TIME TO ACT Type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in Europe.
Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Syndrome...Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Syndrome Robert...
Transcript of Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Syndrome...Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Syndrome Robert...
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Cardiovascular Diseaseand
Metabolic Syndrome
Robert B. Weber, MD, FACC4340 Overland Avenue
Culver City, CA 90230
Phone 310 558-9777 Fax 310 558-9778
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Teaching Objectives of the Presentation:
• Review of the AMA Guides’ 5th Edition impairment tables for cardiovascular impairment rating
• Overview of the heart anatomy
• Understand the basics of how the heart functions
• Overview of the most common Workers’ Compensation cardiovascular claims
• Learn the symptoms and criteria of Metabolic Syndrome
• Treatment Recommendations for Metabolic Syndrome
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AMA Guides - Table 3-6a page 36
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AMA Guides - Table 3-9 page 47
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AMA Guides - Table 3-11 page 56
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ANATOMY OF THE HEART
How the heart functions:
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Left Ventricular Hypertophy
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Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
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Diastolic Dysfunction
• Diastolic dysfunction may contribute to the signs and symptoms of heart failure (HF), but quantifying the degree of dysfunction is problematic. Diastolic dysfunction is usually diagnosed clinically by elevated filling pressures that result in HF in the absence of systolic dysfunction or valvular abnormalities.
• Echocardiography with cardiac Doppler is emerging as an accepted tool for the assessment of diastolic function.
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Table 4-2 page 66 Hypertensive Cardiovascular DiseaseTable 4-2 Criteria for Rating Permanent Impairment Due to Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease Class 1
0% – 9% Impairment of
the Whole Person
Asymptomatic; stage 1 or
2 hypertension without
medications
or
Normal blood pressure
on anti-hypertensive
medication
and
no evidence of
end-organ damage
Class 2
10% - 29% Impairment
of the Whole Person
Asymptomatic; stage 1 or
2 hypertension despite
multiple medications
or
antihypertensive
medication with any of
the following: (1)
proteinuria, urinary
sediment abnormalities,
no renal function
impairment as measured
by the blood urea
nitrogen (BUN) and
serum creatinine; (2)
definite hypertensive
changes on funduscopic
examination in arterioles,
eg, “copper” or “silver
wiring,” or arteriovenous
crossing changes with
our without hemorrhages
and exudates; either
abnormality suggests
end-organ damage
Class 3
30% - 49% Impairment
of the Whole Person
Asymptomatic; stage 3
hypertension despite
multiple medications
or
antihypertensive
medication with any of
the following: (1)
proteinuria, urinary
sediment abnormalities,
renal function impairment
as measured by the BUN
and serum creatinine,
and a decreased
creatinine clearance of
20% - 50% normal; (2)
LV hypertrophy by ECG
or echocardiography but
no symptoms of HF;
either abnormality
suggests more extensive
end-organ damage
Class 4
50% - 100% Impairment
of the Whole Person
Antihypertensive
medication with stages
1 - 3 and any of the
following abnormalities:
(1) proteinuria, urinary
sediment abnormalities,
renal function impairment
as measured by the BUN
and serum creatinine,
and a creatinine
clearance <20% normal;
(2) hypertensive
cerebrovascular damage
or episodic hypertensive
encephalopathy; (3) LV
hypertrophy, systolic
dysfunction, and/or signs
and symptoms of HF due
to hypertension
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COMMON DIAGNOSES IN WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
• Coronary Artery Disease• Clinical Consequences
• Angina (Chest Pain/Pressure)• Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)• Sudden Cardiac Death• Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
• Hypertensive Heart Disease• Congestive Heart Failure
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DIAGNOSES LESS COMMONLY FOUND IN WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
• Cardiomyopathy• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy• Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Arrhythmias• Atrial premature complexes• Ventricular premature complexes• Atrial Fibrillation• Recurrent (Paroxysmal Ventricular
Tachycardia)
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Table 3-6a page 36
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AMA Guides – 3.4 Congenital Heart Disease – page 42
• Recently surgical procedures designed to correct or improve the circulation of infants and children with congenital cardiac disorders have allowed many of the children to live to adulthood. Many of these surgically treated patients continue to have less than normal functioning of the heart and circulation and are therefore impaired.
• Congenital heart disease may be recognized by medical history and physical examination, but often the exact diagnosis and the individual’s functional impairment require special studies, including ECG, chest roentgenogram, radioisotope studies, echocardiography, hemodynamic measurements, and angiography.
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Activities of Daily Living and Impact on Impairment Rating for Cardiovascular Disease
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ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING Table 1-2 page 4
Activity Example
Self-care, personal hygiene Urinating, defecating, brushing teeth, combing hair, bathing, dressing oneself, eating
Communication Writing, typing, seeing, hearing, speaking
Physical activity Standing, sitting, reclining, walking, climbing stairs
Sensory function Hearing, seeing, tactile feeling, tasting, smelling
Nonspecialized hand activities Grasping, lifting, tactile discrimination
Travel Riding, driving, flying
Sexual function Orgasm, ejaculation, lubrication, erection
Sleep Restful, nocturnal sleep pattern
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Metabolic Syndrome
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Criterion Definition
Abdominal Obesity Waist CircumferenceMen > 40 in. (>102 cm)Women > 35 in. (>88 cm)
Hypertriglyceridemia >150 mg/dL
Low HDL-C Men, <40 mg/dLWomen, <50 mg/dL
High blood pressure >130/85 mmHg
High fasting glucose >110 mg/dL
Diagnostic Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome *
*Diagnosis based on presence of three of five factors.Source: Reference 6
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Metabolic Syndrome
• Criteria:
• Need 3 of 5 factors to diagnose the
condition
• Increasingly recognized that these physical
findings and laboratory abnormalities in
combination represent a condition called
“Metabolic Syndrome”.
• This syndrome is associated with an
increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Sleep Deprivation
• Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea
• Insomnia
• Can have multiple causes
• Interference of Pain
• Medication side effects
• Emotional etiologies
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The Influence of Sex Hormones on Cardiovascular Health and Metabolism
Recent research on effects of hormonal imbalance
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How to Manage a Claim File for an Injured Worker Diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome:
• Important considerations to value when manage
a claim with the diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome
• Diagnostic Studies
• Nutritional counseling
• Exercise
• Swimming
• Walking
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IN SUMMARY………• The take home point of my lecture today:
• Metabolic Syndrome in the general population comes about due to factors that are considered non-industrial, but can also be found in the injured worker population due to factors which are considered non-industrial, as well as increasingly due to consequences of an industrial injury.
• The conditions making up metabolic syndrome, individually and in combination, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.