughautonomic nerves
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Renal Control
Slow operation(within hours to Days)
InfluencesKidneys & blood vessels
Adjusts urinary output and TPR
to restore BP
to normal
MediatedthroughKidneys Renin Angiotensin
aldosterone mechanism,
It is perfect100 %
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Components Of Baroreceptor Reflex Arc
Receptors
Afferents
Center
Efferents
Effectors
Baroreceptors in carotid sinuses & arch of aorta
Carotid sinus nerves & nerve from arch of aorta
Vasomotor Center in medulla oblongata
Sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves
Heart and blood vessels
Carotid sinus nerve runs along with glossopharyngeal nerve Aortic nerve runs along with vagus nerve
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COMPONENTS OF BARORECEPTOR REFLEX ARC
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Receptors
Afferents
Center
Efferents
Effectors
Baroreceptors
Increase Firing of Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves
Vasomotor Center in medulla oblongata
Sympathetic & parasympathetic firing
Heart and blood vessels
Stimulus
Effects
Increase in BP
¯ Heart rate and force of contraction and Vasodilatation BP
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Receptors
Afferents
Center
Efferents
Effectors
Baroreceptors
Minimal Firing of Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves
Vasomotor Center in medulla oblongata
Sympathetic & parasympathetic firing
Heart and blood vessels
Stimulus
Effects
Decrease in BP
Heart rate and force of contraction and Vasoconstriction BP
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MAP
Firing ofbaroreceptors
Sympathetic tone
HR
Cardiac output
MAP
SVVasodilatation
TPR
Vagal tone
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What shall be the effect of bilateral cutting of the carotid sinus nerves?
What shall be the effect of bilateralclamping of the carotid arteriesproximal to the carotid sinuses?
OR
?Can youguess !
Can youguess !
?Rise in blood pressure
and heart rate.Rise in blood pressure
and heart rate. !!Because the inhibitory control of sympathetic
is gone
Because the inhibitory control of sympathetic
is gone
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Pressure on the carotid sinus, produced, for example by the tight collar or carotid massage
marked bradycardia
vasodilatation
Fainting or syncope
cancause
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Transient loss of consciousness
Syncope
Associated with
Abrupt vasodilatation
Inadequate cerebral blood flow
Hypotension and bradycardia
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Pressure “Buffer” Function of the BaroreceptorControl System.
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Pressure “Buffer” Function of the BaroreceptorControl System.
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COTROL OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE IS ALSO BY
Chemoreceptors(Carotid and Aortic Bodies)
Atrial and Pulmonary Artery Reflexes(Low Pressure Receptors)
CNS Ischemic Response
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Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis
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Increased Fluid Volume Can Elevate ArterialPressure by Increasing Cardiac Output orTotal Peripheral Resistance
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Salt (NaCl) intake & Arterial Pressure Regulation
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MAP
Renin secretion
Angiotensin I
Vasoconstriction
TPR
Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin II
Salt & water Retention
ECF Volume
MAP
ACE in Lungs
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ACE synthesize Ang II (Vascoconstrictor) and Inactivates Bradykinin (Vasodilator)
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THANKS